Beautiful  Teeth,  the  Crown  of  Beauty! 


FRAGRANT 

if 


It  imparts  a delightfully 
refreshing  taste  and  feeling 
to  the  mouth,  removing  all 
Tartar  and  Scurf  from  the 
teeth,  completely  arresting 
the  progress  of  decay,  and 
whitening  such  parts  as  have 
already  become  black  by  de- 
cay. 

IMPURE  BREATH,  caused  by 
Bad  Teeth,  Tobacco,  Spirits 
or  Catarrh  is  neutralized  by 
Sozodont.  ’Tis  a healthful 
beautifler,  and  a great  lux- 
ury as  a dentrifice.  Repul- 
sive Breath  is,  by  its  use, 
rendered  as  fragrant  as  a 
rose,  and  coldness  by  friends 
or  lovers  will  tie  no  longer 
noticed.  It  is  as  harmless 
as  water,  and  recommended 
by  eminent  Dentists,  Physi- 
cians, Ministers,  Literary 
Men,  Bankers,  Merchants, 
etc  , throughout  the  world. 

(snynnnNT  contains  none  of  the  acrid  properties  of  Tooth  Pastes  and 

Bsr-  For  Sale  by  all  Druggists  anil  llcaler*  in  Perfumery. 

ONE  BOTTLE  WILL  LAST  SIX  MONTHS. 


Cleansing  and  Preserving  the 


AND 


HARDENING  THE  GUMS. 


The  following  eminent  Clergymen  and 
their  families  have  used 

SOZODONT! 

And  bear  testimony  to  Its  excellent  quali- 
ties. Such  names  as  these  speak  loudly  for 
Sozodont  : 

Rev.  JAMES  W.  ALEXANDER,  D.D..  r 
Pastor  Presbyterian  Church, 5th  Av.,  N.Y. 
Rkv.  B.  M.  ADAMS,  r 

Pastor  of  M.  E.  Church,  Duaue  St.,  N.  v . 
Rkv.  HEMAN  BANGS, 

Pastor  Centenary  M.E.  Church,  Brooklyn. 
Rkv.  SAMUEL  COOKE,  D.D., 

Rector  of  St.  Bartholomew’s  Church,  La- 
fayette Place,  New  York. 

Rev.  E.  H.  CHAPIN,  D.D., 

Pastor  Fourth  Universalist  Church,  N.  Y. 
Rf.v.  THOMAS  DEWITT,  D.D., 

Pastor  Collegiate  Reformed  DutchChurch, 
Lafayette  Place,  N.Y. 

Rev.  WILLIAM  F.  MORGAN.  D.D., 
Rector  of  St.  Thomas  Church,  N.  Y. 

Rev.  J.  B.  WAKELEY, 

M.  E.  City  Missionary,  29  Grove  St.,  N.  5 . 

Rev.  N.  J.  MARSKLUS, 

Pastor  R.  D.  Church,  Bleeker,  corner 
Amos  Street,  New  York. 

Rev.  W.  S.  MICKELS, 

Pastor  Baptist  Church,  16th  St.,  N.  5 . 
Rev.  J.  P.  NEWMAN, 

I Pastor  Bedford  St.,  M.  E.  Church,  N.  Y. 

! Rev.  SAMUEL  OSGOOD.  D.D., 

I Pastor  Church  of  Messiah,  Broadway,  N.  5 . 

Rev.  D.  8.  PARMELEE, 

Pastor  Uuiou  Baptist  Church,  22d  St.,  N . 5 . 
Rev.  GEORGE  POTTS,  D,D., 

Pastor  Presb.  Church, University  PI.,  N5  . 
Rev.  E.  E.  RANKIN, 

] Pastor  Presbyterian  Church,  42d  St.,  N.  5 . 

Rev.  PETER  STRYKER. 

Pastor  li.  D.  Church,  Broome  St.,  N.  5 . 

! Rkv.  A.  VERREN,  D.D., 

Rector  Church  du  St.  Esprit,  New  5 ork. 
1 Rev.  T.  E.  VERMILYE  D.D., 

Pastor  of  Collegiate  D.  R.  Church,  N.  > • 


ALL  WOMEN 


ARE 


Not  Beautiful! 


ALL  WOMEN 


ARE 


Not  Beautiful! 


Ladies  who  are  not  beautiful  naturally  desire  to  ‘S' preparatn^whu*  l^beenTn'usefor  near^Twraty  yeans 

-bloom  OF  YOUTH.” 

bas  given  entire  satlsfao^te^n’ef  and  * - - 

need  have  no  fear  in  using  this  invaiuab.e  toilet  prepaid  ” waS.fl  entirely  free^any  material  injurious  to  beaitb. 

This  most  delightful  and  harmless  Toilet  preparation  is  sold  by  all  Druggists  & Fancy  Goods  Dealers. 

DEPOT,  5 GOLD  STREET,  NEW  YORK.  


^2 TTtJxS 

IS  7 


Return  this  book  on  or  before  the 
Latest  Date  stamped  below. 


cheerful  greeting 
with  which  we 
come  to  our  hun- 
dred thousand 
patrons.  They 
are  not  merely 
empt)r  words — 
they  come  from 
the  warmth  of 
the  heart,  and 
the  inspiration  of 
fraternal  feeling. 
The  year  187B, 
we  sincerely 
hope  and  ferv- 
ently believe, 
will  be  a prosper- 
ous and  happy 
one.  There  is 
room  for  just 
such  a year, 
about  this  time 
in  t h e world’s 
history,  and  it  is 
bound  to  come. 

And  with  the 
New  Year  comes 
another  volume 
of  the  Time  s 
Illustrated 
Hand-Book.  It 
has  always  been 
a most  welcome 
visitor  to  our 
patrons,  and 
here  it  is  f o r 
1876,  with  all  its 
attractive  fea- 
tures. Its  beauty 
has  been  in- 
creased by  the 
use  of  the  popu- 
lar tinted  paper, 
that  is  so  grate- 
ful to  the  eye, 
and  gives  such 
richness  to  the 
engravings. 

This  present  to 
subscribers  f o r 
t he  Week  l y 
Time  s costs  us 


In  this  year  there  wil 

I.  A Partial  Eclipse 
generally,  except  to  A 

II.  An  Annular  Eel 
Northern  Pacific  Oceai 

III  A Partial  Eclip 
IV.  A Total  Eclipse 
Pacific  Ocean. 


GEMINI, 

THE  ARMS 


L161 


CAPRICORNUS, 

THE  KNEES. 


THE  FEET. 


PISCES,  X 

NAMES  AND  CHARACTERS  OF  THE  PLANETS. 


The  Sun. 
The  Earth. 
Mercury. 
Venus. 


cf  Mars. 

<5  Conjunction. 

% Jupiter. 

8 Opposition. 

12  Saturn. 

Ascending  Node. 

I$[  Herschel. 

£1  Descending  Node. 

])  First  Quarter. 
© Full  Moon, 
d Last  Quarter. 
A New  Moon. 


THE  FOUR  SEASONS. 


Vernal  Equinox— Spring  begins— March  20,  0 b.  10  m.  Morning. 
Summer  Solstice— Summer  begins— June  20,  8 h.  31  m.  Evening. 
Autumnal  Equinox— Fall  begins— September  22, 10  h.  41  m.  Morning. 
Winter  Solstice— Winter  begins— December  21 , 4 h.  54  m.  Morning. 


nps  alone 
Dver  eight 
and  dol- 
Yet,  as  it 
led  by  all 
lers  as  an 
l)le  com- 
n to  the 
ve  clieer- 
tr  the  ex- 
If  the 
id  Hand- 
>st  them 
lore  than 
p papers, 
satisfied 
>y  get  a 
al  more 
money, 
thstand- 
increase 
ige,  w e 
ir  send 
ld-Book 
r ee  of 
is  we  do 
Times, 
e p the 
the  pa- 
same, 
rgregate 
H41  1 1 be  a 

k:  upon 

yus,  but  we  hope 
it  will  be  made 
up  by  a largely 
increased  circu- 
lation. 

The  year  1876 
brings  with  it 
another  Presi- 
dential election, 
with  all  its  usual- 
ly exciting  dis- 
cussions and  his- 
torical incidents 
greatly  increased 
by  the  unprece- 
dented condition 
of  the  country. 
Every  man,  and 
woman,  too,  who 
can  read,  will 
want  to  take 


The  Sun's  Rising  and  Setting  is  given  in  Mean  or  Clock  Time. 
many  thousands  some  newspaper, 

of  dollars  each  and  we  hope  our 

year;  and  this  season,  the  postage  having  been  I friends  will  see  that  a very  large  portion  of  them 
doubled  by  the  last  Congress,  our  expense  for  post- 1 take  the  Cincinnati  Weekly  Times. 


A Gin  TO  THE  PATRONS  OF  THE  CINCINNATI  WEEKLY  TIMES, 


Beautiful  Teeth,  the  Crown  of  Beauty! 


FRAGRANT 

IT 


Cleansing  and  Preserving  the 


HARDENING  THE  GUMS. 


It  imparU  a delightfully 
refreshing  taste  and  feeling 
to  the  mouth,  removing  all 
Tartar  and  Scurf  from  the 
teeth,  completely  arresting 
the  progress  of  decay,  and 
whitening  such  parts  as  have 
already  become  black  by  de- 
cay. 

IMfUHE  BREATH,  caused  by 
Bad  Teeth,  Tobacco,  Spirits 
or  Catarrh  is  neutralized  by 
Sozodont.  ’Tis  a healthful 
beautifier,  and  a great  lux- 
ury as  a dentrifice.  Repul- 
sive Breath  is,  by  its  use, 
rendered  as  fragrant  as  a 
rose,  and  coldness  by  friends 
or  lovers  will  tie  no  longer 
noticed.  It  is  as  harmless 
as  water,  and  recommended 
by  eminent  Dentists,  Physi- 
cians, Ministers,  Literary 
Men,  Bankers,  Merchants, 
etc  , throughout  the  world. 


S070T>0NT  contains  none  of  the  acrid  properties  of  Tooth  Pastes  Jtnd 

tm-  For  Sale  by  all  Druggists  ami  Dealers  In  Perfumery.*^ 
ONE  BOTTLE  WILL  LAST  SIX  MONTHS.  


The  following  eminent  Clergymen  and 
their  families  have  used 

SOZODONT! 

And  bear  testimony  to  Its  excellent  quali- 
ties. Such  names  as  these  speak  loudly  for 
Sozodont  : 

Rrv.  JAMES  W.  ALEXANDER,  D.D.. 
Pastor  Presbyterian  Church, 5th  Av.,  N.Y. 

Rev.  R.  M.  ADAMS, 

Pastor  of  M.  E.  Church,  Duane  St.,  N.  ^ . 
Rev.  HEM  AN  BANGS, 

Pastor  Centenary  M.E.  Church,  Brooklyn. 
Rev.  SAMUEL  COOKE,  D.D., 

Rector  of  St.  Bartholomew’s  Church,  La- 
fayette Place,  New  York. 

Rev.  E.  H.  CHAPIN,  D.D., 

Pastor  Fourth  Universallst  Church,  N.  Y. 
Rev.  THOMAS  DEWITT,  D.D., 

Pastor  Collegiate' Reformed  DutchChurch, 
Lafayette  Place,  N.  Y. 

Rev.  WILLIAM  F.  MORGAN.  D.D., 
Rector  of  St.  Thomas  Church,  N.  Y. 

Rev.  J.  B.  WAKELEY,  o v 

M.  E.  City  Missionary,  29  Grove  St.,  N.  \ . 

, Rev.  N.  J.  MARSELUS, 

Pastor  R.  D.  Church,  Bleeker,  corner 
Amos  Street,  New  York. 

Rev.  W.  S.  MICKELS, 

Pastor  Baptist  Church,  16th  St.,  N.  5 . 

I Rev.  J.  P.  NEWMAN, 

Pastor  Bedford  St.,  M.  E.  Church,  N.  Y. 

! Rev.  SA MUEL  OSGOOD.  D.D., 

| Pastor  Church  of  Messiah,  Broadway,  N . > . 
Rev.  D.  S.  PARMELEE,  _ . 

Pastor  Union  Baptist  Church,  22d  St.,  N . 5 . 
Rev.  GEORGE  POTTS,  D.D., 

Pastor  Presb.  Church, University  PI.,  N .5  . 
Rev.  E.  E.  RANKIN, 

I Pastor  Presbyterian  Church,  42d  St.,  N.  5 . 
Rev.  PETER  STRYKER. 

Pastor  R.  D.  Church,  Broome  St.,  N.  5 . 

j Rev.  A.  VERREN.  D.D., 

I Rector  Church  du  St.  Esprit,  New  \ ork. 
' Rev.  T.  E.  VERMILYE  D.D 

Pastor  of  Collegiate  D.  R.  Church,  N.  5 . 


ALL  WOMEN 

ARE 

Not  Beautiful! 


ALL  WOMEN 


ARE 


Not  Beautiful! 


Ladies  who  are  not  beautiful  naturally  desire  to 

Mtffi  Sk'“  aUd  "lDg  “ C°mP'e 

This  invaluable  preparation  is  known  as  ^ ^ XTT1X  ** 


LAIRD’S  “BLOOM  OF 


bn'Bl  Cl'" 

...  Mv.  .1-  MM  IV  V"  V-M-  — «—  ~ 

-|~  ^ -J-J  J 1^  ^ 

It  is  warranted  entirely  free  from  any  material  injurious  to  health. 


need  have  no  fear  in  using  this  invaluable  toilet  preparation. 


TfFWARE  O F COUNTERFEITS. 

This  most  delightful  and  harmless  Toilet  preparation  is  sold  by  all  Druggists  <6  Fancy  Goods  Dealers. 

DEPOT,  5 GOLD  STREET,  NEW  YORK.  


sOl  Lett 


THE 


FOR 


1®?©. 


ANNUAL 

“A  happy  New 
Year!  ” is  the 
cheerful  greeting 
with  which  we 
come  to  our  hun- 
dred thousand 
patrons.  They 
are  not  merely 
empt)r  words — 
they  come  from 
the  warmth  of 
the  heart,  and 
the  inspiration  of 
fraternal  feeling. 
The  year  1876, 
we  sincerely 
hope  and  ferv- 
ently believe, 
will  be  a prosper- 
ous and  happy 
one.  There  is 
room  for  just 
such  a year, 
about  this  time 
in  t h e world’s 
history,  and  it  is 
bound  to  come. 

And  with  the 
New  Year  comes 
another  volume 
of  the  Times 
Illustrated 
Hand-Book.  It 
has  always  been 
a most  welcome 
visitor  to  our 
patrons,  and 
here  it  is  f o r 
1876,  with  all  its 
attractive  fea- 
tures. Its  beauty 
has  been  in- 
creased by  the 
use  of  the  popu- 
lar tinted  paper, 
that  is  so  grate- 
ful to  the  eye, 
and  gives  such 
richness  to  the 
engravings. 

This  present  to 
subscribers  f o r 
t h e Wee  k l y 
Time  s costs  us 


I ASTRONOMICAL  CALCULATIONS,  1876. 

jj  ECLIPSES. 

2 In  this  year  there  will  be  four  Eclipses— two  of  the  Sun  and  two  of  the  Moon. 
I.  A Partial  Eclipse  of  the  Moon,  night  of  March  9—10.  Visible  to  the  world 
generally,  except  to  Asia  and  Australia. 

IT.  An  Annular  Eclipse  of  the  Sun,  March  25.  Visible  to  North  America  and 
rl  Northern  Pacific  Ocean. 

| [ III  A Partial  Eclipse  of  the  Moon,  Sept.  3.  Invisible  in  North  America. 

IV.  A Total  Eclipse  of  the  Sun,  Sept.  18.  Visible  to  Australia  and  Southern 
Pacific  Ocean. 

THE  SIGNS  OF  THE  ZODIAC. 

ARIES  HEAD  AND  FACE. 


GEMINI, 

THE  ARMS. 

tt 

LEO, 

THE  HEART. 


TAURUS, 

THE  NECK. 


S3 


LIBRA, 

THE  REINS. 
LQJ 


SAGITTARIUS, 

THE  THIGHS 

AQUARIUS, 

THE  I.EGS. 


CAPRICORNUS, 

THE  KNEES. 

>2 


PISCES, 


THE  FEET. 


NAMES  AND  CHARACTERS  OF  THE  PLANETS. 


The  Sun. 
The  Earth. 
Mercury. 
Venus. 


cf  Mars. 

<5  Conjunction. 

If.  Jupiter. 

8 Opposition. 

>2  Saturn. 

jj?  Ascending  Node. 

Herschel. 

£1  Descending  Node. 

First  Quarter. 
Full  Moon. 
Last  Quarter. 
New  Moon. 


THE  FOUR  SEASONS. 


Vernal  Equinox— Spring  begins— March  20,  0 h.  10  m.  Morning. 
Summer  Solstice— Summer  begins— June  20,  8 h.  31  m.  Evening. 
Autumnal  Equinox— Fall  begins— September  22, 10  h.  41  m.  Morning. 
Winter  Solstice— Winter  begins— December  21, 4 h.  54  m.  Morning. 


ADDRESS. 


age  stamps  alone 
will  be  over  eight 
thousand  dol- 
dars!  Yet,  as  it 
is  regarded  by  all 
our  readers  as  an 
invaluable  com- 
panion to  the 
Times,  we  cheer- 
fully bear  the  ex- 
pense. I f t h e 
Times  and  Hand- 
Book  cost  them 
a trifle  more  than 
the  cheap  papers, 
they  are  satisfied 
that  they  get  a 
great  deal  more 
for  their  money. 

Notwithstand- 
ing the  increase 
o f postage,  w e 
this  year  send 
the  Hand-Book 
to  all,  free  of 
postage,  as  we  do 
also  the  Times, 
and  keep  the 
price  of  the  pa- 
per the  same. 
In  the  aggregate 
this  will  b e a 
heavy  tax  upon 
us,  but  we  hope 
it  will  be  made 
up  by  a largely 
increased  circu- 
lation. 

The  year  1876 
brings  with  it 
another  Presi- 
dential election, 
with  all  its  usual- 
ly exciting  dis- 
cussions and  his- 
torical incidents 
greatly  increased 
by  the  unprece- 
dented condition 
of  the  country. 
Hvery  man,  and 
woman,  too,  who 
can  read,  will 
want  to  take 


The  Sun's  Rising  and  Setting  is  given  in  Mean  or  Clock  Time. 
many  thousands  some  newspaper, 

of  dollars  each  and  we  hope  our 

year;  and  this  season,  the  postage  having  been  I friends  will  see  that  a very  large  portion  of  them 
doubled  by  the  last  Congress,  our  expense  for  post- 1 take  the  Cincinnati  Weekly  Times. 


A GIFT  TO  THE  PATRONS  OF  THE  CINCINNATI  WEEKLY  TIMES. 


THE  OLD  AND  NEW  YEAR. 


Cji^ES,  the  year  is  growing  old, 


M And  his  eye  is  pale  and  bleared ! 
•^Death,  with  frosty  hand  and  cold, 

Plucks  the  old  man  by  the  beard, 
Sorely ! sorely  ! 


Through  woods  and  mountain  passes, 
The  winds,  like  anthems,  roll ; 
They  are  chanting  solemn  masses, 
Singing : “ Tray  for  his  poor  soul, 
Pray ! pray ! ’* 


And  thehooded  clouds,  like  friars, 
Tell  their  beads  in  drops  of  rain, 
And  patter  their  doleful  prayers— 
Bat  their  prayers  are  all  in  vain, 
All  in  vain  ! 


There  he  stands  in  the  foul  weather, 
Jlie  foolish,  lond  Old  Year, 

Crowned  with  wild  flowers  and  heather, 
Like  weak,  despised  Lear, 

A King  ! a King  ! 


Then  comes  the  summer  like  day, 

Bids  the  old  man  rt  joice  ! 

His  joy  ! his  last ! O,  the  old  man  gray, 
Loveth  that  ever  soft  voice, 

Gentle  and  low. 


Then,  too,  the  Old  Year  dieth, 
And  the  forests  utter  a moan, 
Like  the  voice  of  one  who  crieth 
In  the  wilderness  alone, 

“ Vex  not  his  ghost ! ” 


A G R A . 


January,  1876. 


Moon’s  Phases,  -f  Firsi  Quarter-  ^ i>.  9 H. 

’ (.  Full  Moon 11  d.  Oh. 


34  M.  Morn. 
33  m.  Morn. 


Last  Quarter....  18  D. 
New  Moon 2(3  r>. 


2 h.  59  M.  Morn. 
7 h.  52  m.  Morn. 


Bays. 

Bcw  lovk. 

Cincinnati. 

Chicago. 

Bashville. 

Zodiacal  $igns. 

| 

© 

© 

<s> 

j High 

# 

® 

1 ® 

© 

# 

€> 

1 # 

jEquat’n 

>1  <D 

1 ' 

Rises 

Sets. 

Sets. 

j Water. 

Rises 

Sets. 

. Sets. 

Rises 

Sets. 

Sets. 

Rises 

Sets. 

Sets. 

South. 

|of  time 

• Signs 

H.M. 

H.M. 

H.  M. 

H.  M. 

H.M. 

H.M. 

H.  M. 

H.M. 

H.M. 

H.  M. 

H.M. 

H.M. 

H.  M. 

H.  M. 

-f-M.  S. 

J 

1 

S 

7 25 

4 43 

9 34 

Ill  50 

7 20 

4 47 

9 38 

7 29 

i 4 38 

9 34 

7 12 

4 56 

i 9 41 

3 58 

3 45 

itK 

2 

s 

7 25 

4 44 

110  40 

morn. 

7 20 

4 48 

;10  42 

7 29 

i|4  39 

10  41 

7 12 

4 57 

10  43 

4 41 

4 13 

3 

M 

7 25 

4 45 

11  46 

0 33 

7 20 

4 49 

11  47 

7 29 

• 4 40 

11  49 

7 12 

4 57 

11  46 

5 24 

4 41 

u 

4 

T 

7 25 

4 4(3 

morn. 

1 19 

7 20 

4 50 

j morn. 

7 29 

'|4  41 

morn. 

7 12 

4 58 

i morn. 

6 09 

5 08 

/ V 

V 

5 

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7 25 

4 47 

0 56 

2 10 

7 20 

4 51 

0 56 

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•|4  42 

0 59 

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14  44 

3 34 

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3 16 

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8 

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7 25 

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7 24 

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6 04 

6 29 

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7 28 

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7 12 

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1 5 47 

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7 19 

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x 

10 

1 M 

7 24 

4 52 

7 12 

7 32 

7 20; 

4 55 

7 06 

7 28 

4 47 

7 19 

7 12 

5 03 

6 55 

morn. 

7 44 

TT 

11 

! T 

7 24 

4 53 

rises. 

8 27 

7 20 j 4 56 

rises. 

7 28 

|4  48 

rises. 

7 12 

5 04 

rises. 

0 08 

8 08 

A 

tr 

12 

W 

7 24 

4 54 

6 39 

9 25 

7 20: 

4 57 

6 46 

7 27 

4 49 

6 38 

7 12 

5 05 

6 53 

1 11 

8 31 

6d 

13 

T 

7 23 

4 55 

7 56 

10  12 

7 19; 

4 59 

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F 

7 23 

4 56 

9 09 

10  54 

7 19: 

5 00 

9 12 

7 26 

4 52 

9 09 

7 11 

5 07 

9 14 

2 59 

9 16 

n 

15 

S 

7 23 

4 57 

10  17 

11  38 

7 19; 

5 01 

10  19 

7 26 

4 53 

10  19 

7 11 

5 08 

10  19 

3 46 

9 37 

oO 

o 

16 

s 

7 22 

4 58 j 

11  23 

eve. 

7 18! 

5 02 j 

11  23 

7 26 

4 54 

111  26 

7 11 

5 09 

jll  21 

4 30 

9 58 

OO 

rrjj 

37 

M 

7 22 

4 59 

morn. 

1 06 

7 18 

5 03 

morn. 

7 25 

4 55 

morn. 

7 10 

5 10 

j morn. 

5 12 

10  18 

ttg 

18 

T 

7 21 

5 01 

0 27 

1 53 

7 17 

5 04 

0 27 

7 25 

4 57 

0 31 

7 10 

511 

0 23 

5 55 

10  38 

LOJ 

m 

W 

7 21 

5 02 

1 31 

2 45 

7 17 

5 05 

1 29 

7 241 

4 58 

1 36 

7 09 

5 12 

1 1 23 

6 38 

10  57 

LOJ 

20 

T 

7 20 

5 03 

2 35 

3 40 

7 161 

5 06 

2 32 

7 24j 

4 59 

2 41 

7 09 

5 13 

2 24 

7 24 

11  15 

LOI 

21 

F 

7 20 

5 04 

3 38 

4 36 

7 is! 

5 07 

3 34 

7 23 

5 00 

3 45 

7 09! 

5 14 

3 24 

8 11 

11  32 

22 

S 

7 19 

5 05 

4 38 

5 32 

7 15! 

5 08  j 

4 33 

7 22 

5 01 

4 45 

7 08 

5 15 

4 22 

9 01 

11  49 

lry 

23 

s 

7 18 

5 06 

5 34 

6 28 

7 14 

5 101 

5 28 

7 22 

5 03 

5 41 

7 08 ! 

5 16 

5 17 

9 53 

12  04 

24 

M 

7 17 

5 08 

6 23 

7 18 

7 14 

5 11 

6 17 

7 21 

5 04 

6 30 

7 07 

5 17 

6 06 

10  44 

12  19 

25 

T 

7 17 

5 09 

sets. 

8 00 

7 13 

5 12 

sets. 

7 20 

5 05 

sets. 

7 07 

5 18 

sets. 

11  35 

12  44 

7^ 

26 

W 

7 16 

5 10 

5 15 

8 43 

7 12 

5 13 

5 22 

7 19 

5 061 

5 13 

7 06 n 

5 19| 

5 30 

eve. 

12  57 

X 

27 

T 

7 15 

5 11 

6 22 

9 26 

7 12 

5 14 

6 27 

7 18. 

5 07 

6 21 

7 05 J; 

5 20 1 

6 34 

1 12 

13  00 

f\J 

5 

28 

F 

7 14 

5 12 

7 27. 

10  03 

7 11  , 

5 16 

7 32 

7 18. 

5 09; 

7 28 

7 05 ; 

5 22 

7 36 

1 56 

13  12 

29 

S 

7 14 

5 14 

8 33  1 

10  38 

7 10. 

5 17 

8 36 

7 17. 

5 io; 

8 34 

7 04.' 

3 23 

8 38 

2 40 

13  23 

30 

S 

7 13 

5 15 

9 40  1 

11  16 

7 09 ; 

5 181 

9 41 

7 16; 

5 11 

9 42 

7 03.’ 

3 24 

9 41 

3 23 

13  33 



31 

M 

7 12 

5 16 

10  47  j 

11  59 

7 08'; 

} 19| 

10  47 

7 1 5j- 

) 12 

10  51 

7 02  5 25|j 

10  45 

4 07 

13  42 

K 

February,  1876. 


/ First  Quarter-  2d.  8 h. 
1 Full  Moon 9 d.  11  h. 


3 M.  Eve. 
57  m.  Morn. 


Last  Quarter-  16  D.  11  n.  6 m.  Eve. 
New  Moon...  25  d.  Oh.  30  m.  Morn. 


Bays. 

'Rew  ^otjk. 

| Month. 

=3 

s 

r* 

# 

Rises. 

# 

Sets. 

Sets 

High 

Water. 

H.M. 

H.M. 

H.  M. 

H.  M. 

1 

T 

7 11 

5 17 

11  58 

morn. 

2 

W 

7 10 

5 18 

morn. 

0 46 

3 

T 

7 09 

5 20 

1 12 

1 40 

4 

F 

7 08 

5 21 

2 29 

2 45 

5 

S 

7 07 

5 22 

3 44 

3 57 

6 

7 06 

5 23 

4 53 

5 10 

7 

M 

7 05 

5 25 

5 53 

6 23 

8 

T 

7 04 

5 26 

6 40 

7 23 

9 

W 

7 02 

5 27 

rises. 

8 12 

10 

T 

7 01 

5 28 

6 44 

9 01 

11 

F 

7 00 

5 29 

7 55 

9 44 

12 

S 

6 59 

5 31 

9 03 

10  22 

13 

s 

6 58 

5 32 

10  10 

10  59 

14 

M 

6 56 

5 33 

11  12 

11  40 

15 

T 

6 55 

5 34 

morn. 

eve. 

16 

W 

6 53 

5 36 

0 21 

1 11 

17 

T 

6 53 

i)  3/ 

1 26 

2 04 

18 

F 

6 51 

5 38 

2 28 

3 04 

19 

S 

6 50 

5 39 

3 27 

4 05 

20 

S 

6 48 

5 40 

4 19 

5 04 

21 

M 

6 47 

5 42 

5 03 

6 02 

22 

T 

6 45 

D 4c 

5 40 

6 52 

23 

W 

6 44 

5 44 

6 11 

7 37 

24 

T 

6 43 

5 45 

sets. 

8 14 

25 

F 

6 41 

5 46 

6 22 

8 54 

26 

i S 

6 40 

5 48 

7 29 

9 32 

27 

s 

6 38 

5 49 

8 38 

10  11 

28 

i M 

6 37 

5 50 

' 9 49 

10  48 

29 

i T 

6 35 

5 51 

11  04 

11  33 

Cincinnati. 


Rises 


07 
07 
06 
05 
04  5 
03  5 
5 
'5 
5 


€> 

Sets. 


H.M. 

7 
7 
7 
7 
7 
7 

7 01 
7 00 
6 59 
6 5Sj5 
6 57  5 
6 56  5 
6 55  5 
6 54  5 
6 53  5 
6 51  5 
6 50  5 
6 4815 
6 47  5 
6 46|5 
6 4415 
6 43|5 
6 41  5 
6 40|5 
6 39  5 
5 
5 


6 37 
6 36 
6 34 


3 21 

4 13 

4 58 

5 36 

6 08 
sets. 

6 25 

7 31 

8 38 

9 48 


6 33  5 52111  01 


Chicago. 

Bashville. 

© 

© ! 

© 

# 

© 

Rises 

Sets. 

Sets. 

Rises 

Sets. 

Sets. 

H.M. 

H.M. 

H.  M. 

H.M. 

H.M. 

H.  M. 

7 14 

5 14 

morn. 

7 0115  26 

11  51 

7 13 

5 15 

0 02  i 

7 01  5 28 

morn. 

7 12 

5 17 

1 18  i 

7 00  5 29 

1 02 

7 11 

5 18 

2 36  I 

| 6 59  5 30 

2 15 

7 10 

5 19 

3 51  1 

i 6 58  5 31 

3 27 

7 09 

5 20l 

5 01  I 

6 57  5 32 

4 36 

7 07 

5 22 

6 00  j 

6 57j5  32 

5 37 

7 06 

5 23 

6 47  I 

6 5615  33 

6 27 

7 05 

5 24 

rises: 

6 55]5  34 

rises. 

7 04 

5 25 

6 45  | 

6 5415  35 

6 52 

7 02 

5 27 

7 56 

6 53] 

5 36 

7 59 

7 01 

5 28 

9 06 

6 51  5 37 

9 04 

6 59 

5 30  10  14 

6 50! 

5 38 

10  07 

6 58 

5 31 

11  20 

6 49  5 39 

11  09 

6 57 

5 32 

morn. 

6 48  5 40 

morn. 

6 55 

5 33 

0 27 

6 47  5 41 

0 11 

6 54 

5 35 

1 33 

6 46  5 43 

1 13 

6 52 

5 36 

2 35 

6 45  5 44 

2 12 

6 51 

5 37 

3 34 

1 6 44,5  45 

3 10 

6 50 

5 38 

4 26 

j 6 43  5 46 

4 02 

6 48 

5 39 

5 10 

6 41  5 47 

4 47 

6 47 

5 41 

5 47 

! 6 40  5 48 

5 27 

6 45 

5 42 

6 17 

6 38 

!5  49 

6 01 

6 44 

5 43 

sets. 

6 37 

|5  50 

sets. 

6 42 

5 44 

6 22 

6 36 

5 51 

6 27 

6 41 

5 46 

7 31 

6 35 

;5  52 

7 31 

6 39 

5 4/ 

8 41 

6 33  5 52 

8 36 

6 37 

5 48 

9 53 

6 32:5  53 

9 44 

6 36 

5 50 

>11  09 

6 3115  54 

10  55 

j Zodiacal  $ign$. 


Qf)  j Equat’ul  (g) 
South.  oi  time.  Signs 

1 I 


4 53 

5 43 

6 38 

7 38 

8 42 

9 48 

10  51 

11  50 
morn 
0 44 


H.  M.  I+M.  S. 

13  50 

13  58 

14  05 
14  11 
14  16 
14  20 
14  24 
14  26 
14  28 
14  29 
14  30 
14  29 
14  28 
14  26 
14  23 
14  20 
14  16 
14  11 
14  05 
13  59 
13  53 
13  45 
13  37 
13  29 
13  19 
13  09 
12  59 
12  48 
12  37 


34 
20 
04 
48 
32 
17 
6 04 

6 54 

7 45 

8 37 

9 28 
10  18 
11  06 
11  52 

eve. 
1 21 
2 05 

2 51 

3 41 


-3XX8  isi^agog^wwow-s-Bx 


SOLOMON’S  POOL. 


March,  1876. 


Moon’s  Phases,  { First  Quarter. 


Full  Moon 


3 D. 
10  D. 


58  m.  Morn. 
22  m.  Morn. 


Last  Quarter..  17  D. 
New  Moon 25  d. 


/ H. 
2 H. 


34  m. 
22  m. 


Eve. 

Eve. 


Bays. 

(Cincinnati. 

(Chicago. 

T^ashvillc. 

Zodiacal  $ign$. 

| Month. 

Week 

# 

Rises 

€> 

Sets. 

© 

Sets. 

High 

Water. 

# 

Rises 

© 

Sets. 

© 

Sets. 

0 

Rises 

# 

Sets. 

© 

Sets. 

# 

Rises 

© 

Sets. 

© 

Sets. 

© 

South. 

Equat’n 
of  time. 

© 

Signs 

H 

.M. 

H 

.M. 

H.  M. 

H. 

M. 

H 

M. 

H 

.M. 

H. 

M. 

H 

.M. 

H 

.M. 

H. 

, M. 

H 

.M. 

H 

.M. 

H, 

, M. 

H, 

. M. 

+ M.  S. 

1 

W 

6 

34 

5 

52 

morn. 

morn. 

6 

32 

5 

53 

morn. 

6 

34 

5 

51 

morn. 

6 

30 

5 

55 

morn. 

4 

34 

12 

25 

T 

2 

T 

6 

32 

I 

53 

0 19 

0 

26 

6 

30 

5 

54 

0 

16 

6 

32 

5 

52 

0 

26 

6 

28 

5 

56 

0 

06 

5 

31 

12 

12 

V 

3 

F 

6 

31 

■) 

54 

1 34 

1 

27 

6 

29 

5 

55 

1 

29 

6 

31 

5 

53 

1 

41 

6 

27 

5 

57 

1 

18 

6 

33 

11 

59 

V 

4 

S 

6 

29 

5 

55 

2 43 

2 

39 

6 

27 

5 

56 

! 2 

38 

6 

29 

5 

55 

2 

51 

6 

25 

5 

58 

2 

26 

7 

36 

11 

46 

n 

5 

s 

6 

28 

5 

56 

3 45 

3 

54 

6 

26 

5 

57 

3 

39 

6 

28 

5 

56 

3 

52 

6 

24 

5 

59 

3 

28 

8 

39 

11 

32 

n 

6 

M 

6 

26 

5 

57 

4 35 

5 

07 

6 

24 

5 

58 

; 4 

30 

6 

26 

5 

57 

4 

42 

6 

23 

6 

00 

4 

20 

9 

38 

11 

17 

7 

T 

6 

24 

5 

59 

5 13 

6 

12 

6 

23 

5 

59 

! 5 

10 

6 

24 

5 

58 

5 

19 

6 

21 

6 

01 

5 

02 

10 

33 

11 

02 

8 

W 

6 

23 

6 

00 

5 43 

7 

07 

6 

21 

6 

01 

5 

42 

6 

23 

5 

59 

5 

48 

6 

20 

6 

02 

5 

36 

11 

23 

10 

47 

0 

9 

T 

6 

21 

6 

01 

rises. 

7 

50 

6 

20 

6 

02 

rises. 

6 

21 

6 

00 

rises. 

6 

18 

6 

03 

rises. 

morn. 

10 

32 

ft 

10 

F 

6 

19 

6 

02 

6 44 

8 

29 

6 

18 

6 

03 

6 

46 

6 

20 

6 

01 

6 

46 

6 

17 

6 

04 

6 

46 

0 

10 

10 

16 

11 

S 

6 

18 

6 

03 

7 51 

9 

10 

6 

16 

6 

04 

7 

51 

6 

18 

6 

02 

7 

54 

6 

16 

6 

05 

7 

49 

0 

55 

10 

00 

12 

s 

6 

16 

6 

04 

8 47 

9 

48 

6 

15 

6 

05 

8 

56 

6 

16 

6 

03 

9 

01 

6 

14 

6 

06 

8 

52 

1 

39 

9 

43 

13 

M 

6 

15 

6 

05 

10  05 

10 

25 

6 

13 

6 

06 

10 

03 

6 

14 

6 

04 

10 

10 

6 

13 

6 

06 

9 

56 

2 

23 

9 

26 

Lfll 

14 

T 

6 

13 

6 

06 

11  12 

11 

03 

6 

12 

6 

07 

11 

08 

6 

13 

6 

06 

11 

18 

6 

11 

6 

07 

11 

00 

3 

09 

9 

09 

LOJ 

15 

W 

6 

11 

6 

07 

mom. 

11 

48 

6 

10 

6 

08 

morn. 

6 

11 

6 

07 

morn. 

6 

10 

6 

08 

morn. 

3 

56 

8 

52 

"l 

16 

T 

6 

10 

6 

08 

0 16 

eve. 

6 

08 

6 

09 

0 

11 

6 

09 

6 

08 

0 

23 

6 

09 

6 

09 

0 

01 

4 

45 

8 

35 

"l 

17 

F 

6 

08 

6 

09 

1 15 

1 

32 

6 

07 

6 

10 

1 

09 

6 

07 

6 

09 

1 

22 

6 

07 

6 

10 

0 

58 

5 

36 

8 

17 

"l 

18 

S 

6 

06 

6 

11 

2 09 

2 

33 

6 

05 

6 

10 

2 

04 

6 

05 

6 

10 

2 

17 

6 

06 

6 

10 

1 

52 

6 

28 

7 

59 

X 

19 

s 

6 

05 

6 

12 

2 58 

3 

34 

6 

04 

6 

11 

2 

52 

6 

046 

12 

i 3 

05 

6 

04' 

6 

11 

2 

41 

7 

19 

7 

41 

7^ 

20 

M 

6 

03 

6 

13 

3 39 

4 

34 

6 

02 

l6 

12 

3 

34 

6 

021 

6 

13 

3 

46 

6 

03; 

6 

12 

3 

24 

8 

09 

7 

23 

>2 

21 

T 

6 

01 

6 

14 

4 12 

5 

30 

6 

00 

16 

13 

i 4 

08 

6 

00!  6 

14 

4 

18 

6 

01 

6 

13 

4 

00 

8 

58 

7 

05 

>Q 

22 

W 

6 

00 

6 

15 

4 39 

6 

19 

5 

59 

16 

14 

1 4 

37 

5 

58 

!6 

15 

4 

44 

6 

00 

6 

14 

4 

30 

9 

45 

6 

47 

X? 

23 

T 

5 

58 

6 

16 

5 03 

7 

04 

5 

57 

|6 

15 

| 5 

03 

5 

57 

|6 

16 

5 

07 

5 

58 

6 

15 

4 

58 

10 

30 

6 

29 

24 

F 

5 

56 

6 

17 

5 25 

7 

42 

5 

56 

6 

16 

i 5 

25 

5 

55 

6 

17 

5 

28 

5 

57 

6 

16 

5 

23 

11 

14 

6 

10 

ttK 

25 

S 

5 

55 

6 

18 

sets. 

8 

19 

5 

54 

i6 

17 

I sets. 

5 

54 

6 

18 

sets. 

5 

55 

6 

17 

sets. 

11 

59 

5 

52 

X 

26 

s 

5 

53 

6 

19 

7 34 

9 

03 

5 

53 

!6 

18 

1 7 

33 

5 

52 

6 

19 

7 

37 

5 

54 

6 

18 

7 

30 

eve. 

5 

33 

X 

27 

M 

5 

51 

6 

20 

8 49 

9 

45 

5 

51 

!6 

19 

i 8 

48 

5 

50 

6 

20 

8 

54 

5 

52 

6 

19 

8 

41 

1 

35 

5 

15 

V 

28 

T 

5 

50 

6 

21 

10  06 

10 

28 

5 

506 

20 

;io 

02 

5 

49 

6 

21 

10 

12 

5 

51 

6 

19 

9 

54 

2 

28 

4 

57 

T 

29 

W 

5 

48 

6 

22 

11  24 

11 

18 

5 

48 

(6 

21 

in 

19 

5 

47 

|6 

22 

111 

31 

5 

49 

6 

20 

11 

08 

3 

25 

4 

38 

30 

T 

5 

46 

6 

23 

morn. 

morn. 

5 

47 

6 

22 

i morn. 

5 

46 

6 

24 

1 morn. 

5 

48 

6 

211 

morn. 

4 

27 

4 

20 

31 

F 

5 

45 

6 

241  0 37 

0 

19 

5 

4516 

23 

! 0 

31 

5 

4416 

25 

! 0 

44 

5 

47 

!6 

22 

1 0 

20 

5 

30 

4 

02 

Bays. 


l^euj  Yotjh. 


Rises 


H.M. 

5 43 
5 41 
5 40 
5 38 
5 36 
5 35 
5 
5 


6 
6 
6 
6 
6 

,4 

oo  o 


326 
306 
28  6 


21 
5 19 
5 18, 
5 ^ 
5 
5 
5 
5 
5 
5 
5 
5 
5 


16 
15 
13 
12 
10 
09 
08 
06 
05 
03 
5 02 
5 01 
4 59 


H.  M. 

1 41 

2 34 

3 15 

3 47 

4 12 
4 36 
4 57 
rises. 

7 46 

8 54 
36,10  00 
37  11  02 
3811  59 
39  morn. 

0 51 

1 34 

2 10 

2 38 

3 04 
3 27 

3 49 

4 11 
4 33 
sets. 

9 05 
10  22 
11  31 
morn 
0 30 


40 

41 

42 

43 

44 

45 

46 

47 

48 

49 

50 

51 

52 

53 
54, 

6 55:  1 15 


High 

Water. 


H.  M. 

1 26 

2 39 

3 49 

4 53 

5 49 

6 39 

7 21 

7 57 

8 35 

9 16 

9 55 

10  36 

11  20 
eve. 

1 04 

2 00 

2 58 

3 54 

4 46 

5 37 

6 25 

7 09 
7 51 
8.35 
9 26 

10  18 
11  13 
morn 

0 17 

1 22 


Cincinnati. 


Rises 


€D  ! ® 

Sets.  Se's. 


24  1 35 
25;  2 29 


H.M.  j H.M.  | H.  M. 

5 44  6 
5 42 1 6 

5 41 16  26|  3 11 
5 39 j6 
5 37|6 
5 36|6 
5 34|6 
5 33 i 6 

32 


5.316 
5 30  6 
5 28:6 
5 27 !6 
5 25  6 
5 24  6 
236 
21  6 
2016 
18  6 
17|6 
16|6 
1416 
1316 
11  i(> 


10i6 

09 16 
07  6 
5 06 i 6 
5 04|6 
5 03 i 6 
5 02|6 


27  3 45 

28  j 4 12 

29  4 36 

30  4 59 

31  rises. 
7 45 

33 1 8 51 
34  9 56 
35;  10  57 
3641  54 
37 1 morn. 
38  j 0 45 
39 ! 1 29 
39 1 2 06 
40|  2 36 

41  i 3 02 

42  j 3 27 

43  j 3 51 
44!  4 14 
45!  4 38 
46 1 sets. 
47i  9 01 

48  10  17 

49  11  26 

50  morn 


0 25 

1 11 


Chicago. 

Rises 

m 

Sets. 

Sets. 

H 

.M. 

H 

.M. 

H. 

M. 

5 

42 

6 

26 

1 

48 

5 

40 

6 

27 

2 

41 

5 

39 

6 

28 

3 

21 

5 

37 

6 

29 

Q 

O 

52 

5 

35 

6 

30 

4 

16 

5 

33 

6 

31 

4 

39 

5 

32 

6 

32 

4 

59 

5 

30 

6 

34 

rises. 

5 

291 

6 

35 

7 

51 

5 

27! 

6 

36 

9 

00 

5 

25! 

6 

37 

10 

07 

5 

24 

6 

38 

11 

09 

5 

22 

6 

39 

morn. 

5 

21 

6 

40 

0 

07 

5 

19 

6 

41 

0 

59 

5 

17 

6 

42 

1 

42 

5 

16 

6 

43 

2 

17 

5 

14 

6 

45 

2 

44 

5 

13 

6 

46 

3 

08 

5 

11 

6 

47 

O 

31 

5 

09! 

6 

48 

3 

52 

5 

08 

6 

49 

4 

12 

5 

06 

6 

50 

4 

34 

5 

05 

6 

51 

sets. 

5 

03 

6 

52 

9 

12 

5 

02 

6 

53 

10 

29 

5 

01 

6 

54 

11 

39 

. 4 

59 

6 

55 

morn. 

4 

58 

6 

56 

0 

37 

4 

57 

16 

57 

1 

22  j 

l^ashville. 


KiRes 

H.M. 

5 45 
5 44 
42 
41 
40 
38 


00 

34 

33 

31 

30  6 


o 
5 
5 
5 
5 
5 
5 
5 
5 
5 
5 
5 
5 
5 
5 
5 
5 
5 
5 
5 
5 
5 

5 13 
5 12 
5 11 

i 5 10 

5 09 
5 08 


23 

23 

24 

25 

26 
27 

27 

28 
29: 
30 ; 


1 24 

2 18 
3 02 

3 38 

4 07 
4 34 
4 59 
rises. 

7 39 

8 43 
31!  9 46 

31  10  46 

32  11  42 

33  morn 

34  j 0 34 

35  1 19 

1 57 

2 28 

2 57 

3 24 

3 50 

4 15 
4 41 
sets. 
8 51 

43|  10  05 
44,11  14 
45]  morn, 

46  0 14 

47  1 02 


Zodiacal  $ign$. 


(J)  jEquat’n  @ 
South.  <>f  time.  Signs 


H.M.  +M.S. 

3 44 
3 26 
3 08 


6 33 

7 32 

8 27 

9 17 
10  04 

10  49 

11  32 
morn. 
0 16 
1 01 

1 48 

2 36 

3 27 

4 19 

5 10 

6 01 

6 49 

7 36 

8 21 
9 05 
9 50 

10  35 

11  24 
eve. 

1 13 

2 15 

3 20 

4 25 

5 27 

6 23 


• 2 15 


50 
33 
15 
1 58 
1 41 
1 24 
1 08 
0 52 
0 36 
0 20 
0 05 
- 09 
0 24 
0 38 

0 51 

1 05 


17 
30 
41 
53 
04 
14 
24 
2 33 
2 42 
2 51 
2 59 


XT 

1 

& 

W 

W 

lqj 

LQJ 

LfU 

"l 

"l 

7^ 

# 

X 

?6 


April,  1876. 


Moon’s  Phases 


{First  Quarter- 

Full  Moon 

Last  Quarter  - 


1 r>. 

8 D. 
16  D. 


10  H. 

1 h. 

2 h. 


22  M.  Morn. 
49  M.  Eve. 
47  M.  Eve. 


New  Moon  — 
First  Quarter. 


24  d. 
30  d. 


13  m.  Morn. 
37  m.  Eve. 


SCERTARI. 


Moon’s  Phases, 


May,  1876. 

/ Full  Moon 8 d.  4 h.  3 m.  Morn.  I New  Moon 23  d.  0 h. 

\ Last  Quarter....  16  n.  7 h.  37  M.  Morn.  | First  Quarter..  29  d.  11  h. 


35  M.  Morn. 
59  m.  Eve. 


Bays.  1 

Bew  ¥ot|k. 

Cincinnati. 

Chicago. 

Bashville. 

Zodiacal  $ig 

ns. 

<=s 

# 

( 

0 

High 

# 

1 

D 

0 

fD 

( 

§> 

0 

m 

§ 

0 

0 

Eq  out ’ll 

j 0 

P 

fT 

Rises 

Sets. 

Sets. 

Wiin-r. 

Rises  1 

Sets. 

Sets. 

Rises 

Sets. 

Sets. 

Rises 

Sets. 

I Sets. 

South. 

of  time. 

'Signs 

H.M. 

H.M. 

H.M. 

H. 

M. 

H.M. 

H.M. 

H.  M. 

H.M. 

H.M. 

H.  M. 

H.M. 

H.M. 

H.  M. 

H. 

M. 

! M.  S. 

1 

M 

T 

4 58 

6 

56 

1 50 

2 

27 

5 01 

6 

53 

1 48 

4 

56 1 6 

58 

1 56 

5 07 

!6 

48 

1 41 

7 

15 

02 

3 06 

2 

4 57 

6 

57 

2 18 

3 

29 

4 59 

6 

54 

2 17 

4 

54 1 6 

59 

2 22 

5 05 

6 

48 

2 12 

8 

3 13 

o 

w 

4 56 

6 

58 

2 41 

4 

25 

4 58 

6 

55 

2 42 

4 

53 

7 

01 

2 45 

5 04 

6 

49 

2 39 

8 47 

3 19 

Q 

4 

T 

4 54 

6 

59 

3 03 

5 

16 

4 57 

6 

56 

3 04 

4 

51 

7 

02 

3 05 

5 03 

6 

50 

3 04 

9 30 

3 25 

5 

F 

4 53 

7 

00 

3 24 

6 

04 

4 56 

6 

57 

3 27 

4 

50 

7 

03 

3 25 

5 02 

6 

51 

3 29 

10 

13 

3 30 

6 

S 

4 52 

7 

02 

3 44 

6 

48 

4 55 

6 

58 

3 49 

4 

49 

7 

04 

3 45 

5 01 

6 

52 

3 52 

10 

57 

3 35 

W 

7 

s 

4 51 

7 

03 

4 08 

7 

29 

4 54 

6 

58 

4 13 

4 

48 

7 

05 

4 07 

5 00 

6 

52 

4 19 

11 

42 

3 39 

LQJ 

8 

M 

4 50 

7 

04 

rises. 

8 

06 

4 53 

6 

59 

rises. 

4 

46 

7 

06 

rises. 

4 59 

6 

53 

rises. 

morn. 

3 43 

LQJ 

9 

T 

.4  49 

7 

05 

8 52 

8 

48 

4 52 

7 

00 

8 47 

4 

45 

7 

07 

8 59 

4 58 

6 

54 

8 36 

0 

30 

3 46 

"l 

10 

W 

4 47 

7 

06 

9 51 

9 

31 

4 51 

7 

01 

9 45 

4 

44 

7 

08 

9 58 

4 57 

r 

55 

9 34 

1 

20 

3 48 

"l 

11 

T 

4 46 

7 

07 

10  45 

10 

15 

4 50 

7 

02 

10  39 

4 

43 

7. 

09 

10  52 

4 56 

6 

56 

10  28 

2 

11 

3 50 

tu. 

12 

F 

4 45 

7 

08 

11  31 

10 

58 

4 49 

7 

03 

11  26 

4 

42 

7 

10 

11  38 

4 56 

6 

56 

11  15 

3 

03 

3 51 

7^ 

13 

S 

4 44 

7 

09 

morn. 

11 

46 

4 48! 

7 

04 

morn. 

4 

41 

7 

11 

morn. 

4 55 

6 

57 

11  55 

3 

54 

3 52 

7 

14 

8 

4 43 

7 

09 

0 09 

e> 

?e. 

4 47 

7 

05 

0 05 

4 

40 

7 

12 

0 16 

4 54 

6 

58 

morn. 

4 

43 

3 52 

>Q 

15 

M 

4 42 

7 

10 

0 39 

1 

26 

4 46 

7 

06 

0 36 

4 

39 

7 

13 

0 45 

4 53 

6 

59 

0 28 

5 

30 

3 52 

>Q 

16 

T 

4 42 

7 

11 

1 05 

2 

17 

4 45 

7 

07 

1 03 

4 

38 

7 

14 

1 10 

4 53 

7 

00 

0 57 

6 

15 

3 50 

>Q 

17 

W 

4 41 

7 

12 

1 28 

3 

09 

4 45 

7 

07 

1 28 

4 

37 

7 

15 

1 32 

4:52 

7 

00 

1 24 

6 

58 

3 49 

tsz 

18 

T 

4 40 

7 

13 

1 50 

4 

00 

4 44 

7 

08 

1 51 

4 

3/ 

7 

16 

1 53 

4 52 

7 

01 

1 49 

7 

41 

3 46 

tfa 

19 

F 

4 39 

7 

14 

2 10 

4 

51 

4 43 

7 

09 

2 12 

4 

36 

7 

17 

2 12 

4 51 

7 

02 

2 13 

8 

25 

3 44 

X 

20 

S 

S 

4 38 

7 

15 

2 33 

5 

43 

4 42 

7 

10 

2 36 

4 

35 

7 

18 

2 33 

4 50 

7 

03 

2 39 

9 

11 

3 40 

X 

21 

4 37 

7 

16 

2 58 

6 

36 

4 42 

7 

11 

3 03 

4 

34 

7 

19 

2 58 

4 49 

7 

04 

3 08 

10 

01 

3 36 

T 

22 

M 

4 36 

7 

17 

3 28 

7 

28 

4 41 

7 

11 

3 35 

4 

oo 

Ot) 

7 

20 

3 27 

4 49 

7 

04 

3 42 

10 

56 

3 32 

T 

23 

T 

4 36 

7 

18 

sets. 

8 

18 

4 41 

7 

12 

sets. 

4 

33 

7 

20 

sets. 

4 48 

7 

Of 

sets. 

11 

57 

3 27 

24 

W 

4 35 

7 

18 

9 14 

9 

17 

4 40 

7 

13 

9 08 

4 

32 

7 

21 

9 21 

4 47 

7 

0(. 

§ 57 

eve. 

3 21 

25 

T 

4 34 

7 

19 

10  19 

10 

14 

4 39 

7 

14 

10  13 

4 

31 

7 

22 

10  26 

4 47 

7 

o; 

SO  02 

2 

10 

3 15 

Jt 

26 

F 

4 34 

7 

20 

11  10 

11 

09 

4 39 

7 

15 

11  06 

4 

30 

7 

2311  17 

4 46' 

7 

o; 

10  55 

3 

15 

3 09 

K 

27 

S 

4 33 

7 

21 

11  49 

morn. 

4 38 

7 

15 

11  46 

4 

30 

7 

24111  55 

4 46 

7 

08 

11  38 

4 

16 

3 02 

28 

s 

4 33 

7 

22 

morn. 

0 08 

4 38 

7 

16 

morn. 

4 

29 

7 

25 

morn. 

4 45 

7 

08 

morn. 

5 

11 

2 55 

29 

M 

4 32 

7 

23 

23 

0 21 

1 

05 

4 37 

7 

17 

0 19 

4 

29 

7 

26 

0 25 

4 45 

7 

09 

0 1$. 

6 00 

2 4/ 

8 

30 

T 

4 32 

7 

0 46 

1 

59 

4 37 

-7 

18 

0 46 

4 

28 

7 

27 

0 50 

4 45 

7 

10 

0 42 

6 

46 

2 38 

31 

w 

4 31 

7 

24 

1 08 

2 

54 

4 36 

17 

19 

1 10 

4 

28 

7 

28 

1 11 

4 45 

7 

10 

1 08 

7 

29 

2 30 

June,  1876. 


„ ■)  Full  Moon 

Moon's  Phases,  j-  Last  Qllarter.. 


6 D. 

14  D. 


6 h.  47  M.  Eve. 
9 h.  24  m.  Eve. 


New  Moon 21  D.  4 H.  27  M.  Eve. 

First  Quarter..  28  d.  9 h.  24  m.  Morn. 


i&ays. 

’Rew 

Week. 

# 

Rises 

• 

Sets. 

© 

Sets. 

High 

Water. 

H.M. 

H.M. 

H.  M. 

H.  M. 

1 

T 

4 

31 

7 

25 

1 30 

3 46 

2 

F 

4 

30 

7 

26 

1 50 

4 37 

3 

S 

4 

307 

26 

2 12 

5 26 

4 

S 

4 

29  7 

27 

2 37 

6 14 

5 

M 

4 

29  7 

28 

3 07 

7 00 

6 

T 

4 

29  7 

28 

rises. 

7 43 

7 

W 

4 

29 

7 

29 

8 40 

8 25 

8 

T 

4 

28 

7 

29 

9 27 

9 12 

9 

F 

4 

28 

7 

30 

10  07 

9 56 

10 

S 

4 

28 

7 

30 

10  40 

10  37 

11 

s 

4 

28 

7 

31 

11  08 

11  19 

12 

M 

4 

28 

7 

31 

11  32 

eve. 

13 

T 

4 

28 

7 

32 

11  53 

0 47 

14 

W 

4 

28 

7 

32 

morn. 

1 32 

15 

T 

4 

28 

7 

33 

0 14 

2 21 

16 

F 

4 

28 

7 

33 

0 33 

3 13 

17 

S 

4 

28 

7 

33 

0 55 

4 09 

18 

s 

4 

28 

7 

34 

1 23 

5 08 

19 

M 

4 

28 

7 

34 

1 56 

6 11 

20 

T 

4 

28 

7 

34 

2 39 

7 14 

21 

W 

4 

29 

7 

34 

sets. 

8 10 

22 

T 

4 

29 

7 

35 

8 57 

9 10 

23 

F 

4 

29 

7 

35 

9 44 

10  06 

24 

S 

4 

29 

7 

35 

10  19 

10  54 

25 

s 

4 

30 

7 

35 

10  47 

11  45 

26 

M 

4 

30 

7 

35 

11  12 

morn. 

27 

T 

4 

31 

7 

35 

11  33 

0 33 

28 

W 

4 

31 

7 

35 

11  55 

1 22 

29 

T 

4 

31 

7 

35 

morn. 

2 11 

30 

F 

4 

32 

\7 

35 

0 16 

3 04 

(Jmcinnati. 


# 

Rises 


H.M, 


# 

Sets. 


H.M. 

4 36  7 191 
4 35  7 20 
4 35  7 21 
35  7 22 
35  7 22 


H.  M. 


23 

24 

24 

25 
7.25 
7 
7 


32 

54 

18 

44 

14 


1 
1 
2 
2 
3 

rises. 

8 34 

9 21 

10  02 

10  36 

11  06 
26  11  31 
26  11  54 


26 
27 
7 27 


34  7 28 
7 28: 


34 
34 1 7 28 
3417  28 

35  7 29 


morn. 
0 15 

0 36 

1 00 
1 29 

j 2 03 
j 2 48 
j sets. 
35  7 29  8 53 
35  7 29  9 40 

35  7 29  10  17 
36:7  29  10  47 

36  7 29  11  13 
37!  7 2911  35 

37  7 29,11  58 

37  j 7 29 1 morn 

38  7 29!  0 21 


Chicago. 


H.M. 


27 

27 

26 

26 

26 

26 

25 

25 

25 

25 

25 

24 

24 

24 

24 

24 

25 
25 
25 
25  7 

25 

26 
26 
26 
26 
27 

27 

28 
28 
28 


Sets. 


H.M. 

28 

29 

29 

30 

31 

31 

32 
32 


© 

Sets. 


H.  M. 

1 31 

1 50 

2 12 

2 36 

3 04 


8 47 

9 34 

33  10  14 

34  10  56 
34|11  13 
35ill  36 


: Xoi 


0 16 
0 34 

0 56 

1 22 
1 54 


sets. 

9 05 
9 50 
38!  10  24 
38J10  51 
3811  15 
3811  35 
38  11  55 
38  morn.S 
38  0 16 


Nashville. 

j © 

i Rises 

© 

Sets. 

© 

Sets. 

H 

.M. 

H 

,M. 

H.  M. 

! 4 

44 

7 

11 

1 33 

i 4 

44 

7 

11 

1 57 

! 4 

44 

7 

12 

2 23 

4 

44 

;7 

13 

2 51 

1 4 

44 

7 

13 

3 23 

I 4 

43 

7 

14 

rises. 

4 

43 

7 

14 

8 23 

4 

43 

7 

15 

9 10 

4 

43 

< „ 

/ 

15 

9 52 

4 

43 

7 

16 

10  28 

4 

42 

7 

16 

10  59 

4 

42 

'7 

17 

11  26 

1 4 

42 

i7 

17 

11  51 

j 4 

427 

17 

morn. 

! 4 

42 

.7 

18 

0 15 

! 4 

43  7 

18 

0 38 

i 4 

43 

7 

19 

1 04 

1 4 

43  7 

19 

1 35 

1 4 

43 

7 

19 

2 12 

i 4 

43  7 

19 

2 58 

i 4 

44  7 

20 

sets. 

! 4 

44 

7 

20 

8 42 

i 4 

44 

7 

20 

9 31 

i 4 

44 

7 

20 

10  10 

! 4 

457 

20 

10  43 

; 4 

45 

7 

21 

11  11 

! 4 

467 

21 

11  36 

! 4 

46  7 

21 

morn. 

•i  4 

46  7 

21 

0 01 

4 

47 

.7 

21 

0 25 

Zodiacal  $igns. 


© 

South. 


H.  M. 
8 12 

8 55 

9 40 
10  26 
11  15 
morn 
0 06 

0 58 

1 49 

2 39 

3 26 

4 11 

4 54 

5 36 

6 18 
7 02 

7 48 

8 40 

9 37 

10  40 

11  47 
eve. 
2 00 

2 59 

3 53 

4 41 

5 27 

6 10 

6 54 

7 38 


Equat’u 
of  time. 


— M.  S. 
2 21 
2 11 
2 02 


51 
41 
30 
19 
08 
0 56 
0 45 
0 33 
0 20 
0 08 
-}-  05 
0 17 
0 30 
0 43 
0 56 


n 

n 

yij 

LOJ 

"l 

"l 

X2 


SALAMANCA. 


July,  1876. 

_ (Full  Moon 6 i).  9 h.  48  M.  Morn.  I New  Moon 20  D.  11  H.  3 m.  Eve. 

Moon  s Phases,  \ Last  Quarter....  14  d.  8 h.  6 m.  Morn.  | First  Quarter..  27  n.  9 h.  29  m.  Eve. 


Bays. 

T^cuj  Tor^. 

Cincinnati. 

Chicago. 

s 

cs 

33 

g 

0 

d 

3 

a 

Itlgh 

0 

d 

3 

© 

0 

( 

3 

C 

s> 

P“ 

r* 

Rises 

Sets. 

Sets 

Water. 

Rises 

Sets. 

Sets. 

Rises 

Sets. 

Sets. 

H 

H 

.M. 

H.  M. 

n. 

M. 

H 

.M. 

H 

.M. 

H.  M. 

H 

.M. 

H 

.M. 

H. 

M. 

1 

S 

4 

32 

7 

35 

0 39 

3 

57 

4 

88 

7 

29 

0 45 

4 

29 

7 

38 

0 

38 

2 

S 

4 

33 

7 

34 

1 07 

4 

50 

4 

39 

7 

291 

| 1 15 

4 

29 

7 

38 

1 

05 

3 

M 

4 

33 

7 

34 

1 41 

5 

44 

4 

39 

7 

29; 

i 1 50 

4 

30 

7 

38 

1 

38 

4 

T 

4 

34 

7 

34 

2 22 

6 

37 

4 

40 

7 

29 

j 2 32 

4 

30 

7 

38 

2 

19 

5 

W 

4 

35 

7 

34 

3 09 

7 

25 

4 

40 

7 

29 

3 19 

4 

31 

7 

38 

O 

O 

06 

6 

T 

4 

35 

7 

33 

rises. 

8 

08 

4 

41 

7 

28 

1 rises. 

4 

32  7 

37 

rises. 

7 

F 

4 

36 

7 

33 

8 42 

8 

52 

4 

41 

7 

28 

1 8 39 

4 

32 

7 

37 

8 

49 

8 

S 

4 

37 

7 

33 

9 11 

9 

34 

4 

42 

7 

28 

9 09 

4 

33 

7 

36 

9 

17 

9 

H 

4 

38 

7 

32 

9 36 

10 

13 

4 

43 

7 

28 

9 34 

4 

34 

7 

36 

9 

40 

10 

M 

4 

38 

7 

32 

9 57  j 

10 

50 

4 

43 

7 

27 

9 57 

4 

35 

7 

35 

10 

01 

11 

T 

4 

39 

7 

32 

10  17 

11 

26 

4 

44 

|7 

27 

10  18 

4 

36 

7 

35 

IK) 

20 

12 

W 

4 

39 

7 

31 

10  38 

eve. 

4 

44 

7 

26 

10  40 

4 

36 

7 

34 

!io 

39 

13 

T 

4 

40 

7 

31 

10  58 

0 

51 

4 

45 

7 

26 

11  02 

4 

37 

7 

34 

10 

58 

14 

F 

4 

41 

7 

30 

11  22 

1 

39 

4 

46 

7 

25 

11  27 

4 

38 

7 

33 

11 

22 

15 

S 

4 

41 

7 

30 

11  52 

2 

35 

4 

47 

[7 

25 

11  58 

4 

39 

7 

32 

11 

50 

16 

s 

4 

42 

7 

29 

morn. 

3 

37 

4 

47 

|7 

24 

1 morn. 

4 

40 

7 

32 

morn. 

17 

M 

4 

43 

7 

28 

0 29 

4 

46 

4 

48 

\7 

24 

1 0 37 

4 

40 

7 

31 

0 

26 

18 

T 

4 

44 

7 

28 

1 16 

5 

59 

4 

49 

7 

23' 

1 25 

4 

41 

7 

31 

1 

13 

19 

W 

4 

45 

7 

27 

2 17 

7 

06 

4 

50 

7 

22; 

2 27 

4 

42 

7 

30 

2 

14 

20 

T 

4 

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September,  1876. 

j Full  Moon 3 n.  3 h.  23  m.  Eve.  I New  Moon 17  n. 

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5 

53 

5 

48 

morn. 

5 

52 

5 

49 

morn. 

7 

56 

9 

17 

28 

T 

5 

54 

5 

47 

0 

40 

4 

18 

* 5 

54 

5 

47 

0 

48 

5 

54 

5 

46 

0 

38 

5 

53 

5 

48 

0 

06 

8 

42 

9 

37 

>Q 

29 

F 

5 

55 

5 

45 

1 

45 

5 

10 

5 

54 

5 

45 

1 

51 

5 

55 

5 

45 

1 

44 

5 

53 

5 

46 

1 

58 

9 

26 

9 

56 

>Q 

30 

S 

5 

56 

5 

43 

2 

50 

i 6 

00 

5 

55 

5 

44 

2 

55 

5 

57 

5 

43 

2 

50 

5 

54 

5 

45 

1 2 

59 

10 

09 

10 

15 

~~ 

October,  1876. 


Moon’s  Phases, 


f Full  Moon  .... 
\ Last  Quarter. 


3 D. 
10  D. 


5 h. 

4 H. 


6 M.  Morn. 
30  M.  Morn. 


New  Moon 17  D. 

First  Quarter..  25  J>. 


7 M.  Morn. 
4 m.  Morn. 


Bays. 

I^cuj  Totjh. 

Cincinnati. 

o 

E3 

=53 

8 

# 

# 

© 

High 

€ 

) 

< 

D 

© 

pr 

r* 

Rises 

Sets. 

Sets 

Water. 

Rises 

Sets. 

Sets. 

H.M. 

H.M. 

H.  M. 

H.  M. 

H.M. 

H.M. 

H.  M. 

1 

S 

5 57 

5 42 

3 55 

6 44 

5 

56  5 

42 

3 58 

2 

M 

5 58 

5 40 

4 59 

7 24 

5 

575 

41 

5 01 

3 

T 

5 59 

5 38 

rises. 

8 00 

5 

58;5 

39 

rises. 

4 

W 

6 00 

5 37 

5 59 

8 39 

5 

5915 

38 

6 05 

5 

T 

6 01 

5 35 

6 29 

9 22 

6 

00:5 

36 

6 35 

6 

F 

6 02 

5 33 

7 05 

10  06 

6 

01 

5 

35 

7 13 

7 

S 

6 03 

5 32 

7 51 

10  54 

6 

02|5 

33 

8 00 

8 

S 

6 04 

5 30 

8 48 

11  50 

6 

03  5 

32 

8 57 

9 

M 

6 05 

5 29 

9 55 

eve. 

6 

04  5 

30 

10  04 

10 

T 

6 06 

5 27 

11  10 

2 03 

6 

05  5 

29 

11  18 

11 

W 

6 07 

5 26 

morn. 

3 13 

6 

06|5 

27 

morn. 

12 

T 

6 08 

5 24 

0 27 

4 19 

6 07 15 

26 

0 33 

13 

F 

6 19 

5 22 

1 43 

5 19 

6 

085 

24 

1 48 

14 

S 

6 10 

5 21 

2 57 

6 10 

6 

09|5 

23 

3 00 

15 

s 

6 11 

5 19 

4 08 

6 56 

6 

105 

21 

4 10 

16 

M 

6 13 

5 18 

5 18 

7 37 

6 

1115 

20 

5 18 

17 

T 

6 14 

5 16 

sets. 

8 15 

6 

12;5 

19 

sets. 

18 

W 

6 15 

5 15 

5 38 

8 59 

6 

135 

17 

5 44 

19 

T 

6 16 

5 13 

6 09 

9 42 

6 

15  5 

16 

6 17 

20 

F 

1 6 17 

5 12 

6 47 

10  25 

6 

16j5 

14 

6 56 

21 

S 

6 18 

5 11 

7 32 

11  10 

6 

1715 

13 

7 42 

22 

s 

6 19 

5 09 

8 25 

morn. 

6 

18 

5 

12 

8 35 

23 

M 

6 20 

5 08 

9 25 

0 00 

6 

19 

5 

10 

9 34 

24 

T 

6 21 

5 06 

10  27 

0 52 

6 

20 

5 09 

10  35 

25 

W 

6 23 

5.05 

11  30 

1 46 

6 

21 

5 

07 

11  36 

26 

T 

6 24 

5 04 

morn. 

2 41 

6 

225 

06 

morn. 

27 

F 

6 25 

5 02 

0 33 

3 35 

6 

23  5 05 

0 39 

28 

. S 

6 26 

5 01 

1 37 

4 25 

6 

24 ! 5 04 

I 41 

29 

s 

6 27 

5 00 

2 42 

5 13 

6 

25  5 02 

2 45 

30 

M 

6 28 

; 4 59 

' 3 47 

6 01 

6 

26  5 01 

3 49 

31 

T 

6 30 

'4  57 

4 56 

6 46 

6 

27i5  00 

4 56 

Chicago. 


Rises 


H.M. 

5 58 

5 59 

6 00 
6 01 
6 02 
6 03 
6 04 
6 05 
6 00 
6 08 
6 09 
6 10 
6 11 
6 12 
6 14 
6 15 
6 10 
6 17 
6 18 
6 19 
6 20 
6 21 
6 22 
6 24 
6 25 
6 27 
6 28 
6 29 
6 30 
6 32 
6 


H.M. 


42 
40 
38 
36 
35 
33 
31 
29 
28 
26 
25 
23 
21 
20 
18 
17 
15 
14 
12 
11 
09 
08 
o 06 
5 05 
03 
02 
00 
59 
58 
56 
33  4 55 


Sets. 


H.  M. 

3 55 
5 01 
rises. 

5 59 

6 27 

7 02 

7 48 

8 44 

9 52 
11  07 
morn, 

0 25 

1 43 

2 57 

4 10 

5 21 
sets. 

5 36 

6 06 

6 44 

7 29 

8 22 
9 21 

10  24 

11  28 
morn, 

0 33 

1 37 ; 

2 43 

3 50 
5 00 


Nashville. 


Zodiacal  Signs. 


% 

© 

( 

£>  ! 

Equat’n! 

® 

Rises 

Sets. 

Sets. 

South. 

of  time.; 

Signs 

H 

.M. 

H 

•M. 

H. 

M. 

H. 

M.I 

— M.  S. 

5 

55 

5 

43 

4 

00 

10 

52 

10  35 

JSS 

5 

56 

5 

42 

5 

02 

11 

35 

:10  53 

X 

5 

57 

5 

40 

rises. 

morn. 

'll  12 

X 

5 

58 

5 

39 

6 

10 

0 

20 

111  30 

X 

5 

59 

5 

37 

6 

43 

1 

08 

'll  48 

T 

6 

00 

5 

36 

7 

23 

2 

00 

112  05 

T 

6 

01 

5 

35 

8 

11 

2 

57 

12  22 

V 

6 

02 

5 

33 

9 

09 

3 

58 

12  39 

6 

02 

5 

3210 

16 

5 

01 

!l2  55 

6 

03 

5 

3011 

28 

6 

03  ! 

13  10 

6 

04 

5 

29 

morn. 

7 

02 

13  25 

0 

6 

05 

5 

28 

0 

41 

7 

57 

13  40 

0 

6 

06 

5 

26 

1 

53 

8 48 

13  54 

a 

6 

07 

5 

25 

3 

03 

9 

36 

14  07 

& 

6 

08 

5 

23 

4 

11 

10 

22 

14  20 

6 

09 

5 

22 

5 

16 

11 

08 

14  33 

6 

10 

5 

21 

sets. 

11 

54 

14  44 

"X 

6 

11 

5 

20 

5 

52 

eve. 

14  55 

Lnj 

6. 

11 

5 

18 

6 

26 

1 

32 

15  06 

LnJ 

6 

12 

5 

17 

7 

07 

2 

23 

15  16 

6 

13 

5 

16 

7 

53 

3 

16 

15  25 

"l 

6 

14 

5 

15 

8 

46 

4 

08 

15  33 

* 

6 

15 

5 

14 

9 

44 

4 

59 

15  41 

7^ 

6 

16 

5 

12 

10 

44 

5 

49 

15  48 

6 

17 

5 

11 

11 

44 

6 

35 

15  55 

6 

18 

5 

10 

morn. 

7 

20 

16  01 

X? 

6 

19 

5 

09 

0 

44 

8 

02 

16  06 

6 

20 

5 

08 

1 

45 

8 

44 

16  10 

SS2 

6 

21 

5 

07 

2 

46 

9 

27 

16  13 

sss 

6 

22 

& 

J06 

3 

48 

10 

11 

16  16 

X 

6 

2315  05 

4 

53 

10 

59 

16  18 

X 

CAPE  ST.  VINCENT. 


CAPE  COAST  CASTLE. 


November,  1876. 


Moon’s  Phases, 


1 Full  Moon. 


5 h.  41  M.  Eve. 
11  h.  27  m.  Morn. 


New  Moon 15  d.  6 h.  58  m.  Eve. 

First  Quarter..  23  d.  10  h.  36  m.  Eve. 


t^ew  fotih. 


o 

s3 

,©> 

# 

© 

High 

far 

Sr 

Rises 

Sets. 

Sets. 

Water. 

H, 

M. 

H, 

,M. 

H.  M. 

H. 

M. 

1 

w 

6 

31 

4 

56 

6 08 

7 

30 

2 

T 

6 

32 

4 

55 

rises. 

8 

12 

3 

F 

6 

33 

4 

54 

5 45 

9 

04 

4 

S 

6 

34 

4 

53 

6 38 

9 

55 

5 

s 

6 

36 

4 

52 

7 46 

10 

49 

6 

M 

6 

37 

4 

50 

9 01 

11 

48 

7 

T 

6 

38 

4 

49 

10  18 

eve. 

8 

W 

6 

39 

4 

48 

11  34 

1 

52 

9 

T 

6 

41 

4 

47 

morn. 

2 

53 

10 

F 

6 

42 

4 

46 

0 46 

3 

51 

11 

S 

6 

43 

4 

45 

1 57 

4 

44 

12 

s 

6 

44 

4 

44 

3 05 

5 

36 

13 

M 

6 

45 

4 

44 

4 14 

6 

24 

14 

T 

6 

46 

4 

43 

5 22 

7 

09 

15 

W 

6 

47 

|1 

42 

6 30 

7 

50 

16 

T 

6 

49! 

4 

41 

sets. 

8 

33 

17 

F 

6 

50 

4 

40 

5 26 

9 

21 

18 

S 

6 

51 

4 

40 

6 16 

10 

05 

19 

s 

6 

52 

4 

39 

7 13 

10 

48 

20 

M 

6 

54 

4 

38 

8 14 

11 

33 

21 

T 

6 

55 

4 

38 

9 18 

morn. 

22 

W 

6 

56 

4 

37 

10  21 

0 

21 

23 

T 

6 

57 

4 

37 

11  24 

1 

07 

24 

F 

6 

58 

4 

36 

morn. 

1 

54 

25 

S 

6 

59 

4 

36 

0 25 

2 

43 

26 

s 

7 

00 

'I4 

36 

1 29 

Q 

O 

34 

27 

M 

7 

01 

4 

35 

2 35 

4 

24 

28 

T 

7 

02 

4 

35 

3 43 

5 

15 

29 

W 

7 

03 

4 

34 

4 57 

6 

09 

30 

T 

7 

04 

:I4 

34 

6 14 

7 

04 

Cincinnati. 

© 

Rises 

© 

Sets. ! 

© 

Sets. 

H 

.M. 

H 

.M.| 

H. 

M. 

6 

28 

4 

59 

6 

06 

6 

29 

4 

58 

rises. 

6 

31 

4 

56 

5 

53 

6 

32 

4 

55 

6 

48 

6 

33 

4 

54 

7 

56 

6 

34 

4 

53 

9 

10 

6 

35 

4 

52 

10 

25 

6 

37 

4 

51 

11 

39 

6 

38 

4 

50 

morn. 

6 

39 

4 

49 

0 

50 

6 

40 

4 

48 

1 

59 

6 

41 1 

4 

47 

3 

06 

6 

43 

4 

47 

4 

14 

6 

44 

4 

46 

5 

21 

6 

45! 

4 

45 

6 

27 

6 

46 

4 

44 

sets. 

6 

47 ! 

I4 

44 

5 

36 

6 

48 

4 

43 

6 

26 

6 

49 

4 

43 

7 

22 

6 

50 

4 

42 

8 

22 

. 6 

51 

4 

41 

9 

25 

6 

52 

4 

41 

10 

27 

6 

53 

|4 

40 

111 

28 

6 

54 

Si 

40 

morn. 

6 

55 

4 

39 

i 0 

29 

6 

56 

4 

39 

1 

31 

6 

57 

i4 

39 

2 

35 

6 

59 

!4 

38 

3 

42 

7 

00 

k 

38 

4 

55 

7 

01 

14 

38 

1 6 

11 

Chicago. 


Rises 


H.M. 

6 34 
6 35 
6 36 
6 38 
6 39 
6 40 
6 41 
6 42 
6 44 
6 45 
6 46 
6 47 
6 48 
6 50 
6 51 
6 52 
6 53 
6 54 
6 56 
6 57 
6 58 
6 59 
00 
OS 

03 

04 

05 

06 
08 
09 


Sets.  Sets. 


H.M.  H.  M. 
6 12 
rises. 

5 41 

6 35 

7 43 

8 58 
10  16 


11  33 
morn 

0 46 

1 58 

3 08 

4 17 

5 27 

6 36 
sets. 

5 23 

6 13 

7 10 

8 11 
9 16 

10  20 
11  24 
morn 
0 26 

1 31 

2 38 

3 47 

5 02 

6 21 


Nashville. 

Zodiacal  $igns. 

© 

© 

© 

© 

Equat’n 

© 

Rises 

Sets.  | 

Sets. 

South. 

of  time. 

Signs 

H.M. 

H.M. 

H.  M. 

H.  M. 

— M.  S. 

6 24 

5 04 

6 00 

11  50 

16 

19 

r 

6 25 

5 03 

rises. 

morn. 

16 

20 

T 

6 26 

5 02 

6 04 

0 47 

16 

19 

V 

6 27 

5 01 

6 59 

1 48 

16 

18 

V 

6 28 

5 00 

8 07 

2 52 

16 

16 

H 

6 29 

4 59 

9 20 

3 56 

16 

13 

K 

6 30 

4 58 

1 10  33 

4 57 

16 

09 

g 

6 31 

4 57111  45 

5 54 

16 

05 

g 

6 32 

4 56 

morn. 

6 45 

15 

59 

Q> 

6 33 

4 55 

0 53 

7 33 

15 

53 

ft 

6 34 

4 54 

2 00 

8 19 

15 

45 

Q> 

6 35 

4 54 

3 05 

9 04 

15 

37 

w 

6 36 

4 53 

4 10 

9 49 

15 

28 

n 

6 37 

4 53 

5 15 

10  35 

15 

19 

LOI 

6 38 

4 52 

6 19 

11  23 

15 

08 

LQJ 

6 39 

4 51 

sets. 

eve. 

14 

56 

6 40 

4 51 

5 47 

1 06 

14 

44 

"l 

6 41 

4 50 

6 37 

1 59 

14 

31 

"1 

6 42 

4 50 

7 33 

2 51 

14 

17 

7f< 

6 43 

4 49 

8 32 

3 41 

14 

02 

7$ 

6 44 

4 49 

9 33 

4 29 

13 

46 

Y? 

6 45 

4 48 

|10  33 

5 13 

13 

30 

6 46 

4 48 

11  32 

5 56 

13 

13 

6 47 

4 47 

morn. 

6 37 

12 

55 

ss 

6 48 

4 47 

0 31 

7 19 

12 

36 

X 

6 49 

4 47 

1 31 

8 01 

12 

17 

6 50 

4 46 

2 33 

8 46 

11 

57 

K 

6 51 

4 46 

3 38 

9 35 

11 

36 

T 

6 52 

4 45 

4 48 

10  30 

11 

14 

T 

6 53 

4 45 

6 02 

11  30 

10 

52 

T 

December,  1876. 


Moon’s  Phases, 


) Full 

Muon 

1 D. 

5 

li. 

14  M. 

Morn. 

First  Quarter. 

\ L ist 

Quarter.. 

7 D. 

8 

H. 

33  m. 

Eve. 

Full  Moon.... 

J New 

Moon 

15  D. 

0 

H. 

21  M. 

Eve. 

51  m.  Eve. 
9 m.  Eve. 


Bays.  | 

Bew 

Vi 

o*[h. 

j 

(£incimi 

iati. 

1 

Chicago. 

Bashui 

lie. 

o . 

€ 

D 

© i 

<3 

b 1 

Hi 

igh 

m ! t 

SD 

© 

€>  1 

<1 

a ; 

$ 

!»  1 

1 

HD  | 

FT 

Rises 

t 

Sets. 

Rises.  | 

Wh 

nr. 

Rises  j Sets. 

Rises. 

Rises  I 

Sets. 

Rises. 

Rises 

Si 

ets.i 

Rises. 

H. 

M. 

H. 

M.; 

H. 

M. 

H. 

M. 

H 

.M.  H. 

,M. 

H. 

M. 

H 

.M. 

H. 

,M.  I 

H. 

M. 

H 

.M. 

H 

.M. 

H. 

M. 

1 

F 

7 

05 

4 

34 

4 

25 

7 

55 

7 

02  4 

38 

4 

34 

7 

10 

4 

29 

4 

22 

6 

54 

4 

45 

4 

46 

2 

s 

7 

00 

4 

33 

5 

28 

8 

52 

7 

03  4 

38: 

5 

38 

7 

11 

4 

29 

5 

25 

6 

55  j 

4 

45 

5 

49 

2 

s 

7 

07 

4 

33 

0 

43 

9 

50 

7 

03  4 

Oi 

6 

52 

7 

121 

4 

29 

0 

40 

6 

55 

4 

45 

7 

8 

03 

4 

M 

7 

08 

4 

o0 

8 

03 

10 

44 

7, 

04  4 

37 

8 

11 

7 

13; 

4 

281 

8 

01 

6 

56! 

4 

45 

20 

5 

T 

7 

09 

4 

33 

9 

22 

11 

38 

7 

05  4 

37 

9 

28 

7 

14; 

4 

281 

9 

21 

0 

57| 

4 

45 

9 

34 

| 

w 

7 

10 

4 

o . » 

10 

37 

e\ 

;e. 

7 

00|4 

37 

10 

42 

7 

15 

4 

281 

10 

38 

0 

58 

4 

45 

10 

40 

7 

T 

7 

11 

4 

33 

11 

49 

1 

27 

7 

074 

37 

11 

52 

7 

Hi 

4 

28! 

11 

50 

6 

59 

4 

45 

11 

54 

8 

F 

7 

12 

4 

33 

morn. 

2 

21 

7 

08  4 

37 

morn. 

7 

17 

4 

28 

morn. 

6 

59 

4 

45 

morn. 

9| 

S 

7 

13 

4 

33 

0 

58 

O 

O 

15 

7 

09  4 

37 

0 

59 

7 

17 

4 

28 

1 

00 

7 

00 

4 

45 

0 

58 

10! 

s 

7 

14 

4 

33 

2 

05 

4 

07 

7 

104 

37 

2 

05 

7 

18 

4 

28 

2 

09 

7 

01 

4 

45 

2 

02 

11 

M 

7 

15 

4 

33 

3 

13 

4 

59 

7 

114 

37 

3 

12 

7 

19 

4 

28 

O 

O 

17 

7 

02 

4 

45 

3 

06 

12' 

T 

7 

15 

4 

33 

4 

20 

5 

53 

7 

11  4 

37 

4 

18 

7 

20 

4 

28 

4 

20 

7 

03 

4 

45 

4 

11 

13! 

W 

7 

10 

4 

33 

5 

27 

6 

43 

7 

124 

38 

5 

24 

7 

21 

4 

28 

5 

34 

7 

03 

4 

46 

5 

14 

14 

T 

7 

17 

4 

34 

6 

32 

7 

31 

7 

12  4 

■38 

0 

28 

7 

21 

4 

29 

0 

40 

7 

04 

■f 

46 

6 

17 

15 

F 

7 

18 

4 

34 

sets. 

8 

14 

7 

13  1 

38 

sets. 

7 

22 

4 

29 

sets. 

7 

05 

|4 

46 

sets. 

16 

S 

7 

18 

4 

34 

5 

04 

9 

02 

7 

144 

38 

5 

14 

7 

23 

29 1 

5 

01 

7 

06 

46 

5 

zo 

17 

s 

7 

19 

4 

35 

6 

05 

9 

45 

7 

14  4 

39 

6 

14 

7 

24 

4 

29 

0 

02 

7 

06 

4 

47 

6 

24 

18 

M 

7 

20 

4 

35 

7 

08 

10 

20 

7 

15  4 

39 

7 

16 

7 

24 

4 

30 

7 

00 

7 

07 

4 

47 

7 

25 

19 

T 

7 

20 

4 

35 

8 

11 

11 

03 

7 

15  4 

40 

8 

17 

7 

25 

4 

30 

8 

10 

7 

07 

4 

48 

8 

24 

20 

W 

7 

21 

4 

30 

9 

13 

11 

44 

7 

10  4 

40 

9 

18 

7 

25 

4 

31 

9 

13 

7 

08 

4 

48 

9 

23 

21 

T 

7 

21 

4 

30 

10 

14 

morn. 

7 

17  4 

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Wmo(-3-3XXO 


?TIS  THE  MIND  THAT  MAKES  THE  BODY  RICH.  15 

1 

MENTAL  POWERS  OF  NUMB  CREATURES. 

If  They  have  Minds,  why  may  They  not  have 
Souls  ? 

AND  Beast,”  is  the  title  of  a volume 
by  the  liev.  J.  G.  Wood,  written  to 
imSm  S*10W  that  the  l°wer  animals  possess 
< those  mental  and  moral  characteristics, 

which,  in  human  beings,  are  supposed  to  belong  to 
the  immortal  spirit,  and  not  to  the  perishable  body. 
As  animals  share  with  man  the  attributes  of  reason, 
language,  memory,  a sense  of  moral  responsibility, 
unselfishness  and  love,  all  of  which  pertain  to  the 
spirit  and  not  to  the  body,  so  the  author  thinks 
there  is  every  reason  to  presume  that  they  may, 
like  man,  retain  these  qualities  in  another  state  of 
existence. 

Mr.  Wood  devotes  his  first  chapter  to  a labored 
but  not  very  conclusive  argument  to  prove  that  the 
testimony  of  the  Holy  Scriptures,  as  to  the  future 
existence  of  animals,  is  entirely  misconceived  by 
the  common  mind  ; that  popular  belief  and  popular 
tradition  are  wrong  in  supposing  that  Holy  Writ 
teaches  us  that, man  alone  possesses  a spirit,  and 
survives  in  spirit  after  the  death  of  his  material 
body.  In  fact,  we  do  not  see  the  necessity,  for  so 
much  Scriptural  proof  of  a theory  with  which 
the  Scriptural  writers  were  evidently  not  concerned. 
Their  mission  was  to  man  alone  in  his  relations  to 
his  Almighty  Maker.  Mr.  Wood  quotes  Bishop 
Butler  in  his  preface  as  saying  in  his  “Analogy  of 
Religion:”  “As  to  the  latent  powers  and  capacities 
of  lower  animals,  I see  no  reason  why  they  should 
not  be  developed  in  a future  life.”  That  was  suf- 
ficient authority. 

In  order  to  prove  that  animals  possess  those  qual- 
ities which  pertain  to  man’s  immortal  spirit,  Mr. 
Wood  cites  more  than  three  hundred  anecdotes,  all 
well  authenticated,  he  asserts,  showing  the  close 
resemblance  that  exists  between  the  spirits  of  man 
and  beast. 

Beginning  with  instinct  and  reason,  the  author 
finds  it  easy  to  prove  that  much  that  is  attributed 
to  instinct  in  animals,  is  as  clearly  the  deduction  of 
a conclusion  from  logical  premises,  as  the  actions 
which  in  man  are  admitted  to  be  the  result  of 
reason.  To  quote  his  words : 

“ This  power  is  possessed  by  animals  in  common 
with  ourselves,  although  not  to  the  same  extent, 
and  it  is  by  the  superiority  of  our  reason  over  that 
of  animals  that  we  maintain  our  supremacy.  Very 
often  their  deduction  is  insufficient,  or  their  pre- 
mises false;  but  the  process  is  still  one  of  pure 
reason,  and  has  no  connection  with  instinct.” 

With  them,  as  well  as  with  ourselves,  reason  often 
conquers  instinct,  especially  in  the  case  of  those  an- 
imals which  are  domesticated,  and  so  develop  their 
reasoning  powers  by  contact  with  reason  of  a higher 
quality  than  their  own.  The  following  anecdote 
shows  the  power  of  reason  over  instinct  in  this 
manner : 

The  Considerate  Cat. 

A cat  of  ours  once  showed  great  self-denial.  She 
was  a terrible  eater  of  small  birds,  chickens,  etc., 
and  therefore,  when  on  one  occasion,  she  was  found 
to  have  passed  the  night  in  our  aviary  of  doves, 
great  was  the  alarm.  However,  on  inspection,  not 
one  dove  was  missing;  and  though  she  was  asleep 
in  an  inner  cage,  close  to  a nest  of  young  doves,  she 
had  not  touched  a feather.  What  made  her  con- 
duct the  more  remarkable  was  that  when  released 
she  ate  ravenously. 

It  is  just  the  same  with  ourselves.  A child  that 
has  been  well  brought  up  can  be  left  with  perfect 
safety  alone  with  any  kind  of  dainties,  the  parents 

having  taught  its  reason  to  conquer  its  instincts ; 

I whereas  a spirited  or  illbred  child,  which  has  been 
suffered  to  allow  its  instincts  to  be  paramount,  will 
be  sure  to  fall  upon  the  coveted  dainties  as  soon  as 
I it  is  left  alone  with  them.  The  conduct  of  the 
animal  and  child  is  identical. 

A Sensible  Horse. 

The  following  anecdote  of  a horse  was  sent  to  Mr. 
Wood  by  a clergyman  : 

“A  neighbor  of  mine  possessed  a young  foal 
which,  with  its  mother,  used  to  pass  our  house  daily 
early  in  the  morning,  during  our  breakfast  time,  and 
had  a habit  of  straying  upon  a piece  of  waste  ground 
in  front  of  our  house.  My  daughter,  who  is  very' 
partial  to  horses,  used  to  run  out  and  offer  the  little 
animal  a piece  of  bread. 

“This  went  on  regularly,  until  at  last,  when  he 
was  between  two  and  three  years  old,  he  would  not 
wait  for  the  bread,  but  used  to  go  to  the  door,  plant 
his  forefeet  on  the  steps  so  as  to  gain  sufficient  ele- 
• vation,  and  then  lift  the  knocker  with  his  nose, 
afterward  waiting  for  the  expected  morsel.” 

Here  the  two  faculties  of  memory  and  reason 
were  displayed  most  unmistakably.  If  a dumb  man 
had  acted  as  that  colt  did,  we  would  have  wondered 
at  his  ingenuity  in  communicating  his  ideas  without 
the  aid  of  speech.  In  this  case  the  memory  of  the 
animal  enabled  him  to  expect  his  daily  dole  of  bread, 
and  his  reason,  not  his  instinct,  taught  him  that 
when  the  knocker  was  sounded  some  one  came  to 
the  door.  It  is  evident  that  the  horse  had  seen  the 
knocker  used,  had  noted  the  result,  and  had  followed 
the  example,  using  his  nose  in  lieu  of  a hand. 

Fidelity  of  a Duck  ami  Drake. 

A mandarin  drake  was  stolen  one  night  from  Mr. 
Beale’s  aviary,  along  with  some  other  birds.  The 
mate  of  the  drake,  the  duck,  was  left  behind.  The 
morning  following  the  loss  of  her  husband,  the 
female  was  seen  in  a most  disconsolate  condition, 
brooding  in  secret  sorrow;  she  remained  in  a retired 
part  of  the  aviary,  pondering  over  the  severe  loss 
she  had  just  sustained. 

While  she  was  thus  delivering  her  soul  to  grief, 
a gay,  prim  drake,  who  had  not  long  before  lost  his 
dear  duck,  which  had  been  accidentally  killed,  trim- 
med his  beautiful  feathers,  and,  pitying  the  forlorn 
condition  of  the  bereaved,  waddled  toward  her,  and, 
after  devoting  much  of  his  time  and  all  of  his  atten- 
tion to  the  unfortunate  female,  he  offered  her  his 
protection.  She  however  refused  all  his  offers,  hav- 
ing made,  in  audible  quacks,  a solemn  vow  to  live 
and  die  a widow  if  her  mate  did  not  return. 

From  the  day  of  her  loss  she  forsook  her  accus- 
tomed pleasures,  refused  most  of  her  food,  and  no 
consolation  that  could  be  offered  her  by  any  of  her 
tribe  seemed  to  have  the  least  effect.  Every 
endeavor  was  made  to  recover  the  lost  bird,  as  it 
was  not  expected  the  beautiful  creature  would  be 
killed.  Some  time  after  the  loss,  a person  accident- 
ly passing  a hut  overheard  some  Chinese  of  the 
lower  class  conversing,  and  understood  enough 
of  their  language  to  hear  one  of  them  say:  “It 
would  be  a pity  to  kill  so  handsome  a bird.”  “ How 
then,”  said  another,  “can  we  dispose  of  it?”  The 
hut  was  noted,  as  it  was  immediately  suspected  that 
the  lost  mandarin  drake  was  the  subject  of  conver- 
sation. A servant  was  sent,  and,  after  some  trouble, 
recovered  the  lost  drake  by  paying  $4  for  him.  He 
was  then  brought  back  to  the  aviary  in  one  of  the 
usual  cane  cages. 

As  soon  as  the  bird  recognized  the  aviary,  he  ex- 
pressed his  joy  by  quacking  vehemently  and  flapping 
his  wings.  The  interval  of  three  weeks  had  elapsed 
since  he  had  been  taken  away ; but  when  the  for- 
lorn duck  heard  the  note  of  her  lost  husband,  she 

16 


STRONG  WISHES  GENERATE  STRANGE  FANCIES. 


quacked,  even  to  screaming  with  ecstacy,  and  flow  as 
far  as  she  could  in  the  aviary  to  greet  him  on  the 
restoration.  Being  let  out  of  the  cage,  the  drake 
immediately  entered  the  aviary,  and  the  unfortunate 
couple  were  again  united.  They  quacked,  crossed 
necks,  bathed  together,  and  are  then  supposed  to 
have  related  all  their  mutual  hopes  and  fears  during 
their  long  separation.  As  for  the  unfortunate  wid- 
ower, who  kindly  offered  consolation  to  the  duck 
when  overwhelmed  with  grief,  she,  in  a most  ungrate- 
ful manner,  informed  her  drake  of  the  impudent 
and  gallant  proposals  he  had  made  to  her  during 
his  absence.  It  is  merely  supposition  that  she  did 
so  ; but  at  all  events  the  result  was  that  on  the  day 
following  his  return  the  recovered  drake  attacked 
the  other,  pecked  his  eyes  out,  and  inflicted  on  him 
so  many  other  injuries  as  to  occasion  his  death  in  a 
few  days.  Thus  did  this  unfortunate  drake  meet 
with  a premature  and  violent  death  for  his  kindness 
and  attention  to  an  unfortunate  lady,  becoming  a 
victim  to  conjugal  fidelity. 

These  birds  acted  very  much  as  human  beings 
would  have  done  under  similar  circumstances. 
Here  was  conjugal  love  affected  by  sudden  and 
violent  separation  ; sorrow  for  the  lost  one  ; joy  in 
reunion  ; jealousy  at  an  attempt  to  steal  the  affec- 
tions of  a wife;  and  revenge  taken  on  the  offen- 
der. There  was  also  the  power  of  language,  as 
without  a very  definite  language  of  her  own  the 
duck  could  not  have  communicated  to  her  hus- 
band which  particular  drake  had  attempted  to 
take  his  place  in  his  absence. 

Many  anecdotes  of  insects  and  birds,  absolutely 
startling  in  their  resemblance  to  the  habits  of  civil- 
ized men,  are  also  related  by  Mr.  Wood.  Omitting 
these  and  numerous  incidents  showing  the  know- 
ledge and  use  of  language  of  some  kind,  not  only 
between  animals  of  the  same  genera  and  species, 
but  also  between  those  of  diverse  natures,  we  come 
to  an  incident  related  to  the  author  by  the  late  Rev. 
Cfesar  Otway,  who  produced  vouchers  for  the  exact 
truth  of  the  story.  It  affords  a remarkable  proof  of 
the  capability  possessed  by  the  lower  animals  of 
understanding  the  language  of  man : 

A Discerning  Dog. 

“A  gentleman  of  property  had  a mastiff  of  great 
size,  very  watchful,  and  altogether  a fine,  intelligent 
animal.  Though  often  let  out  to  range  about,  he 
was  in  general  chained  up  during  the  day. 

“ On  a certain  day  when  he  was  let  out,  he  was 
observed  to  attach  himself  particularly  to  his  mas- 
ter. When  the  servant  came,  as  usual,  to  fasten 
him  up,  he  clung  so  determinedly  to  his  master’s 
feet,  showed  such  anger  when  they  attempted  to 
force  him  away,  and  altogether  was  so  peculiar  in 
his  manner,  that  the  gentleman  desired  him  to  be 
left  as  he  was. 

“With  him  the  dog  continued  the  whole  day,  and 
when  night  came  on,  still  he  stayed ; and  on  going 
to  his  bedroom  the  dog  resolutely,  and,  for  the  first 
time  in  his  life,  went  up  with  him,  and  rushing  into 
the  room,  took  refuge  under  the  bed,  whence 
neither  blows  nor  caresses  could  draw  him. 

“ In  the  midst  of  the  night  a man  burst  into  the 
room  with  a dagger  in  his  hand,  with  which  he  at- 
tempted to  murder  the  sleeper.  But  the  dog  dashed 
at  the  robber’s  neck,  fastened  his  fangs  in  him,  and 
so  kept  him  down  that  his  master  had  time  to  call 
for  assistance  and  secure  the  ruffian,  who  turned 
out  to  be  the  coachman.  He  afterwards  confessed 
that,  seeing  his  master  receive  a large  sum  of 
money,  he  and  the  groom  conspired  together  to  rob 
and  murder  him,  and  that  they  had  plotted  the 
whole  scheme  together,  leaning  over  the  dog’s  ken- 
nel.” 


The  dog  may  not  have  understood  human  lan- 
guage as  perfectly  as  the  men  themselves  did,  but  it 
would  seem  that  he  did  gather  from  their  conversa- 
tion that  they  intended  some  injury  to  his  master. 

Wisdom  of  the  Wasp. 

To  illustrate  the  language  of  animals,  which  Mr. 
Wood  very  properly  divides  into  that  of  language 
of  gesture,  of  the  eye,  and  of  sound,  he  begins  with 
the  insect  world : 

“ Looking  at  the  nervous  system  of  insects,  in 
whom  there  is  no  definite  brain,  but  merely  a suc- 
cession of  ganglia  united  by  a double  nervous  cord, 
many  physiologists  have  thought  that  reason  could 
not  be  one  of  the  attributes  of  the  insect  race.  Yet 
nothing  is  more  certain  than  that  they  are  able  to 
converse  with  each  other  and  communicate  ideas; 
this  fact  showing  that  they  must  possess  reason. 
As  far  as  we  know,  the  hymenopterous  insects — 
namely:  the  bees,  wasps,  and  ants— are  the  best 
linguists  of  the  insect  race,  their  language  being 
chiefly  conducted  by  means  of  their  antennae.  A 
good  example  of  this  was  witnessed  by  me  in  the 
summer  of  1872. 

“At  breakfast  time  some  pieces  of  the  white  of  an 
egg  were  left  on  a plate.  A wasp  came  in  at  a win-  , 
dow,  and,  after  flying  about  for  a while,  alighted  on 
the  plate,  went  to  a piece  of  the  egg  and  tried  to  | 
carry  it  off.  Wishing  to  see  what  the  insect  would 
do,  I would  not  allow  it  to  be  disturbed.  After  un- 
availing attempts  to  lift  the  piece  of  egg,  the  wasp 
left  it  and  flew  out  of  the  window.  Presently  two 
wasps  came  in,  flew  directly  to  the  plate,  picked  up 
tlie  piece  of  egg,  and  in  some  way  or  other  con- 
trived to  get  it  out  of  the  window.  These  were 
evidently  the  first  wasp  and  a companion  whom  it 
had  brought  to  help  it. 

“ I had  a suspicion  that  when  the  wasps  reached 
their  home  they  would  tell  their  companions  of 
their  good  fortune,  and  so  I put  some  more  egg  on 
the  plate  and  waited.  In  a very  short  time  wasp 
after  wasp  came  in,  went  to  the  plate  without  hesi- 
tation, and  carried  off  each  a piece  of  egg.  The  I 
stream  of  wasps  was  so  regular  that  I was  able  to  I 
trace  them  to  their  nests,  which  was  in  a lane  I 
about  half  a mile  from  my  house. 

“ The  insect  had  evidently  reasoned  with  itself, 
that,  although  the  piece  of  egg  was  too  heavy  for 
one  wasp,  it  might  be  carried  by  two ; so  it  went 
off  to  find  a companion,  told  it  the  state  of  things, 
and  induced  it  to  help  in  carrying  off  the  coveted 
morsel.  The  two  had  told  the  other  inhabitants  of 
the  nest  that  there  was  a supply  of  new  and  dainty 
food  within  reach,  and  had  acted  as  guides  to  the 
locality.  Here  is  a positive  proof  that  these  insects 
possess  a very  definite  language  of  their  own,  for  it 
is  impossible  tliat  human  beings  could  have  acted 
in  a more  rational  manner.” 

Observing  Dogs. 

I know  several  instances  where  domestic  animals 
have  discovered  that  there  was  something  wrong  in 
the  arrangements  of  the  house,  and  have  called  at- 
tention to  it.  There  is  a little  dog  belonging  to  one 
of  my  friends,  who  one  night  became  very  impor- 
tunate, pulling  the  skirt  of  his  mistress’  dress,  and 
insisting  on  her  returning  down  stairs.  She  was 
rather  alarmed ; but  the  dog  drew  her  to  the  green- 
house door,  which  he  evidently  meant  to  be  opened. 
On  unlocking  the  door,  she  found  she  had  forgotten 
to  turn  off  the  gas.  The  little  dog  had  been  accus- 
tomed to  see  the  gas  turned  off  before  the  family 
went  to  bed,  and  was  too  conservative  to  allow  any 

change.  . . . , 

In  the  following  anecdotes  the  action  of  the  dog 
can  only  be  attributed  to  reason,  and  that  of  no 
mean  character. 


PRACTICE  THE  TRUTH  YOU  ALREADY  KNOW,  AND  MORE  WILL  BE  GIVEN  YOU.  17 


The  first  anecdote  was  sent  to  me  by  one  of  the 
principals  in  a well-known  engineering  firm. 

“ I once  lost  a sovereign  in  a bet  which  I made 
that  a wonderful  little  dog  would  not  take  a penny 
off  a red-hot  bar  of  iron.  The  dog  belonged  to  an 
ironmonger  at  Knighton,  Radnorshire.  The  dog 
was  in  the  habit  of  searching  for  pence  purposely 
hidden  in  the  shop,  and,  when  found,  taking  them 
to  a baker’s  shop  and  getting  buns  in  exchange. 
He  quite  knew  the  right-sized  bun,  and  used  to  keep 
his  paw  on  the  penny  until  he  got  it. 

“ A bar  was  heated  red-hot,  and  no  sooner  was 
the  penny  laid  on  it  than  the  dog,  without  the  least 
hesitation,  dashed  at  it.  By  some  means  which  I 
could  not  see,  because  it  was  done  so  quickly,  the 
dog  knocked  the  penny  off  the  bar,  and  then  sat 
down  quietly  by  it  until  the  coin  was  cool.  His  look 
of  perfect  self-satisfaction  was  most  absurd.” 

Some  years  ago  there  was  a dog  at  Margate  which 
also  knew  the  use  of  money.  He  used  to  beg  for 
pence,  and  take  them  to  a baker  to  be  exchanged 
for  biscuits,  at  a shop  in  the  narrow,  hilly  lane 
which  is  pleased  to  assume  the  title  of  High  Street. 
One  day  the  baker,  wishing  to  see  how  the  dog  would 
behave  if  he  played  the  animal  a practical  joke, 
took  his  penny  and  gave  him  a burned  biscuit. 
The  next  time  the  dog  had  a penny  he  took  it  to 
the  baker  as  usual,  showed  it  to  him,  and  then  went 
off  to  another  baker  who  lived  nearly  opposite.  This 
he  afterwards  did  invariably,  showing  the  penny  to 
the  baker  who  had  offended  him,  and  then  trans- 
ferring his  custom  to  the  rival  on  the  opposite  side 
of  the  narrow  street. 

The  whole  of  these  proceedings  were  dictated  by 
pure  reason,  and  instinct  had  nothing  to  do  with 
them.  It  was,  in  Jact,  doing  on  a small  scale  pre- 
cisely what  the  dog’s  master  would  have  done  on  a 
large  scale  if  a tradesman  had  taken  his  money  and 
given  him  a bad  article  for  it.  He  would  have  with- 
drawn his  custom  from  the  offender,  and  given  it  to 
another  man  who  he  thought  would  serve  him  more 
honestly. 

A Talking  Parrot. 

“ A parrot,  belonging  to  one  of  our  servants,  very 
soon  knew  us  by  name,  and  could  distinguish  the 
tread  of  its  favorites,  showing  its  joy  by  ruffling  its 
feathers  and  making  an  odd  noise  in  the 
throat.  ‘ Polly  ’ was  very  tame,  and  was  sometimes 
allowed  to  walk  about  the  house,  always  announc- 
ing its  arrival  in  a room  by  ‘ Polly  going  a- walking.’ 
In  hot  weather  she  enjoyed  having  water  poured 
over  her,  and  when  satisfied  would  say,  ‘That’s 
enough.’ 

“ She  used  to  tease  our  large  dog  by  whistling 
loudly,  and  calling  him  ‘Bran!  Bran!r  on  which 
he  ran  in  and  looked  around,  and  on  the  cook  com- 
ing in,  Polly  would  say  reprovingly,  ‘ Go  back,  Bran, 
go  back;’  out  went  Bran,  and  by  and  by,  when  the 
cook’s  back  was  turned,  the  same  scene  was  acted 
over  again,  until  Bran  grew  wiser  and  neglected  the 
call. 

“Polly  was  a very  accomplished  bird,  and,  when 
quite  alone,  couldbe  heardgoing  through  her  acquire- 
ments. She  sang  ‘ Chee'r  boys,  cheer,’  very  plainly, 
and  could  dance.  If  any  stranger  went  into  the 
kitchen,  and  no  one  was  there,  Polly  called  out, 

‘ Somebody’s  wanted and  she  has  more  than  once 
startled  people  by  saying,  ‘ What’s  your  business?’ 

“We  used  to  go  in  and  see  Polly  before  we  went 
to  bed,  and  she  always  said  ‘ Good-night  ’ several 
times,  each  time  in  a different  tone  of  voice.  She 
called  mamma  ‘ my  dear  ’ until  told  it  was  not  res- 
pectful, after  which  she  always  said  ‘ ma’am.’  The 
remarks  this  bird  made  were  so  apposite  that  it  really 
seemed  at  times  as  if  she  understood  what  was  going 
on.” 

2 


Ingenuity  of  a I>og  and  Cat. 

The  next  anecdote  shows  that  animals  belonging 
to  different  species,  such  as  the  dog  and  cat,  can 
communicate  ideas  to  each  other,  and  act  in  concert. 

“ A relation  of  mine  in  Dumfriesshire  had  a dog 
and  cat  which  were  attached  to  each  other  in  an  ex- 
traordinary manner,  and  both  were  great  favorites  in 
the  household.  The  dog,  however,  was  not  intended 
to  sleep  in  the  house,  and  was  carefully  put  out 
every  night ; but,  strange  to  say,  he  was  always 
found  in  the  morning  lying  before  the  fire,  with  the 
cat  by  his  side. 

“ One  evening  the  master  of  the  dog  heard  a sort 
of  rap  at  a back-door  leading  to  the  kitchen,  and  saw 
the  sagacious  cat  spring  up  and  strike  the  latch, 
while  the  dog  pushed  open  the  door  and  entered  in 
triumph.  This  system  must  have  been  long  carried 
on,  and  when  it  was  discovered  I need  not  say  how  in- 
terested were  the  members  of  the  household  in  these 
intelligent  and  really  wonderful  creatures.” 

Birds  Acting  in  Concert  after  Deliberation. 

One  of  my  friends,  then  living  near  Manchester, 
in  the  garden  had  a very  fine  mountain-ash  tree, 
which  always  produced  a plentiful  supply  of  berries. 
Shortly  before  the  fruit  ripened  a great  number  of 
thrushes  got  together  at  the  end  of  the  garden,  and 
were  very  noisy,  chattering  and  evidently  discussing 
some  subject  on  which  they  were  not  agreed.  This 
went  on  for  some  time,  and  the  assemblage  and 
chattering  continued  daily.  All  this  time  the  ber- 
ries were  ripening ; and  one  morning  an  order  ap- 
peared to  be  issued ; the  birds  flew  to  the  tree,  and 
in  a couple  of  hours  there  was  not  a berry  left 
upon  it.  This  occurred  regularly  during  the  three 
years  in  which  my  friend  occupied  the  house. 

Last  year  a somewhat  similar  event  took  place  in 
the  garden  of  one  of  my  neighbors,  who  is  a great 
horticulturist,  and  very  successful  with  fruit  as  well 
as  with  flowers. 

There  was  a cherry  tree  bearing  in  that  year  a re- 
markably heavy  crop  of  fruit,  which  was  carefully 
watched  until  it  ripened.  One  evening  the  owner 
of  the  garden,  seeing  that  the  cherries  had  just 
reached  the  proper  stage  for  picking,  ordered  the 
gardener  to  gather  them  on  the  following  morning. 
But  the  birds  seemed  to  know  as  much  about  fruit 
as  he  did,  for  when  the  gardener  came  with  his  bas- 
ket the  crop  of  cherries  had  vanished,  and  nothing 
was  left  except  the  stalks,  each  with  the  stone 
attached  to  it. 

The  Morality  of  a Bog:. 

A poor  woman,  who  lived  in  an  unprotected  part 
of  Scotland,  became  unexpectedly  possessed  of  a 
large  sum  of  money,  with  which  she  was  as  much 
troubled  as  “Captain  Jack  ” with  the  money  he  dared 
not  spend,  was  afraid  to  show,  and  could  not  carry 
about  him  for  lack  of  pockets.  She  would  have 
taken  it  to  the  bank,  but  could  not  leave  the  house. 

At  last  she  asked  the  advice  of  a butcher  of  her 
acquaintance,  telling  him  that  she  was  afraid  to  live 
alone  in  the  house  with  such  a sum  of  money. 

“ Never  fear,”  said  the  butcher ; “ I will  leave  my 
dog  with  you,  and  I’ll  warrant  you  that  no  one  will 
dare  to  enter  your  house.”  So  toward  evening  the 
dog  was  brought,  and  chained  up  close  to  the  place 
where  the  money  wras  kept. 

In  the  middle  of  the  night  a robber  made  his  way 
into  the  house,  and  was  proceeding  to  carry  off  the 
money,  when  he  was  seized  by  the  dog,  who  held 
him  a prisoner  until  assistance  came.  The  thief  was 
the  butcher  himself,  who  thought  that  he  had  made 
sure  of  the  money.  He  had  not  considered  that 
his  dog  was  a better  moralist  than  himself  and,  in- 
stead of  betraying  a defenseless  woman,  would  even 
take  her  part  against  his  own  master. 


18 


WE  MAKE  LAWS,  BUT  WE  FOLLOW  CUSTOMS. 


Cre- 
were  skillful 
it 


ARCHERY. 


HE  origin  of  archery,  or  the  use  of  the 
bow,  has  been  traced  to  the  porcupine. 
Some  remote  progenitor  of  Colt  or  AV hit- 
worth,  it  is  suggested,  observed  that  ani- 
mal, when  more  than  usually  fretful,  shoot  its  quills, 
and  never  rested  until  he  had  contrived  some 
method  of  doing  something  equivalent,  so  he  in- 
vented the  bow.  The  principal  objection  to  this 
theory  is,  that  the  porcupine  only  casts  its  quills 
when  nobody  is  looking ; at  least,  no  credible  wit- 
ness has  ever  yet  seen  the  performance.  There  can 
be  no  doubt,  however,  that  bows  and  arrows  have 
been  in  use  from  the  very  earliest  pre-historic  times. 
We  have  the  testimony  of  the  caves  to  the  fact 
that,  unimaginable  ages  ago,  mankind  liked  mar- 
row-bones, and  used  arrows  to  procure  them ; and 
some  of  these  pieces  of  chipped  flint,  euphoniously 
termed  works  of  art,  found  in  the  drift,  are  declared 
by  the  learned  to  be  arrow-heads. 


Ishmael  was  an 
archer;  so  was  Esau, 
and  a successful  one 
too.  Paris  m u s t 
have  been  an  unerr- 
ing marksman,  to  hit 
Achilles  in  the  heel ; 
or  if  you  suspect  that 
chance  guided  h i s 
shaft  to  the  one  vul- 
nerable spot  on  his 
enemy’s  body,  you 
c a n n o t depreciate 
the  skill  of  Aster, 
who  made  the 
famous  king  of  Mac- 
edon  his  butt,  for 
that  Greek  archer 
named  his  shot  be- 
forehand, writing  on 
the  arrow,  “To  Phil- 
ip’s right  eye,”  and 
he  pierced  it. 

The  Persians  were 
famous  for  their 
horsemanship  and 
archery.  The 
tans 

bowmen,  making 
a rule  that  their  chil- 
dren should  com- 
mence practice  a t 
seven  years  old.  The 
Parthians  were 
famous  for  their  ac- 
curate shooting 
while  riding  at 
speed — an  art  which 
modern  cavalry  have 
never  been  able  to 
acquire,  carbine 
practice  rarely  being 
effective  in  action. 
The  Romans  never 
cultivated  archery  to 
any  great  extent  as  a 
military  exercise, 
though  individuals 
acquired  great  skill 
in  it. 

The  Emperor 
Commodus  was  fond 
o f displaying  his 
wonderful  shooting 
in  the  amphitheatre.  Lions,  panthers,  stags,  and 
every  other  species  of  game,  he  slaughtered  in  heca- 
tombs, the  first  Avound  (we  are  told)  proving  fatal. 
“A  panther  would  be  set  upon  a criminal  in  the 
circus ; but  no  sooner  was  the  animal  crouching  for 
his  fatal  spring,  than  the  imperial  bowman  dis- 
charged an  arrow,  which  saAred  the  culprit,  and  laid 
the  beast  lifeless  upon  the  sand.” 

Julius  Africanus  avers  that  he  has  often  seen  one 
Syrmus,  a Scythian,  let  people  shoot  at  him  without 
wearing  armor,  depending  for  his  defense  on  his 
own  bow  and  broad-headed  arrows,  with  which  he 
met  those  coming  toward  him  midway. 

The  Welsh  were  great  archers.  Giraldus  Cam- 
brensis  says  that  their  arrows  ha\Te  pierced  oaken 
panels  four  fingers  in  breadth;  and  on  the  authority 
of  William  de  Breusa,  a Norman  knight  engaged 
with  Fitzhammond  in  the  conquest  of  South  Wales, 
he  relates  that  a mailed  horseman  had  his  hip 
nailed  to  the  saddle  by  a Welsh  arrow,  and,  wheel- 
ing round,  had  the  other  similarly  fixed.  In  the 


A PURSE  MAY  PROVIDE  PLEASURE,  CUT  CAN  NOT  SECURE  HAPPINESS. 


10 


I same  battle  another  soldier  was  shot  through  ar- 
i mor,  hip  and  saddle,  the  arrow  killing  the  horse. 

It  is  not  certain  that  hows  and  arrows  were  much 
! used  in  England  before  the  Heptarchy ; but  the 
j Saxons  killed  one  another  with  them,  and  the 
Danes,  their  successors,  were  very  decided  archers. 
And  yet  th'e  English  were  utterly  overwhelmed  by 
the  Norman  long-bow,  which  shot  arrows  with  a 
force  and  to  a distance  of  which  they  had  no  pre- 
vious idea.  Having  once  discovered  its  powers, 
however,  how  kindly  they  took  to  it  we  all  know. 
The  love  of  archery  became  the  ruling  passion  of 
all  classes.  Every  peasant  had  his  bow  hanging 
over  the  chimney  ; while  to  the  country  gentleman 
it  was  what  the  double-barrel  is  now. 

National  prejudice  apart,  we  may  fairly  assume 
that  our  forefathers  were  the  most  formidable  bow- 
men the  world  has  seen.  It  is  true  that  the  tribes 
of  Arabia  established  the  empire  of  the  Caliphs 
with  the  bow ; but  what  did  they  beat  ? It  was 
against  the  flower  of  French  chivalry  that  the  Eng- 
lish archers  prevailed.  They  overran  France  in  the 
reign  of  Edward  III.,  they  conquered  it  under 
Henry  V.,  they  made  one  of  the  French  kings 
(John)  prisoner  at  the  battle  of  Poictiers,  and 
forced  another  (Louis  XI.)  to  pay  tribute  to  their 
own  monarch,  Edward  IV. 

We  are  very  sorry  for  the  necessity,  but  really  we 
can  not  write  about  archery  without  mentioning 
Robin  Flood.  He  does  not*  appear  to  have  had 
any  property  of  his  own,  which,  at  this  distance  of 
time,  appears  to  some  admirers  a sufficient  reason 
why  he  should  take  that  of  other  people.  It  is  very 
likely  that  he  was  badly  and  unjustly  treated  ; many 
families  about  that  time  were  ; at  any  rate  he  took 
to  the  woods,  as  robber  and  poacher,  and  gathered 
together  a band  of  two  hundred  picked  men — first- 
rate  archers,  every  one  of  them — and  ranged  the 
forests  in  the  north  of  England.  In  the  rising 
headed  by  Simon  de  Montfort,  in  Henry  III.’s 
reign,  to  enforce  the  recognition  of  Magna  Charta, 
Robin  Ilood  certainly  fought  on  the  popular  side ; 
and  if  it  is  true,  as  has  been  suggested,  that  his  out- 
lawry was  owing  to  that  fact,  we  ought  not,  per- 
haps, to  grudge  him  the  popularity  which  has  lasted 
for  so  many  centuries.  But  that  excuse  for  his  rob- 
beries which  is  so  commonly  urged — that  he  took 
from  the  rich  to  give  to  the  -poor — savors  so*  much 
of  sentimental  cant,  that  we  confess  to  being  rather 
prejudiced  against  the  object  of  such  injudicious 
praise. 

The  battle  of  Cressy  was  fought  on  the  26th  of 
August,  1346,  and  the  detail  of  troops  engaged 
shows  how  completely  England  trusted  to  the  bow 
at  that  time.  The  king,  Edward  III.,  drew  up  his 
army  in  three  lines.  The  first  line  consisted  of  800 
men-at-arms,  4,000  English  archers,  and  600  Welsh 
foot,  and  was  commanded  by  the  Black  Prince. 
The  second  line  was  of  800  men-at-arms,  4,000  hal- 
berdiers, and  2,400  archers,  under  the  Earls  of  Ar- 
undel and  Northampton.  The  reserve  was  com- 
posed of  700  men-at-arms,  5,300  billmen,  and  6,000 
archers.  The  French  army  has  been  reckoned  at 
100,000  men  all  of  arms.  They  attacked  with  a 
large  body  of  Genoese  cross-bowmen,  who  were  im- 
mediately overwhelmed  by  the  superior  power  of 
the  long-bow.  Alencon  then  advanced  with  his  di- 
vision, trampling  down  or  driving  before  him  the 
routed  Genoese  ; but  the  shooting  was  so  good  that 
his  men  could  not  live  under  it,  and  Philip  had  to 
bring  up  the  French  reserves,  which  were  pierced 
through  and  through,  and  in  spite  of  the  most 
heroic  efforts  the  whole  army  was  utterly  over- 
thrown. The  King  of  Bohemia,  eleven  other 
princes,  eighty  bannerets,  twelve  hundred  knights, 
fifteen  hundred  of  the  noblesse,  four  thousand  men- 


at-arms,  and  thirty  thousand  privates  of  the  French 
army,  were  left  on  the  field  of  battle ; whereas, 

! three  knights,  one  esquire,  and  a very  few  soldiers, 
j constituted  the  entire  loss  on  the  part  of  the  Brit- 
ish army. 

Sir  John  Smith,  describing  the  battle,  says:  The 
! wonderful  effect  of  our  archery  was  such,  that  the 
arrows,  flying  in  the  air  as  thick  as  snow,  with  a 
terrible  noise,  much  like  a tempestuous  wind  pro- 
ceeding a tempest,  they  did  leave  no  disarmed 
| place  of  horse  or  man  unstricken.” 

In  a battle  with  the  Scots  at  Halidowne  Hill,  in 
j 1402,  the  Earl  of  Douglas,  exasperated  by  the  mur- 
! derous  effect  of  the  arrows  upon  his  troops,  charged 
j the  English  archers  at  the  head  of  a body  of 
j knights  and  nobles,  armed  cap-a-pie.  He  deemed 
j himself  invulnerable,  being  clad  in  a suit  of  ar- 
| mor,  which  had  taken  three  years  in  making ; but 
it  was  not  thick  enough  to  keep  out  the  English  ar- 
rows; he  was  pierced  in  five  places,  and  all  who 
rode  at  has  back  were  killed  or  taken. 

If  these  narratives  of  the  prowess  of  English 
archers  all  came  from  English  witnesses  we  might 
well  suspect  partiality,  but  they  do  not. 

At  Agincourt,  where  the  supply  of  arrows  fell 
short  towards  the  close  of  the  fight,  the  English 
only  lost  about  a hundred  men,  while  that  number 
of  earls  and  barons  alone  fell  on  the  French  side, 
besides  dukes,  archbishops,  fifteen  hundred  knights, 
and  thousands  of  the  rank  and  file.  It  sounds  in- 
credible, but  it  is  well  authenticated. 

There  is  nothing  in  the  annals  of  rifle-shooting  to 
beat  these  instances  of  the  power  of  the  long-bow 
in  the  hands  of  old  English  archers;  and  though 
arrows  have  been  superseded  by  conical  bullets  as 
instruments  of  destruction,  and  archery  is  now  cul- 
tivated only  as  the  most  healthy,  elegant,  and  in- 
teresting summer  sport  in  England,  in  which  ladies 
and  men  can  take  an  equal  share,  it  adds  much  to 
that  interest  to  consider  that  the  weapons  they 
wield  so  peacefully  Won  for  our  mother  country  the 
position  that  she  holds. 

TEE  END  OF  *THE  UNIVERSE. 


A writer  in  the  Fortnightly  Review  makes  an 
effort  to  show  that,  although  we  can  in  no  way  time 
the  beginning  of  the  universe,  we  have  much  evi- 
dence to  show  the  world  began  to  solidify  between 
one  and  two  hundred  of  millions  of  years  ago,  and 
that,  though  we  can  say  nothing  as  to  the  end  of 
the  universe,  the  end  of  this  earth,  and  with  it  of 
consciousness  upon  the  earth,  is  as  probable  as 
science  can  make  anything.  “ All  we  know  is  that 
the  sun  is  going  out.  If  we  fall  into  the  sun  then 
we  shall  be  fried ; if  we  go  away  from  the  sun,  or 
the  sun  goes  out,  then  we  shall  be  frozen.  So  that, 
so  far  as  the  earth  is  concerned,  we  have  no  mear.s 
of  determining  what  will  be  the  character  of  the 
end,  but  we  know  that  one  of  these  two  things  must 
take  place  in  time.  But  in  regard  to  the  whole 
universe,  if  we  were  to  travel  forward  as  we  have 
traveled  backward  in  time,  consider  things  as  falling 
together,  we  should  come  finally  to  a great  central 
mass,  all  in  one  piece,  which  would  send  out  waves 
I of  heat  through  a perfectly  empty  ether,  and  grad- 
ually cool  itself  down.  As  this  mass  got  cool  it 
would  be  deprived  of  all  life  or  motion ; it  would  be 
I just  a mere  enormous  frozen  block  in  the  middle  of 
| the  ether.  But  that  conclusion,  which  is  like  the 
| one  that  we  discussed  about  the  beginning  of  the 
! world,  is  one  which  we  have  no  right  whatever  to 
rest  upon.  It  depends  upon  the  same  assumption 
that  the  laws  of  geometry  and  mechanics  are  ex- 
! actly  and  absolutely  true,  and  that  they  have  contin- 
1 ued  exactly  and  absolutely  true  for  ever  and  ever.” 


20 


MEASURE  NOT  THYSELF  BY  THY  MORNING  SHADOW. 


THE  OUTCAST:  A PORTRAIT. 


O | PAIR  of  earnest  piercing  eyes, 

Jji  A grandly-outlined  face, 

» And  noble  brow,  whereon  there  lies 

Stern  thought’s  deep-furrowed  trace. 

Yet  more — for  ever  and  anon, 

A restless  look  of  care 
Flits  o’er  to  tell  that  hope  has  gone, 
And  left  but  grim  despair. 


With  not  a single  earthly  friend 
To  offer  kindly  love. 

Scant  faith  in  life  that  has  its  end 
In  happiness  above. 

He  shudders  as  his  locks  grow  grey, 
Scarce  knowing  what  he  fears, 
And  thus,  without  one  cheering  ray 
He  stumbles  through  the  years. 


WHEN  KNAVES  FALL  OUT,  TRUE  MEN  COME  BY  THEIR  GOODS. 


21 


SAFETY  OF  RAILROAD  TRAVELING. 


occasional  wholesale  and  horrible 
««i  slaughter  of  passengers  on  railroads, 
shocks  us  with  the  idea  that  it  is  very 
dangerous  to  travel  by  rail.  But  when  we 
come  to  take  a calm  and  calculating  view  of  the 
facts,  we  find  that  it  is  not  so. 

In  a late  lecture,  Charles  Francis  Adams,  Jr., 
speaking  from  reliable  statistics,  says : 

“ During  the  first  eleven  years  of  railroad  ex- 
perience almost  no  disastrous  accidents  occurred. 
The  first  terrible  one  was  on  the  Versailles  road  in 
France,  in  May,  1842,  when  an  engine  broke  down 
while  running  at  full  speed,  and  its  cars  piled  up 
on  top  of  it.  The  doors  of  the  cars  were  locked, 
they  took  fire,  and  fifty-three  persons  were  crushed 
or  burned  to  death,  and  many  injured.  The  lec- 
turer gave  other  instances  of  like  character,  and 
showed  how  recent  improvements  in  car  construc- 
tion obviated  the  danger  of  such  accidents. 

“In  New  England  there  have  been  three  terrible 
railroad  accidents— that  at  the  Norwalk  draw-bridge 
in  May,  1853;  that  at  Valley  Falls,  R.  I.,  on  Au- 
gust 12,  1853,  and  that  at  Revere  station  in  August, 
1871.  Each  of  these  was  taken  up,  described  and 
analyzed,  and  illustrated  by  the  experience  of  many 
other  accidents  of  like  character  elsewhere.  All  of 
them  were  preventable,  and  there  could  be  no  ex- 
cuse for  their  recurrence.  The  various  appliances 
which  had  been  adopted  in  consequence  of  these 
accidents  were  referred  to,  and  the  opinion  was  ex- 
pressed that  the  Revere  disaster  had  reduced  the 
dangers  incident  to  railroad  traveling  in  Massachu- 
setts by  one-half.  It  had  brought  the  train-brake 
and  the  ‘ Miller  ’ platform  into  general  use ; it  had 
caused  the  increased  adoption  of  running-signals 
and  greatly  improved  discipline. 

“ Since  the  Revere  accident,  120,000,000  of  passen- 
gers had  been  carried  by  railroads  within  the  limits 
of  Massachusetts.  How  many  of  these  had  been 
killed  by  faults  of  the  railroad  companies  and  by 
accidents  over  which  the  passenger  himself  had  no 
control?  Just  one.  This  statement  applied  only 
to  passengers  exercising  due  care  ; in  all  ways  con- 
nected with  the  operation  of  railroads  about  300 
people  a year  were  killed  or  injured  in  the  State. 

“Another  question : What  is  the  length  in  Mass- 
achusetts of  average  railroad  journey,  resulting  in 
death  ? The  answer  sounds  absurd  ; it  is  324,000,- 
000  of  miles.  That  is,  on  an  average,  22,000,000 
persons  travel  fifteen  miles  each  before  any  one  of 
them  is  killed  by  a railroad  accident.  So  the  aver- 
age journey  resulting  in  injury  is  20,000,000  miles. 
If  a person  traveled  as  passenger  on  Massachusetts 
railroads  800  miles  a day,  every  day  of  his  life,  he 
would,  by  a doctrine  of  chances,  be  seventy  years 
old  before  he  would  receive  an  injury  in  a railroad 
accident. 

“ French  statistics  showed  that  stage-coach  travel- 
ing was  at  least  fifty  times  as  dangerous  as  traveling 
by  rail.  The  danger  of  being  murdered  in  Mass- 
achusetts was  greater  by  far  than  that  of  being  kill- 
ed in  a railroad  accident.  In  1873,  the  railroads 
carried  42,000,000  passengers  without  killing  one;  in 
the  same  year  in  Boston  alone  five  persons  were 
killed  by  tumbling  down  stairs,  and  seven  by  fall- 
ing out  of  windows. 

“ With  70,000  miles  of  track,  full  of  curves,  cul- 
verts, and  bridges,  with  safety  depending  on  every- 
thing, from  the  state  of  the  atmosphere  to  the 
strength  of  the  rail — with  trains  moving  in  every 
direction,  at  all  times — accidents  must  happen, 
since  the  managers  of  railroads  are  human.  That 
they  should  happen  so  rarely  is  the  true  cause  for 
wonder.  There  is  no  more  wonderful  human 


achievement  than  the  combination  of  speed  and 
safety  with  which  the  movement  of  modern  civiliza- 
tion is  maintained  through  the  unceasing  exei  cise 
of  human  care,  human  skill,  and  human  foresi  ;ht. 


A UNIVERSAL  LANGUAGE. 

A language  which  could  be  understood  all  over 
the  globe,  says  a cotemporary,  would  be  exceeding- 
ly useful  in  science,  commerce,  and  social  intercourse. 
Enthusiastic  philosophers  have  more  than  once 
tried  to  invent  a universal  language,  but  have  not 
succeeded ; and  the  students  or  traders  who  desire 
to  communicate  have  still  to  learn  a number  of  lan- 
guages, or  to  betake  themselves  to  translation.  To 
overcome  these  difficulties,  a learned  German,  Dr. 
Bachmaier,  has  invented  a method  of  correspond- 
ence in  which  numerals  stand  for  words  and  ideas. 

Assuming  (in  round  numbers)  that  four  thousand 
words  are  sufficient  for  all  purposes,  he  prepares 
a dictionary  with  columns  of  numbers  from  one  to 
four  thousand,  each  number  having  a word  against 
it  which  he  represents  in  every  language.  For  ex- 
ample, if  the  word  “fire”  is  number  fifty-two,  the 
same  number  will  stand  against  “ feu  ” in  the 
French,  and  against  “ feuer  ” in  the  German  diction- 
ary, and  the  same  in  any  other  that  may  be 
complied. 

From  this  it  will  be  understood  that  an  English- 
man entirely  unacquainted  with  French  or  German 
might  easily  make  a communication  in  either  of 
those  languages.  He  would  look  at  his  alphabetical 
list  of  words,  and  set  down  the  corresponding  num- 
bers. The  Frenchman  or  German  would  look  at 
his  list  of  numbers,  and  would  set  down  the  corres- 
ponding words,  and  thus  have  before  him  his  cor- 
respondent’s statement,  and  would  have  equal 
facility  in  answering.  To  make  known  masculine 
and  feminine,  nouns  and  adjectives,  tenses  and 
inflections,  and  other  grammatical  requirements,  Dr. 
Bachmaier  affixes  certain  simple  marks  to  the  num- 
erals. He  has  already  published  three  dictionaries — 
English,  French,  and  German— and  is  at  work  on 
other  languages.  At  the  meeting  of  the  Oriental 
Congress  last  autumn,  copies  of  the  dictionaries 
were  exhibited,  and  by  the  most  competent  judges 
were  warmly  approved. 


ANCIENT  WONDERS. 


Nineveh  wras  fourteen  miles  long,  eight  miles 
wide,  and  forty-six  miles  around,  with  a wall  one 
hundred  feet  high,  and  thick  enough  for  three  char- 
iots abreast. 

Babylon  was  fifty  miles  within  the  walls,  which 
were  seventv-five  feet  thick  and  one  hundred  feet 
high,  with  one  hundred  brazen  gates. 

The  Temple  of  Diana,  at  Ephesus,  Avas  four  hun- 
dred and  twenty  feet  to.  the  support  of  the  roof— it 
was  one  hundred  years  in  building. 

The  largest  of  "the  pyramids  was  four  hundred 
and  eighty-one  feet  in  height,  and  eight  hundred 
and  fifth-three  feet  on  the  sides.  The  base  covered 
eleven  acres.  The  stones  are  about  sixty  feet  in 
length,  and  the  lavers  are  two  hundred  and  eight. 
It  employed  350,000  men  in  building. 

The  labyrinth  of  Egypt  contains  three  hundred 
chambers  and  twelve  halls. 

Thebes,  in  Egypt,  presents  ruins  twenty-seven 
miles  around,  and  contained  350,000  citizens  and 
400,000  slaves. 

The  Temple  of  Delphos  was  so  rich  in  donations 
that  it  was  plundered  of  $50,000,000,  and  the  Em- 
peror Nero  carried  away  from  it  two  hundred 
statues.  The  walls  were  thirteen  miles  around. 


22  WHEN  THE  DEMAND  IS  A JEST,  THE  FITTEST  ANSWER  IS  A SCOFF. 

A MAMMOTH  FARM. 

■'  big  farm  of  Michael  Sullivan,  in  Ford 

W IIP  and  Livingston  Counties,  Illinois,  has  fre- 
f quently  been  described  in  the  papers,  but 

• 'w&r  jjjg  enterprise  and  success  are  worth  re- 
cording in  a more  enduring  shape. 

The  farm  is  all  in  one  body,  nearly  eight  miles 
square,  and  contains  forty  thousand  acres!  The 
working  force  of  this  farm,  probably  the  largest 
corn  farm  in  the  world,  consists  of  one  general  super- 
intendent (Mr.  Miner,  a live  man,  intelligent  farmer 
and  thorough  gentleman),  one  book-keeper  and 
assistant,  one  cashier,  eight  foremen,  and  from  400 
to  500  farm  laborers,  with  from  000  to  700  horses  and 
mules.  The  farm  is  divided  into  eight  general  di- 
visions or  “ numbers,”  as  they  call  them,  each  un- 
der a foreman,  who  has  under  him  quite  a number 
of  gang  bosses.  His  work,  so  far  as  he  is  concerned, 
is  entirely  free  from  all  the  rest  except  the  general 
superintendent,  to  whom  he  has  to  make  a daily 
report  of  all  work  done— the  number  of  men  em- 
ployed, number  sick,  number  not  working  from 
any  other  cause,  and  why  not,  number  of  mules  at 
work,  and  oh  what  section  the  work  was  done.  This 
report  is  made  on  printed  blanks  furnished  for  that 
purpose,  and  is  as  systematic  as  a morning  report  in 
military  service. 

A strict  account  is  kept  with  every  division,  of  all 
expenses  and  all  proceeds ; also  with  every  section 
of  the  land.  The  book-keeper  can  tell  just  what  it 
costs  to  raise  an  acre  of  corn  or  hay,  and  after  the 
crop  is  sent  to  market  just  what  every  bushel  costs 
and  what  it  yields  in  money. 

They  cultivated  last  year  19,000  acres  of  corn, 
which  averaged  twenty-five  bushels  per  acre.  The 
corn  sold  for  about  fifty  cents  per  bushel  in  the  crib 
and  cost  less  than  fifteen  cents  to  put  it  there— all 
expenses  included,  excepting  rent  of  land.  Mowed 
last  year  7,000  acres  of  grass,  average  one  ton  per 
acre," sold  for  $13.50,  cost  about  $5.50.  This  gives 
some  idea  of  the  proprietor’s  profits. 

The  farm  is  valued  at  $1,000,000,  and  he  claims  to 
be  able  to  pay  all  expenses,  taxes  included,  and 
make  ten  per  cent,  on  the  capital  invested. 

The  improvements  on  the  farm  consist  of  about 
300  miles  of  hedge  fence,  150  dwelling  houses,  100 
barns,  300  corn-cribs  with  a capacity  of  over  one 
million  bushels,  and  would  make  a solid  string 
more  than  five  miles  long.  There  is  an  elevator  ca- 
pable of  shelling  and  shipping  1,000  bushels  of  corn 
per  hour,  and  two  large  steam  shelters.  The  corn 
is  shipped  mainly  to  Toledo,  Ohio.  The  foremen 
are  now  running  three  presses,  baling  and  ship- 
ping hay  ; the  hay  goes  to  Baltimore,  St.  Louis  and 
I Chicago.  They  have  on  the  farm  their  own  shops 
— carpenter,  blacksmith,  wagon,  and  harness-  also, 
post  office,  telegraph  office,  and  store,  keeping  an 
assortment  of  general  merchandise  for  the  accom- 
modation of  employes  and  their  families.  All  goods, 
including  farm  tools  and  implements,  are  bought 
at  wholesale,  of  manufacturers,  and  in  Chicago. 
The  general  headquarters,  including  proprietor’s 
house,  post  office,  telegraph  office,  and  some  twenty 
dwellings,  are  at  Burr  Oaks,  a small  grove,  from 
which  the'depot  and  post  office  take  their  names, 
and  is  the  only  timber  to  be  found  on  the  farm. 

The  houses  at  Burr  Oaks  are  built  around  a large 
open  square,  are  good  substantial  dwellings  of  uni- 
form style,  with  no  attempt  at  display,  the  propri- 
etor’s house  itself  not  being  equal  in  point  of  style- 
to  scores  of  houses  in  Iowa  belonging  to  farms  of 
100  or  200  acres.  The  men  employed  are  mostly 
Swedes.  Their  pay  is  $20  per  month  and  board 
for  the  actual  working  time. 

This  place  was  bought  twenty  years  ago  at  $1.2o 



per  acre,  making  the  cost  $50,000.  It  could  be  sold 
now  for  from  $25  to  $35  per  acre,  and  would  bring 
at  tlie  lowest  price  one  million  dollars — so  that  the 
increase  in  value  alone  has  made  an  immense  for- 
tune for  Mr.  Sullivan. 

He  is  getting  well  along  in  years,  being  nearly 
eighty.  He  has  always  been  a large  farmer,  and 
was  at  one  time  the  largest  in  Ohio ; went  from 
tliere  to  Champaign  county,  Illinois,  and  partially  im- 
proved the  noted  “ Broadlands  ” farm,  which  he 
sold  to  Mr.  Alexander,  the  great  cattle  king  of  the 
West,  and  began  the  improvement  at  Burr  Oaks. 

PRESIDENTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

The  following  is  a list  of  the  Presidents  of  the 
United  States,  from  Washington  down,  with  the  date 
of  their  death : 

1.  George  Washington,  of  Virginia,  born  Febru- 
ary 22,  1735;  elected  commander-in-chief  of  the 
Continental  army  in  1775;  first  inaugurated,  as 
President,  in  the  city  of  New  York,  April  30 j second 
inauguration,  in  1793;  died  December  14, 1799,  aged 
08  years. 

2.  John  Adams,  Massachusetts,  born  in  1735 ; 
inaugurated  March  4,  1797 ; died  July  4,  1826,  aged 
90  years. 

3.  Thomas  Jefferson,  of  Virginia,  born  in  1743; 
first  inaugurated  in  Washington,  in  1801;  second 
inauguration  in  1805;  died  July  4,  1820,  aged  82 
years. 

4.  James  Madison,  of  Virginia,  born  in  1751; 
first  inaugurated  in  1809 ; second  inauguration  in 
1813  ; died  in  1837,  aged  85  years. 

5.  James  Monroe,  of  Virginia,  born  in  1759;  first 
inaugurated  in  1817;  second  inauguration  in  1821 ; 
died  in  1831,  aged  72  years. 

6.  John  Quincy  Adams,  of  Massachusetts,  born 
in  17G7 ; inaugurated  in  1825 ; died  in  1848,  aged 
80  years. 

7.  Andrew’ Jackson,  of  Tennessee,  born  in  1707  ; 
first  inaugurated  in  1829;  second  inauguration  in 
1833  ; died  in  1845,  aged  78  years. 

8.  Martin  Van  Buren,  of  New  York,  born  in 
1782 ; inaugurated  in  1837 ; died  in  1862,  aged  80 
years. 

9.  William  Henry  Harrison,  of  Ohio,  born  in  1 773  ; 

inaugurated  in  1841 ; died  in  office,  April,  1841, 
aged  68  vears.  * 

10.  John  Tyler,  of  Virginia,  bom  in  1790 ; elected 
Vice-President,  and  inaugurated  as  President  in 
April,  1841 ; died  in  1802,  aged  72  years. 

11.  James  K.  Polk,  of  Tennessee,  born  in  1795; 
inaugurated  in  1845  ; died  in  1849,  aged  54  years. 

12.  Zacharv  Tavlor,  of  Louisiana,  born  in  1784; 
inaugurated  in  1849 ; died  in  office  in  1850,  aged  00 

^ Ts?  Millard  Fillmore,  of  New  York,  bom  in  1800  ; 
elected  Vice-President  in  1848,  and  inaugurated  as 
President  on  the  death  of  General  Taylor,  in  1850  ; 
died  March  8,  1874,  aged  74. 

14.  Franklin  Pierce,  of  New  Hampshire,  born  m 
1804;  inaugurated  in  1853;  died  in  1869,  aged  05 
years. 

15.  James  Buchanan,  of  Pennsylvania,  bom  in 
1791;  inaugurated  in  1857;  died  in  1864,  aged  7/ 

^ T?  Abraham  Lincoln,  of  Illinois,  born  in  1809; 
first  inaugurated  in  1801 ; second  inauguration  in 
1865 ; assassinated  April  14,  1805,  aged  56  years. 

17.  Andrew  Johnson,  of  Tennessee,  bom  in  ISOS  ; 
elected  Vice-President,  and  inaugurated  as  Presi- 
dent in  April,  1865 ; died  July  31, 1875,  aged  67  years. 

18.  Ulysses  S.  Grant,  of  Illinois,  born  m 1822; 
first  inauguration  in  1869 ; second  inauguration  m 
1873;  term  expires  4th  of  March,  1877. 

CHILDREN  HAVE  WIDE  EARS  AND  LONG  TONGUES. 


THE  JEWEL  ROOM. 


British  Sovereign.  It  was  formerly  situated  in  the  ' 
south  side  of  London  Tower,  but  after  the  great  | 
fire  in  1841  the  jewels  were  removed  to  a more 
commodious  room,  erected  for  the  purpose. 

Here  you  see  the  types  of  power  and  sovereignty. 
The  collection  is  surmounted  by  the  imperial  State 
Crown  of  Her  Majesty  Queen  Victoria.  This  crown, 
says  Professor  Tennant,  “ was  made  by  Messrs. 
Rundell  and  Bridge,  in  the  year  1838,  with  jewels 
taken  from  old  crowns,  and  others  furnished  by 
command  of  Her  Majesty.  It  consists  of  diamonds, 
pearls,  rubies,  sapphires,  and  emeralds,  set  in  silver 
and  gold ; it  has  a crimson  velvet  cap  with  ermine 
border,  and  is  lined  with  white  silk.  Its  gross 
weight  is  39  oz.  5 pwt.  troy.  The  lower  part  of  the 
band,  above  the  ermine  border,  consists  of  a row  of 
129  pearls,  between  which,  in  front  of  the  crown,  is  a 
large  sapphire  (partly  drilled),  purchased  fcr  the 
crown  of  His  Majesty  George  IV.  At  the  back  is  a 
sapphire  of  smaller  size,  and  six  other  sapphires 
(three  on  each  side),  between  which  are  eight  em- 
eralds. 

Above  and  below  the  seven  sapphires  are  four- 


! A.  D.  1415.  It  is  pierced  through,  after  the  Eastern 
! custom,  the  upper  part  of  the  piercing  being  filled 
J up  by  a small  ruby.  Around  this  ruby,  to  form  the 
cross,  are  seventy-five  brilliant  diamonds.  Three 
other  Maltese  crosses,  forming  two  sides  and  back 
of  the  crown,  have  emerald  centres,  and  contain 
respectively  132,  124,  and  130  brilliant  diamonds. 

Between  the  four  Maltese  crosses  are  four  orna- 
ments in  the  form  of  the  French  fleur-de-lis,  with 
four  rubies  in  the  centres,  and  surrounded  by  rose 
diamonds,  containing  respectively  85, 86  and  87  rose 
diamonds. 

“ From  the  Maltese  crosses  issue  four  imperial 
arches  composed  of  oak  leaves  and  acorns ; the 
leaves  containing  728  rose,  table,  and  brilliant  dia- 
monds ; 32  pearls  forming  the  acorns,  set  in  cups 
containing  54  rose  diamonds  and  1 table  diamond. 
The  total  number  of  diamonds  in  the  arches  and 
acorns  is  108  brilliant,  116  table,  and  559  rose  dia- 
monds. 

From  the  upper  part  of  the  arches  are  suspended 
four  large  pendant  pear-shaped  pearls,  with  rose  dia- 
mond cups,  containing  12  rose  diamonds,  and  stems 


QUEEN"  VICTORIA’S  JEWEL  ROOM. 


VERY  monarch  or  sovereign  who  wears  a 
crown,  has  some  safe  receptacle  in  which 
to  keep  his,  or  her,  costly  emblem  of  pow- 
er. Most  of  the  old  monarchies  and  des- 
potisms of  Europe,  Asia,  and  even  Africa,  have 
wonderful  and  very  valuable  collections  of  such 
royal  jewels,  the  relics  of  many  ages,  descended 
from  reigning  ancestors  of  former  times. 

The  cut  below  represents  the  Jewel  Room  of  the 


teen  diamonds,  and  around  the  eight  emeralds  128 
diamonds.  Above  the  band  are  eight  sapphires, 
surmounted  by  eight  diamonds,  between  which  are 
eight  festoons,  consisting  of  148  diamonds. 

In  front  of  the  crown,  and  in  the  centre  of  a 
diamond  Maltese  cross,  is  the  famous  ruby,  said  to 
have  been  given  to  Edward,  Prince  of  Wales,  son 
of  Edward  III.,  called  the  Black  Prince,  by  Don 
Pedro,  King  of  Castile,  after  the  battle  of  Najera, 
near  Vittoria,  a.  d.  1367.  This  ruby  was  worn  in 
the  helmet  of  Henry  V.  at  the  battle  of  Agincourt, 


24  THERE  IS  NO  CHEAT  BANQUET  BUT  SOME  FARE  ILL. 


containing  24  very  small  rose  diamonds.  Above  the 
arch  stands  the  mound,  containing  in  the  lower 
hemisphere  304  brilliants,  and  in  the  upper  244 
brilliants;  the  zone  and  arc  being  composed  of  33 
rose  diamonds.  The  cross  on  the  summit  has  a 
rose-cut  sapphire  in  the  centre,  surrounded  by  4 
large  brilliants  and  108  smaller  brilliants. 

Beside  this  Imperial  Crown,  are  the  following: 
St.  Edward's,  supposed  to  have  been  worn  by  King 
Edward  the  Confessor,  and  with  which  the  kings 
of  England  have  ever  since  been  crowned;  The 
Prince  of  Wales  Crown,  which  on  occasions  of  .State 
is  placed  before  the  seat  in  the  House  of  Lords  which 
is  occupied  by  the  heir  apparent;  The  Ancient 
Queen's  Crown,  worn  at  coronations  by  the  queen 
consort ; the  Queen's  Diadem,  worn  by  Queen  Mary 
at  her  coronation,  which  cost  £111,000 ; the  Orb, 
which  rests  in  the  sovereign’s  right  hand  at  his  cor- 
onation ; St  Edward's  Staff,  or  scepter,  carried  before 
the  sovereign  at  his  coronation  ; the  King's  Scepter 
lloyal,  which  is  placed  in  the  right  hand  ot  the  sov- 
ereign during  the  coronation  ; the  Ampulla,  or  Eagle 
of  Cold,  that  contains  the  holy  oil  used  at  the  coro- 
nation ; the  Sword  of  Mercy,  the  King's  Bracelets,  his 
Royal  Spurs,  and  various  other  minor  articles. 

The  summary  of  jewels  comprised  in  the  crown  is 
as  follows:  1 large  ruby,  irregularly  polished;  1 
large  broad- spread  sapphire ; 16  sapphires;  11  em- 
eralds; 4 rubies;  1,303  brilliant  diamonds;  1,273 
rose  diamonds  ; 147  table  diamonds ; 4 drop-shaped 
pearls ; and  273  pearls. 

A curious  fact  in  connection  with  the  regalia  is 
related  by  Haydon  the  painter.  The  crown,  he  says, 
at  George  IV. ’s  coronation,  “ was  not  bought,  but 
borrowed.  Rundell’s  price  was  £70,000  ; and  Lord 
Liverpool  told  the  king  he  could  not  sanction  such 
an  expenditure.  Rundell  charged  £7,000  for  the 
loan,  and  as  some  time  elapsed  before  it  was  decid- 
ed whether  the  crown  should  be  bought  or  not  Itun- 
dell  charged  £3,000  or  £4,000  more  for  the  interval.” 

The  history  of  the  regalia  would  be  incomplete 
without  some  short  mention  of  Blood’s  desperate 
and  impudent  attempt  to  steal  the  crown,  globe,  and 
sceptre,  in  the  reign  of  Charles  II.  This  villain, 
Blood,  had  been  a lieutenant  in  Cromwell’s  army, 
and  had  turned  Government  spy.  In  the  attempt 
on  the  regalia  Blood  had  four  accomplices.  Blood, 
disguised  as  a country  parson,  in  band  and  gown, 
began  the  campaign  by  going  to  see  the  crown 
with  a woman  who  passed  for  his  wife.  This  wo- 
man, while  seeing  the  jewels,  pretended  to  be  ta- 
ken ill,  and  was  shown  into  the  private  rooms  of 
Talbot  Edwards,  the  old  Deputy  Keeper  of  the 
Crown  Jewels,  a man  eighty  years  of  age.  Blood 
then  observed  the  loneliness  of  the  Tower,  and  the 
scanty  means  of  defense.  He  called  four  days  la- 
ter with  a present  of  gloves  for  Mrs.  Edwards,  and 
repeated  his  visits,  till  he  at  last  proposed  that  his 
nephew,  a young  man,  as  he  said,  with  £200  or  £300 
a year,  should  marry  the  old  man’s  daughter.  He 
finally  fixed  the  day  when  the  young  bride-groom 
should  present  himself  for  approval.  On  the  ap- 
pointed day  he  arrived  at  the  outside  of  the  Iron 
Gate  with  four  companions,  all  being  on  horseback. 

The  plan  for  action  was  fully  matured.  Hunt, 
Blood’s  son-in-law,  was  to  hold  the  horses,  and 
keep  them  ready  at  St.  Catherine’s  Gate.  Parrott, 
an  old  Roundhead  trooper  and  now  a Government 
spy,  was  to  steal  the  globe  while  Blood  carried  off 
the  crown,  and  a third  accomplice  was  to  file  the 
scepter  into  pieces  and  slip  them  into  a bag.  A 
fourth  rogue  represented  the  lover.  The  five  men 
were  each  armed  with  sword-canes,  sharp  poinards, 
and  a brace  of  pistols.  While  pretending  to  wait* 
for  the  arrival  of  his  wife,  Blood  asked  Edwards  to 
show  his  friends  the  je  els.  The  moment  the  door 


was  locked  inside,  according  to  Tower  custom,  the 
ruffians  muflled  and  gagged  the  old  man,  and  then 
felled  him  to  the  ground  and  beat  him  till  he  was 
nearly  dead.  Unluckily  for  the  rascals,  young  Ed- 
wards at  that  moment  returned  from  Flanders, 
and  ran  up  stairs  to  see  where  his  mother  and  sis- 
ter were.  Blood  and  Parrott  made  off  at  once  with 
globe  and  crown.  The  scepter  they  could  not 
break.  The  old  man  freeing  himself  from  the  gag, 
screamed  and  roused  the  family.  Blood  wounded 
a sentinel  and  fired  at  another,  but  was  eventually 
overpowered.  The  crown  fell  in  the  dirt,  a pearl 
was  picked  up  by  a sweeper,  a diamond  by  an  ap- 
prentice, and  several  stones  were  lost.  Parrott  was 
captured  and  the  globe  found  in  his  pocket;  one 
fine  ruby  had  broken  loose.  Hunt  was  thrown 
from  his  horse  and  taken.  But  none  of  these  cul- 
prits were  punished.  Blood  betrayed  pretended 
plots  or  in  some  way  obtained  power  over  the  king. 
He  was  received  at  court,  and  £500  a year  was  giv- 
en him. 


CURIOUS  FACTS. 


Fishes  swallow  food  whole.  They  have  no  den- 
tal machinery  furnished  them. 

Frogs,  toads  and  serpents  never  take  any  food  but 
that  which  they  are  satisfied  is  alive. 

When  a bee,  wasp  or  hornet  stings,  it  is  nearly 
always  at  the  expense  of  its  life. 

Serpents  are  so  tenacious  of  life  that  they  will 
live  for  six  months  and  longer  without  food. 

Turtles  dig  holes  in  the  seashore  and  bury  their 
eggs,  covering  them  up  to  be  hatched  by  the  sun. 

Lobsters  are  very  pugnacious,  and  fight  very 
severe  battles.  If  they  lose  a claw  another  grows 
out. 

Naturalists  say  that  a single  swallow  will  devour 
6,000  flies  in  a day. 

The  tarantula  of  Brazil  is  nothing  more  than  an 
enormous  spider. 

A single  codfish  produces  more  than  a million  of 
eggs  in  a season. 

A whale  suckles  its  young,  and  is  therefore  not  a 
fish  ! The  mother’s  affection  is  remarkable. 

Toads  become  torpid  in  winter,  and  hide  them- 
selves, taking  no  food  for  five  or  six  months. 

Serpents  of  all  species,  shed  their  skins  annually 
like  sea-crabs  and  lobsters. 

Turtles  and  tortoises  have  their  skeletons  partly 
outside,  in  place  of  within  their  bodies. 

It  is  believed  that  crocodiles  live  to  be  hundreds 
of  years  old.  The  Egyptians  embalm  them. 

In  South  America  there  is  a prolific  honey-bee 
which  has  not  been  furnished  with  a sting. 

In  the  darkest  night  fishes  pursue  their  usual 
movements  the  same  as  by  daylight. 

Serpents  never  feed  upon  anything  but  animal 
food  which  they  themselves  put  to  death. 

Seals  are  as  intelligent  as  dogs,  and  can  be  trained 
to  perform  many  tricks  like  them. 

The  head  of  the  rattlesnake  has  been  known  to 
inflict  a fatal  wound  after  being  severed  from  the 
body. 

If  the  eye  of  a newt  is  put  out,  another  perfect 
one  is  soon  supplied  by  rapid  growth. 

Fishes  have  no  eyelids,  and  necessarily  sleep  with 
their  eyes  open. 

Alligators  fall  into  a lethargic  sleep  during  the 
winter  season  like  the  toad. 

The  power  of  serpents  to  charm  birds  and  small 
quadrupeds  is  a well  authenticated  fact. 

There  are  agricultural  ants  in  Texas  that  actually 
plant  grain,  and  reap  and  store  the  harvest. 


A WISE  LAWYER  NEVER  APPEALS  TO  THE  LAW  FOR  HIMSELF. 


25 


AMERICAN  NICKNAMES. 


RKANSAS  is  called  the  Bear  State,  and 
its  natives  or  inhabitants  are  Tooth-picks 
or  Gophers. 

Alabama  people  are  called  Lizards, 
from  the  great  prevalance  of  this  reptile. 

California  is,  on  account  of  its  mineral  wealth, 
the  Golden  State,  and  its  citizens  nothing  more  or 
less  than  Gold  Hunters. 

Colorado  people,  from  their  migratory  habits  as 
miners,  are  called  Rovers. 

Connecticut,  as  every  reader  of  Sam  Slick  must 
well  know,  is  the  Nutmeg  State.  It  is  also  Free- 
stone State  and  the  Land  of  Steady  Habits.  The 
natives  are  designated  Wooden  Nutmegs. 

Delaware  is  the  Blue  Hen  or  Diamond  State ; but 
for  some  reason,  inexplicable  to  us,  the  natives  are 
Muskrats. 

Florida  is  the  Peninsular  State,  and  the  people 
who  live  in  it  are  Fly-up-the-Creeks ; both  terms 
sufficiently  explain  themselves. 

Georgians  are  nicknamed  Buzzards,  for  what 
reason  we  know  not. 

Illinois  rejoices  in  three  names  which  are  sev- 
erally poetical,  ridiculous,  and  practical:  Garden 
of  the  West,  Sucker  State,  and  Prairie  State.  Suck- 
ers, whatever  they  may  be,  dwell  therein. 

Indiana  is  the  Hoosier  State,  inhabited  by  IIoo- 
siers,  whatever  they  may  be. 

Iowa,  being  Hawkeye  State,  affords  a local  habit- 
ation for  Hawkeyes. 

Kansas  is  another  Garden  of  the  West,  but  un- 
like its  namesake,  Illinois,  is  occupied  by  Jay- 
hawkers. 

Kentucky,  in  words  suggestive  of  strife  in  bygone 
days,  is  the  Dark  and  Bloody  Ground;  but  the  ir- 
repressible fondness  for  fun  having  afterward 
cropped  up,  it  has  latterly  become  known  as  the 
Corn  Cracker  State. 

Louisiana,  as  a cotton  growing  State,  is  called  the 
Creole  State,  and  is  inhabited  by  Creoles,  who  are 
facetiously  called  Cree-owls. 

Maine  is  a Lumber  or  Pine  Tree  State,  and  they 
who  live  there  are  termed  Foxes. 

Massachusetts  is  the  Bay  State. 

Michigan  is  the  Lake  State,  or  Wolverine  State. 

Mississippi  is  the  Bayou  State,  and  its  residents 
are  recognized  as  Tadpoles. 

Marylanders  are  called  Craw-thumpers. 

Minnesota  residents  are  designated  Gophers. 

Missourians  have  been  stigmatised  as  Pukes,  but 
they  seldom  apply  the  term  to  themselves. 

Nebraska  settlers  are  termed  Bug-eaters,  for  a 
very  suggestive  reason. 

Nevada,  on  account  of  its  wild  sage  bushes,  and 
the  wilder  hens  that  cluster  in  them,  won  for  its  oc- 
cupants the  name  of  Sage  Hens. 

New  Jersey  people  are  called  Blues,  or  Clam 
Catchers. 

New  Hampshire  is  the  Granite  State  ; the  natives 
thereof  are  Granite  Boys. 

New  York  is  proudly  called  the  Empire  State,  and 
the  Excelsior  State.  In  honor  of  its  historian,  how- 
ever, the  natives  prefer  to  be  known  as  Knicker- 
bockers. 

North  Carolina  is  the  Old  North  State,  or  Turpen- 
tine State,  to  those  who  prefer  it ; and,  for  the  same 
reason,  its  natives  are  either  Tuckoes  or  Tar-boilers. 

Ohio  is  the  Buckeye  State,  and  its  natives  are 
termed  Buckeyes. 

Oregon,  though  it  now  has  a respectable  and  en- 
terprising population,  was  settled  by  “ hard  cases,” 
whose  descendants  are  called  Web-feet. 

Pennsylvania  is  honorably  designated  the  Key- 
stone State.  After  its  founder,  those  who  live  in  "it 


are  Penamites  ; or,  after  modern  manners,  Leather- 
heads. 

Rhode  Island  is  lovingly  called  Little  Rhody  ; al- 
though the  compliment  is  somewhat  marred,  when 
the  term  Gun-flints  is  applied  to  the  sons  of  the  said 
Island. 

South  Carolina  is  the  Palmetto  State,  and  the 
natives  are  Weasels. 

Tennessee  is  the  Big  Bend  State,  and  is  the  home 
of  Whelps  or  Cotton-manies. 

Texas  is  poetically  termed  the  Lone  Star  State. 
It  is  tenanted  by  Beetheads. 

Vermont,  as  its  name  implies,  is  the  Green 
Mountain  State,  and  Green  Mountain  Boys  are  to 
be  found  there. 

Virginia  is,  as  a matter  of  course,  the  Old  Domin- 
ion, the  Mother  of  States,  and  also  the  Mother  of 
Presidents.  Notwithstanding  all  these  proud  desig- 
nations, no  one  but  Beadles  or  Beagles  live  in  it. 

Wisconsin  is  the  Badger  State,  and  is  the  home  of 
Badgers. 

But,  in  addition  to  the  peoples,  States,  and  cities 
in.  America,  other  important  events,  places  and 
things  are  honored  by  having  nicknames  conferred 
upon  them. 

The  entire  Continent  itself  is  Old  Stars  and 
Stripes,  Uncle  Sam,  the  New  World,  or  Columbia. 

The  Amazon  is  the  King  of  Rivers,  although  we 
think,  with  all  due  respect,  that  Queen  would  have 
been  a more  appropriate  designation. 

Confederate  soldiers  were  Johnny  Rebs;  and  the 
revolting  States  in  the  civil  war  were  classed  to- 
gether as  Secessia. 

Faneuil  Hall,  Boston,  is  the  Cradle  of  Liberty. 

The  Southern  States,  taken  collectively,  are  Dixie. 

Negroes  generally,  are  Cuffees,  Quashes,  or  Sam- 
bos. 

And  the  grand  insignia  of  all  that  is  good  and 
noble  in  the  gospel  of  the  world,  according  to  Uncle 
Sam — that  is,  the  Stars  and  Stripes  itself — is  affec- 
tionately and  familiarly  nicknamed  Old  Glory. 

A native  American  can  not  receive  a higher  com- 
pliment than  to  be  styled  Brother  Jonathan  ; and 
as  the  origin  of  this  name  is  not  generally  known, 
we  quote  the  following  from  Bartlett’s  Dictionary  of 
Americanisms:  “In  the  course  of  the  struggle  for 

independence,  General  Washington  fell  short  of 
ammunition.  He  took  counsel  with  his  staff,  but 
failed  to  obtain  any  practical  suggestion  for  relief. 

* We  must  consult  Brother  Jonathan,’  said  he — 
meaning  Jonathan  Trumbull,  the  senior  Gov- 
ernor of  Connecticut.  This  was  done  and  the  diffi- 
culty was  remedied.  To  ‘consult  Brother  Jona- 
than’ immediately  became  a set  phrase,  and  the 
term  has  since  grown  until  it  has  become,  in  the 
eyes  of  Americans,  an  equivalent  to  the  John  Bull 
of  Old  England.” 


Would  you  keep  your  rosy  complexion,  wear 
thick-soled  shoes. 

Would  you  have  others  respect  your  opinions, 
hold  and  never  disown  them  yourself. 

Would  you  have  good  health,  go  out  in  the  sun- 
shine. Sickness  is  worse  than  freckles. 

Would  you  respect  yourself,  keep  your  heart  and 
body  clean. 

Would  you  retain  the  love  of  a friend,  do  not  be 
selfishly  exacting. 

Would  you  gain  the  confidence  of  business  men, 
do  not  try  to  support  the  style  of  your  employer. 

Would  you  never  be  told  a lie,  do  not  ask  per- 
sonal questions. 

Would  you  sleep  well  and  have  a good  appetite, 
attend  to  your  own  business. 

Would  you  have  the  respect  of  men,  never  permit 
yourself  to  indulge  in  vulgar  conversation. 


26 


DO  WHAT  YOU  OUGHT,  LET  WHAT  WILL  COME  OI-  IT. 


BETTER  THAU  BOLD. 


ETTER  than  gold  is  a thinking  mind, 
That  in  the  realm  of  books  can  find 
A treasure  surpassing  Australian  ore, 
And  live  with  the  great  and  good  of  yore, 


The  sage’s  lore  and  the  poet’s  lay, 

The  glories  of  empires  passed  away ; 

The  world’s  great  drama  will  thus  unfold, 
And  yield  a pleasure  better  than  gold. 


Better  than  gold  is  a peaceful  home, 

Where  all  the  fireside  charities  come  ; 

The  shrine  of  love,  and  the  heaven  of  life, 
Hallowed  by  mother,  or  sister,  or  wife. 
However  humble  this  home  may  be, 

Or  tried  by  sorrow  with  heaven’s  decree, 

The  blessings  that  never  were  bought  or  sold, 
And  centre  there,  are  better  than  gold. 


I 


GIVE  ADVICE  TO  ALL,  BUT  BE  SECURITY  FOR  NONE. 


27 


THE  CHINESE  AT  HOME. 


j HE  domestic  and  social  life  of  the  Chinese 
has,  perhaps,  more  features  in  common 
with  Western  nations  than  that  of  other 
' Oriental  peoples.  Although  polygamy  ex- 

ists among  the  wealthier  classes,  and  their  women 
generally  live  in  seclusion,  family  life  is  much  es- 
teemed and  cultivated  among  them.  The  first  wife 
has  the  full  control  of  the  household,  while  the  con- 
cubines are  little  more  than  servants  and  house- 
maids. The  Chinese  illustrate  the  relation  by  com- 
paring the  wife  to  the  moon  and  the  concubines  to 
the  stars,  both  of  which,  in  their  appropriate  spheres, 
revolve  around  the  sun.  The  utmost  respect  and 
obedience  to  the  behests  of  their  parents  are  en- 
joined upon  the  children.  The  betrothment  of  the 
children  is  entirely  in  the  hands  of  the  parents,  and 
the  obligation  of  the  former  to  fulfil  the  contract 
made  by  the  latter  is  enforced  by  law,  even  to  the 
annulling  of  an  agreement  made  by  a son  himself 
in  ignorance  of  the  arrangements  of  his  parents. 
Cleanliness  is  not  among  the  virtues  of  the  Chinese, 
either  in  regard  to  their  habitations  or  their  per- 
sons. The  poorest  people  do  not  change  their 
garments  until  they  are  worn  out.  Their  dress  is 
neither  so  uniform  nor  so  unchanging  as  is  generally 
supposed.  Fashions  alter  there  as  well  as  else- 
where, but  not  so  rapidly  as  among  European 
nations.  If  it  were  not  for  the  shaven  crown  and 
braided  tail  of  the  men,  and  the  crippled  feet  of  the 
women,  little  fault  could  be  found  with  their 
costume,  combining  as  it  does  warmth  and  ease. 
The  garments  of  the  sexes  differ  more  by  their 
colors  than  by  their  shape  and  cut.  The  diet  of  the 
Chinese  is  sufficient  in  variety,  wholesome,  and 
well  cooked,  though  many  of  their  dishes  would 
appear  insipid  to  the  taste  of  Europeans  and 
Americans.  The  proportion  of  animal  food  is  prob- 
ably smaller  among  them  than  among  any  other 
race  in  the  same  latitudes.  Cooking  is  almost  es-  j 
teemed  as  a science  in  China,  'fhe  Chinaman  con- 
siders the  Englishman’s  mode  of  feeding  the  nearest  | 
approach  to  that  of  the  savages  of  Formosa;  “ for,”  j 
says  he,  “the  Englishman  does  the  chief  work  of 
the  slaughter  house  upon  his  dinner  table,  and  the 
principal  work  of  the  kitchen  in  his  stomach.” 


THE  COST  OF  ROYALTY. 

jfi#*HILE  we  grumble  at  the  increase  of  our 
Presic^ent’s  salary  to  $50,000  a year,  it 
ma3r  be  some  comfort  to  consider  how 

< much  lighter  a burden  it  is  to  us  than 

if  we  had  a royal  family  saddled  upon  our  backs. 

The  regular  annual  allowance  of  Queen  Victoria 
is  $1,925,000,  destined  “for  the  support  of  Her 
Majesty’s  household  and  of  the  honor  and  dignity 
of  the  Crown  of  the  United  Kingdom  of  Great 
Britain  and  Ireland.”  A further  perquisite  of  Her 
Majesty  is  the  revenue  of  the  Duchy  of  Lancaster, 
amounting  to  $210,000. 

And  this  is  not  all : the  Prince  of  Wales  receives 
an  annuity  of  $200,000  in  his  own  right,  besides 
$50,000  in  the  name  of  the  Princess,  his  wife,  and 
the  revenue  of  the  Duchy  of  Cornwall,  exceeding 
$300,000.  Yet  the  precious  scion  of  modern  imper- 
ialism, after  the  manner  of  that  prodigy  of  genius 
and.  villiany,  George  the  Fourth,  has  actually  run 
in  debt,  and  even  threatened  to  appeal  to  Parlia- 
ment, to  the  dismay  of  the  British  mind.  The  annu- 
ities awarded  to  the  children  of  the  royal  family  are : 

Prince  Alfred,  (Duke  of  Edinburgh,  second  son)... $125, 000 

Prince  Arthur,  (Duke  of  Connaught,  third  son) 75,000 

Prince  Leopold,  fourth  son 75,000 

Princess  Royal 40,000 

Princess  Alice,  of  Hesse 30,000 

Princess  Helena .*..  30,000 

Princess  Louise 30,000 

Princess  Mary,  (Teck) 25,000 

Princess  Augusta,  (Queen’s cousin) 15,000 

Duchess  of  Cambridge,  (aunt  of  Her  Majesty) 30,000 

Duke  George  of  Cambridge,  (cousin  of  the  Queen)..  60,000 

The  whole  forms  an  aggregate  of  over  half  a mil- 
lion dollars.  Then  comes  an  endless  retinue  of 
chamberlains,  stewards,  grooms  in  waiting,  gentle- 
men ushers,  daily- waiters,  sergeants-at-arms,  ladies 
of  the  bed  chamber,  “bed  chamber  women,”  an  ex- 
aminer of  plays,  a poet  laureate  ( Con  rhpetto  par- 
lando),  more  maids  and  pages  of  honor,  equerries 
and  what  not?  a long  list  of  royal  appendages 
whose  salaries  amount  in  the  aggregate  to  about 
$200,000.  Last  comes  the  “Person  Servant,  John 
Brown,”  whose  salary,  like  his  duties,  is  undefined. 


THREE  MILLION  IDLERS. 


A Good  Precept  Well  Told. — The  following  in- 
genious arrangement  of  a sentence  is  taken  from 
the  Carolina  Sentinel , April  4,  1818.  It  may  be  read 
in  over  two  thousand  ways,  without  altering  the 
original  words,  by  beginning  at  the  letter  R,  which 
will  be  found  in  the  center  of  the  diamond : 

e 

eve 
e v i v e 
e v i 1 i v e 
evi  1 & 1 i v e 
evi  1 & t & 1 ive 
ev  i 1 & t n t & 1 ive 
evi  l&tnent&live 
ev i l&tnepent&l ive 
ev  i l&tnepepent&l  ive 
evi l&tnepeRepent&l ive 
evi  l&tnepepent&l  ive 
e v i l&tnepent&l  ive 
ev  i l&tnen  t & live 
e v i 1 & t n t & 1 ive 
evil&t&l ive 
e v i 1 & 1 i v e 
evi  1 ive 
e v i v e 
eve 
e 


Col.  Yalliere,  the  head  of  the  Swiss  School  of  Ar- 
tillery, has  published  an  exceedingly  interesting  es- 
say on  the  armies  of  Continental  Europe.  From 
this  essay  we  learn  that  the  entire  armies,  with  re- 
serves, amount  to  0,500,000  men,  and  of  this  num- 
ber he  gives  Germany  1,700,000;  France,  1,500,000  ; 
Russia,  1,500,000 ; Austria,  900,000 ; and  Italy,  750,- 
000.  About  half  of  the  soldiers  here  enumerated 
: are  at  all  times  under  arms.  The  cost  per  man, 
j according  to  Col.  Yalliere,  is  about  $200  per  year,  or 
1 say  for  the  maintenance  of  3,000,000  men,  a*  total  of 
$000,000,000.  Here  are  three  millions  of  men  taken 
from  the  industries,  taught  little  but  the  use  of 
arms,  and  supported  by  the  working  people  of  the 
country.  What  a fearful  waste  ! Is  it  any  wonder 
that  the  people  of  Europe  are  poor,  when  five  na- 
tions pay  yearly  $000,000,000  for  the  support  of  men 
in  idleness;  men  who  are  not  of  the  slightest  use 
to  those  who  support  them  ? How  long  will  it  be 
before  the  nations  of  Europe  discover  that  they  are 
paying  altogether  too  dearly  for  the  luxury  of  kings 
and  courts,  and  of  national  glory  ? When  they  do 
make  the  discovery  there  will  soon  be  an  end  to 
grand  armies,  to  gaudy  generals,  and  corrupt  or 
ambitious  monarchs,  and  police  will  take  the  place 
of  soldiers.  Happy  is  the  United  States,  with  no 
rival  nations  on  her  borders  compelling  her  to  main-  ; 
tain  in  idleness  an  army  of  400,000  or  500,000  men.  ; 


OLD  HUNGERFORD  BRIDGE. 


LONDON— ITS  BRIDGES,  FIRES,  ETC. 


HERE  are  many  bridges  across  the  river 
Thames,  on  both  sides  of  which  the  city 
of  London  is  built,  the  above  cut  represent- 
ing one  of  them.  The  most  frequented 
is  London  bridge,  over  900  feet  long,  with  a daily 
travel  of  25,000  vehicles,  and  countless  multitudes 
of  people.  To  relieve  it  of  the  almost  impassable 
crowds,  tunnels  have  been  constructed  under  the 
river,  which  are  lighted  with  gas,  and  much  used. 
This  bridge  was  first  begun  in  1170,  and  finished 
in  1209.  It  had  twenty  massive  arches,  and  was  not 
a graceful  structure,  the  present  one  was  completed 
in  1831,  which  is  928  feet  in  length,  and  consists  of 
five  elliptical  arches,  the  span  of  the  central  arch  be- 
ing 152  feet. 

The  bridge  has  been  rebuilt  several  tunes,  and 
the  present  one  cost  ten  millions  of  dollars  in  gold  ; 
so  you  may  imagine  how  substantial  it  is.  In  the 
reign  of  Queen  Elizabeth  there  were  stores  on  each 
side,  with  arbors  and  gardens,  and  at  the  south  end 
there  was  a queer  wooden  house,  brought  from 
Holland,  which  was  covered  with  carving  and  gild- 
ing. In  the  middle  ages  it  was  the  scene  of  affrays 
of  all  kinds,  and  it  was  burned  down  several  times, 
three  thousand  persons  perishing  in  one  fire  alone. 
The  heads  of  rebels  were  stuck  on  the  gate-houses, 
among  others  those  of  Jack  Cade,  and  of  Garnet, 
who  was  concerned  in  the  gunpowder  plot  to  blow 
up  the  houses  of  Parliament.  The  heads  of  good 
Sir  Thomas  More,  brave 'Wallace  of  Scotland,  and 
the  pious  Bishop  of  Rochester  were  also  placed 
there,  and  until  a comparatively  recent  date  such 
ghastly  trophies  glanced  down  on  the  passers-by. 


They  were  fastened  on  iron  spikes,  and  in  a gale 
of  wind  they  sometimes  rolled  to  the  ground  or  into 
the  water. 

Three  hundred  and  fifteen  years  ago  the  Lord 
Mayor  of  London  was  Sir  William  Hewet.  Hewet 
lived  in  a house  on  the  bridge,  and  had  an  infant 
daughter  named  Anne.  The  current  of  the  Thames 
was  then  very  strong,  as  there  was  a fall  of  several 
feet  underneath  the  arches.  One  day  a nurse  was 
playing  with  baby  Anne  at  a window  overlooking 
the"  river,  and  in  a careless  moment  she  let  her 
little  charge  fall.  A young  apprentice  named 
Osborne  plunged  into  the  boiling  stream  after  her, 
and  with  great  difficulty  saved  her,  thus  earning 
the  life-long  gratitude  of  his  master,  the  Lord 
Mayor.  Anne  grew  to  be  a beautiful  woman,  and 
as  her  father  was  very  wealthy,  many  noblemen, 
including  earls  and  baronets,  sought  her  hand.  But 
she  loved  Osborne  the  best,  and  to  all  other  suitors 
her  father  said:  “No;  Osborne  won  her,  and 

Osborne  shall  have  her.”  So  he  did,  and  he  after- 
ward became  the  first  Duke  of  Leeds. 

Hogarth  and  other  celebrated  painters  once  lived 
on  London  Bridge.  Alexander  Pope,  the  poet,  and 
Jonathan  Swift,  who  wrote  “ Gulliver’s  Travels, 
were  often  to  be  found  at  the  store  of  a witty  book- 
seller in  the  Northern  Gate. 

Striking  Features  of  the  City. 

London  covers,  within  a radius  of  fifteen  miles  of 
| Charing  Cross,  nearly  700  square  miles,  and  num- 
bers within  these  boundaries  4,000,000  inhabitants. 
It  contains  more  Jews  than  the  whole  of  Palestine  ; 
more  Roman  Catholics  than  Rome  itself;  more 
Irish  than  Dublin;  more  Scotchmen  than  Edm- 


ACCORDING  TO  YOUR  PURSE,  GOVERN  YOUR  MOUTH.  29 


burgh.  The  port  of  London  has  every  day  on  its 
waters  1,000  ships  and  9,000  sailors.  Upwards  of 
120  persons  are  added  to  the  population  daily,  or 

40.000  yearly,  a birth  taking  place  every  five  minutes, 
and  a death  every  eight  minutes.  On  an  average, 
twenty-eight  miles  of  streets  are  opened,  and  9,000 
new  houses  built  every  year.  In  its  postal  district 
there  is  a yearly  delivery  of  238,000,000  letters.  On 
the  police  register  there  are  the  names  of  120,000 
habitual  criminals,  increasing  by  many  thousands 
every  year.  More  than  one-third  of  all  the  crime  of 
the  country  is  committed  in  London,  or  at  least 
brought  to  light  there.  There  are  as  many  beer 
shops  and  gin  palaces  as  would,  if  their  fronts  were 
placed  side  by  side,  reach  from  Charing  Cross  to 
Portsmouth,  a distance  of  seventy-three  miles,  and 

38.000  drunkards  are  annually  brought  before  its 
magistrates.  The  shops  open  on  Sundays  would 
form  streets  sixty  miles  long.  It  is  estimated  that 
there  are  above  a million  of  the  people  who  are 
practically  heathen,  wholly  neglecting  the  ordinances 
of  religion.  At  least  900  additional  churches  and 
chapels  would  be  required  for  worship  of  its  people. 

Increase  of  Fires. 

In  1833  the  actual  number  of  fires  in  London 
was  458.  The  population  then  was  1,710,059.  This 
gives  one  fire  to  every  3,734  persons.  In  1874  the 
fires  were  1,573,  in  a population  of  3,400,701,  or  at 
the  rate  of  one  fire  to  every  2,162  persons.  The 
population  of  London  in  1874  was  not  quite  double 
that  of  1833 ; but  the  fires  in  1874  were  more  than 
three  times  as  numerous  as  at  the  earlier  date. 
Had  the  fires  simply  increased  in  the  same  ratio  as 
the  population,  the  number  in  1874  would  have 
been  911  instead  of  1,573.  The  actual  excess,  there- 
fore, is  fully  72  per  cent.  A further  investigation  of 
data  shows  that  this  disproportionate  growth  of  the 
London  fires  is  a persistent  phenomenon  during  a 
considerable  series  of  years.  Apart  from  the  success 
achieved  in  extinguishing  them,  there  is  a remark- 
able fact  pervading  the  statistics— namely,  that  fires 
have  a tendency  to  outstrip  the  population. 

The  frequency  of  fires  in  London  far  exceeds  any 
thing  known  in  ordinary  country  towns.  More- 
over, we  have  the  statistics  of  London  itself,  show- 
ing that,  when  it  had  half  its  present  population,  it 
had  less  than  one-third  its  present  number  of  fires. 
The  conclusion  which  appears  warranted  is  this— 
that  a population  distributed  over  a number  of  sep- 
arate towns  is  less  liable  to  outbreaks  of  fire  than 
the  same  population  brought  together  within  the 
compass  of  one  town.  In  order  to  explain  this  so- 
cial phenomenon,  we  may  allude  to  the  greater  den- 
sity of  population  in  large  towns  as  compared  with 
small  ones ; though,  on  the  other  hand,  this  very 
density  would  seem  to  afford  means  of  protection 
by  rendering  it  less  likely  for  a fire  to  pass  beyond 
the  incipient  stage  without  being  detected. 

On  the  whole  we  are  warranted  in  concluding 
that  there  are  circumstances  connected  with  the 
furnishing  of  houses,  the  storage  of  goods  in  ware- 
houses and  elsewhere,  and  the  general  hurry  and 
pressure  of  metropolitan  life,  which  involve  con- 
tingencies more  favorable  to  the  occurrence  of  fires 
than  are  likely  to  be  found  in  many  country  towns. 
The  fact  that  fires  increase  more  rapidly  than  the 
population  creates  a danger  in  large  and  growing 
communities,  lest  the  arrangements  for  extinguish- 
ing fire  should  not  keep  pace  with  the  real  necessity. 
There  is  also  the  circumstance  that  large  cities  have 
large  buildings,  so  that  fires  in  such  localities  are 
likely  to  be  not  only  numerous  but  extensive.  Ex- 
amples of  this  kind  are  not  wanting  in  London,  and 
the  peril  is  increased  by  the  enormous  height  to 
which  buildings  are  carried  where  ground  is  costly. 


“THE  BLUE  AND  THE  BRAY" 


By  the  flow  of  the  inland  river, 

Whence  the  fleets  of  iron  have  fled, 

Where  the  blades  of  the  grave-grass  quiver, 
Asleep  are  the  ranks  of  the  dead  ; 

Under  the  sod  and  the  dew, 

Waiting  the  judgment  day  ; 

Under  the  one  the  Blue; 

Under  the  other  the  Gray. 

These  in  the  robings  of  glory, 

Those  in  the  gloom  of  defeat. 

All  with  the  battle-blood  gory, 

In  the  dusk  of  eternity  meet ; 

Under  the  sod  and  the  dew, 

Waiting  the  judgment  day  ; 

Under  the  laurel  the  Blue ; 

Under  the  willow  the  Gray. 

From  the  silence  of  sorrowful  hours 
The  desolate  mourners  go, 

Lovingly  laden  with  flowers 

Alike  for  the  friend  and  the  foe ; 

Under  the  sod  and  the  dew, 

Waiting  the  judgment  day ; 

Under  the  roses  the  Blue  ; 

Under  the  lilies  the  Gray. 

So  with  an  equal  splendor 
The  morning  sun-rays  fall, 

With  a touch,  impartially  tender, 

On  the  blossoms,  blooming  for  all ; 

Under  the  sod  and  the  dew, 

Waiting  the  judgment  day  ; 

Broidered  with  gold  the  Blue ; 
Mellowed  with  gold  the  Gray. 

So  when  the  summer  calleth 
On  forest  and  field  of  grain, 

With  an  equal  murmur  falleth 
The  cooling  drop  of  the  rain  ; 

Under  the  sod  and  the  dew, 

Waiting  the  judgment  day ; 

Wet  with  the  rain  the  Blue ; 

Wet  with  the  rain  the  Gray. 

Sadly,  but  not  with  upbraiding, 

The  generous  deed  was  done ; 

In  the  storm  of  the  years  that  are  fading, 

No  braver  battle  was  won  ; 

Under  the  sod  and  the  dew, 

Waiting  the  judgment  day ; 

Under  the  blossoms  the  Blue ; 

Under  the  garland  the  Gray. 

No  more  shall  the  war-cry  sever, 

Or  the  winding  rivers  be  red  ; 

They  banish  our  anger  forever 

When  they  laurel  the  graves  of  our  dead : 

Under  the  sod  and  the  dew, 

Waiting  the  judgment  day ; 

Love  and  tears  for  the  Blue ; 

Tears  and  love  for  the  Gray. 


A True  Gentleman. — Show  us  a man  who  can 
quit  the  society  of  the  young,  and  take  pleasure  in 
listening  to  the  kindly  voice  of  the  old ; show  us  a 
man  who  is  always  ready  to  pity  and  help  the  de- 
formed ; show  us  a man  that  covers  the  faults  of 
others  with  a mantle  of  charity;  show  us  a man 
that  bows  as  politely  and  gives  the  street  as  freely 
to  the  poor  sewing  girl  as  to  the  millionaire ; show  I 
us  a man  who  abhors  the  libertine,  who  scorns  the  j 
slanderer  of  his  mother’s  sex  and  the  exposure  of  j 
womanly  reputation  ; show  us  the  man  who  never 
forgets  the  delicacy  and  respect  due  a woman  in  any 
' condition — and  you  show  us  a true  gentleman. 


GRANDPA  UNDER  THE  MISTLETOE. 


THE  MISTLETOE  BOUOH. 

oP|®U&HE  mistletoe  is  a parasitical  plant,  belong- 
ing  to  a genus  embracing  seventy-six  spe- 
cies.  It  is  an  evergreen,  and  obtains  its 
' 1 growth  from  seeds  implanted  in  the  bark 

of  various  trees,  generally  the  elm  in  this  country. 
It  bears  a white  berry,  that  secretes  a slimy  juice, 
from  which  bird-lime  is  made  ; and  from  these  ber- 
ries, when  eaten  hy  birds,  its  seeds  are  carried  and 
deposited  by  accident,  where  they  take  root  and 
penetrate  through  the  moist  inner  bark  of  trees,  and 
thus  derive  their  nourishment. 

In  England  the  mistletoe  is  familiarly  known  on 
account  of  the  various  social  customs,  traditions  and 


superstitions  connected  with  it.  Our  picture  repre- 
sents the  custom,  now  more  generally  observed  in 
the  old  country  than  any  other,  of  kissing  under  a 
branch  of  this  evergreen  during  the  Christmas  fes- 
tivities It  is  based  on  the  legend  that  this  was 
the  forbidden  tree  in  the  Garden  of  Eden.  In  the 
feudal  ages  it  was  gathered  with  great  solemnity  on 
Chistmas  eve,  and  hung  up  in  the  great  halls  with 
shouts  and  rejoicings. 

As  a medicine,  the  plant  was  once  considered 
valuable  in  the  treatment  of  epilepsy,  and  the  Ro- 
mans prized  it  as  an  antidote  to  poisons. 

An  old  English  legend  has  been  immortalized  in 
a ballad  by  Thomas  Haynes  Bayley,  that  will  appro- 
priately close  this  brief  article : 


LEARNING  MAKES  A MAN  FIT  COMPANY  FOR  HIMSELF. 


31 


i. 

The  mistletoe  hung  in  the  castle  hall, 

The  holly-branch  shone  on  the  old  oak  wall ; 

The  baron’s  retainers  were  blithe  and  gay, 

And  keeping  their  Christmas  holiday. 

The  baron  beheld,  with  a father’s  pride, 

His  beautiful  child,  young  Lovell’s  bride ; 

While  she,  with  her  bright  eyes,  seemed  to  be 
The  star  of  the  goodly  company. 

II. 

“ I’m  weary  of  dancing,  now,”  she  cried  ; 

“ Here  tarry  a moment— I’ll  hide,  I’ll  hide ! 

And,  Lovell,  be  sure  tliou’rt  first  to  trace 
The  clue  to  my  secret  lurking  place.” 

Away  she  ran— and  her  friends  began 
Each  tower  to  search,  and  each  nook  to  scan  ; 

And  young  Lovell  cried,  “ O where  dost  thou  hide? 
I’m  lonesome  without  thee,  my  own  dear  bride ! ” 

III. 

They  sought  her  that  night,  and  they  sought  her 
next  day : 

And  they  sought  her  in  vain  when  a week  passed 
away  ! 

In  the  highest,  the  lowest,  loneliest  spot, 

Young  Lovell  sought  wildly,  but  found  her  not. 

And  years  flew  by,  and  their  grief  at  last 
Was  told  as  a sorrowful  tale  long  past ; 

And  when  Lovell  appeared  the  children  cried  : 

“ See  ! the  old  man  weeps  for  his  fairy  bride !” 


At  length  an  oak  chest,  that  had  long  lain  hid, 
Was  found  in  the  castle.  They  raised  the  lid, 
And  a skeleton  form  lay  mouldering  there 
In  the  bridal  wreath  of  that  lady  fair ! 

O,  sad  was  her  fate !— in  sportive  jest 
She  hid  from  her  lord  in  the  old  oak  chest. 

It  closed  with  a spring;  and,  dreadful  doom  ! 
The  bride  lay  clasped  in  her  living  tomb. 


HOW  RICH  MEN  BEGIN  LIFE. 


Cornelius  Vanderbilt  began  his  life  with  an  old 
pirouge,  running  between  Staten  Island  and  New 
York  City,  carrying  garden  stuff  to  market.  With  j 
$2,000  or  $3,000  raised  from  this  source,  he  entered  I 
upon  steadily  increasing  enterprises,  until  he  had  | 
amassed  the  enormous  sum  of  $50,000,000. 

A.  T.  Stewart  first  bought  a few  laces  at  auction, 
and  opened  his  way  to  success  in  a dingy  little  shop 
in  Broadway,  near  the  site  of  his  wholesale  estab- 
lishment. Years  of  rigid  honesty,  shrewd  manage- 
ment, and  wisdom  in  things  both  great  and  small, 
have  made  him  the  monumental  merchant  of  the 
nineteenth  century. 

Daniel  Drew,  in  his  early  life,  was  a cattle  driver 
at  the  munificent  sum  of  75  cents  a day,  and  he  has 
now  driven  himself  into  an  estate  valued  at  from 
$25,000,000  to  $30,000,000. 

George  Law,  at  45  years  of  age,  was  a common  day 
laborer  on  the  docks,  and  at  present  counts  his  for- 
tune at  something  like  $10,000,000. 

Robert  L.  and  Alexander  Stuart,  the  sugar  refin- 
ers, in  their  boyhood  sold  molasses  candy,  which 
their  widowed  mother  had  made,  at  a cent  a stick, 
and  to-day  they  are  worth  probably  $5,000,000  to  $6,- 
000,000  apiece. 

Marshall  O.  Roberts  is  the  possessor  of  $4,000,000 
or  $5,000,000;  and  yet  until  he  was  twenty-five  he 
did  not  have  $100  he 'could  call  his  own. 

H.  B.  Claflin,  the  eminent  dry  goods  merchant, 
worth,  it  is  estimated,  from  $10,000,000  to  $15,000,- 
000,  commenced  the  world  with  nothing  but  energy, 
determination  and  hope. 


NEWSPAPER  CORRESPONDENTS. 

'jmggto  those  who  have  a desire  to  spread  their 
MIR  thoughts  before  the  public  in  the  columns 
ot  a newspaper,  it  might  be  profitable  to 
make  a few  suggestions,  which,  probably, 
may  be  of  some  benefit  to  them : 

Let  your  communication  be  short. 

Don’t  commence  a sentence  by  telling  that  you  are 
about  to  say  something  ; say  it  at  once  and  be  done 
with  it,  without  preliminaries. 

Never  divide  by  saying  firstly,  secondly,  and  so 
on,  like  a long-winded  sermon.  Let  the  reader 
divide.  Go  on  with  the  thought,  without  formalities. 

Don’t  try  to  be  witty  or  humorous,  lest  you  say 
something  flat  or  silly.  This  requires  a natural 
facultv,  and  about  one  writer  in  a thousand  succeeds. 

Look  well  to  your  spelling,  your  grammar  and 
punctuation.  It  saves  the  printer  labor.  Know 
liow,  before  writing. 

Writing  and  talking  are  different,  and  you  must 
know  in  what  it  consists.  To  repeat  when  you 
write,  as  you  talk,  is  tiresome. 

Use  no  foreign  phrase,  unless  you  fully  under- 
stand that  language. 

When  you  use  a quotation,  be  sure  it  is  applicable. 

Quote  very  little  Scripture,  and  when  you  do,  be 
sure  not  to  take  a whole  chapter,  lest  no  one  can  see 
the  point  without  too  much  study. 

Don’t  try  to  be  original  on  abstract  subjects; 
you’ll  fail.  Some  facts  are  original,  and  the  manner 
of  telling  them,  but  not  a saying  or  expression. 

Don’t  fill  up  with  stale  jokes,  as  if  no  one  had 
ever  heard  them. 

Don’t  be  personal  in  a general  communication. 
You’ll  lose  time  : the  editor  may  refuse  the  whole. 

Don’t  be  profane  or  vulgar.  It  reflects  on  yourself. 

Don’t  give  a neighborhood  story  that  will  not 
amuse  strangers.  They  may  not  “see  it”  like  you. 

Never  attempt  to  be  sublime,  without  a certainty, 
for  there  is  only  one  step  from  that  to  the  ridicu- 
lous, if  you  fail. 

Say  nothing  about  the  tender  feeling  between  a 
“ certain  young  man  and  woman”  of  your  neighbor- 
hood, lest  it  appear  “soft”  in  you. 

Never  attempt  to  use  sarcasm  or  ridicule,  unless 
you  are  certain  to  win.  They  are  dangerous  weap- 
ons, and  may  go  back  on  you. 

Never  steal  from  other  writers.  The  style  will  ex- 
pose you  if  nothing  else. 

Be"  careful  in  quoting  poetry.  Let  it  come  in 
natural  and  be  to  the  point,  that  you  may  not  be 
considered  pedantic. 

Some  with  ideas  write  and  fail — some  without 
write  and  succeed.  Study  yourself  and  go  for  success. 


INTELLIGENCE  OF  NATIONS. 


The  total  population  of  the  United  States  in  1870 
was  about  thirty-eight  millions,  of  which  5,650,074, 
or  about  one-seventh,  are  illiterate.  Total  popula- 
tion of  France,  36,000,000,  of  which  over  thirty  per 
cent,  are  unable  to  read  or  write,  and  nearly  11  per 
cent,  can  read  only,  leaving  58  29-100  of  the  people 
whom  we  may  call  educated.  In  Spain,  in  1860, 
the  total  population  was  16,301,851,  of  which  num- 
ber 705,760  could  read  but  not  write,  and  11,800,000 
could  neither  read  nor  write,  which  leaves  only 
about  twenty-five  per  cent,  of  the  population  who 
may  be  called  educated.  In  Italy,  with  a popula- 
tion of  26,000,000,  there  is  a general  average  of  64 
29-100  adults  in  every  hundred  who  had  not  the 
simplest  rudiments  of  an  education.  The  Austrian 
and  Hungarian  empire  has  a population  of  35,000,- 
000,  of  which  50  per  cent,  is  the  estimate  of  illiteracy. 


WHAT  SOBERNESS  CONCEALS  DRUNKENNESS  REVEALS. 


INDEPENDENT  JOURNALISM. 


HOW  ARE  YOU? 


IS  getting  to  be  quite  a common  thing  for 
lewspapers  to  declare  themselves  indepen- 
lent  of  any  and  all  political  ties,  and  seem- 
ngly  elevate  themselves  above  everyone 
else,  and  wield  an  imaginary  scepter  to  the  excoria- 
tion of  both  friends  and  foes.  “ Independent  jour- 
nalism” has  a ring  to  it  which  smacks  of  mystery, 
awe,  and  vague  superiority,  theoretically  applied, 
but  the  practical  test  of  the  matter  proves  it  to  be  a 
fraud.  There  has  never  existed,  since  the  world 
has  become  an  established  fact,  a man  who  has  no 
preference  for  one  of  two  things;  and  as  men  usu- 
ally edit  newspapers,  it  is  safe  to  presume  that,  were 
they  following  the  dictates  of  their  conscience,  the 
papers  would  proclaim  the  preference  of  their  edi- 
tors for  some  political  organization.  Under  the  ex- 
isting circumstances,  it  seems  to  us  very  strange 
that  a well-balanced  newspaper  can  see  nothing  in 
the  principles  of  the  two  political  parties  of  this 
country  worthy  of  its  undivided  efforts  to  maintain. 
If  a journal  has  Democratic  proclivities,  it  certainly 
should  not  be  ashamed  to  say  so ; and  work  for  the 
success  of  them.  If  a journal  sees  more  to  admire 
in  the  principles  laid  down  by  the  Republican 
party,  it  most  certainly  should  declare  itself  an  ad- 
vocate for  the  supremacy  of  those  tenets.  The  two 
organizations  are  radically  opposed  to  each  other, 
and  are  engaged  in  active  measures  for  the  sover- 
eignty of  the  respective  platforms  laid  down  by 
each.  Being  so  clearly  committed  against  each 
other,  there  is,  in  our  estimation,  no  chance  for  a 
half-way  doctrine.  If  a journal  hangs  around  the 
edges  of  the  battle-ground,  giving  first  one  a lift  and 
then  the  other,  interspersing  an  occasional  blow,  it 
is  declared  and  recognized  as  a guerilla,  and  as  this 
class  of  newspapers  are  generally  too  cowardly  to 
achieve  a victory  or  defeat,  the  strongest  party  which 
corners  them  first  will  receive  the  help  until  another 
chance  is  offered  to  “ go  it  alone.”  There  is  no  room 
for  spectators,  or  luke-warm  soldiers  in  the  battle 
which  is  being  fought  between  the  two  political 
armies.  The  main  excuse  for  assuming  this  inde- 
pendent garb,  as  given  by  the  ones  who  thus  slough 
off,  is  (that  both  parties  are  too  corrupt  for  honest 
support.  For  argument’s  sake,  let  us  admit  this  as 
true.  And  what  follows  ? Only  this,  that  the  jour- 
nal thus  seceding  is  too  cowardly  to  fight  the  wrong 
face  to  face,  and  seeks  refuge  behind  the  breast- 
works of  “ independence.”  Does  it  not  require  far 
more  courage  to  find  and  correct  the  errors  of  a 
friend  than  those  of  a foe  ? Most  assuredly  it  does. 
Hence  we  say  that  the  journal  which  conscientiously 
and  faithfully  works  for  what  it  deems  to  be  right, 
through  the  medium  of  its  party,  assailing  wrong 
Avherever  found,  and  upholding  right,  is  one  of  far 
more  independence  than  that  one  which  will  first 
notice  the  evil,  and  then  declare  itself  unable  to 
combat  it,  by  reason  of  the  regard  it  has  for  its 
friends,  and  ignominiously  leave  its  friends  to  their 
fate,  and  go  around  the  dilemma  in  search  of  a less 
responsible  position.  'NVhat  if  there  is  corruption 
in  your  own  party.  Have  the  independence  to 
grapple  with  it  where  it  stands  ; don’t  get  off  a little 
ways  and  whine  about  it.  What  do  you  gain  by 
this  dignified  withdrawal  into  the  “ independent  ” 
fold  ? It  don’t  remedy  the  evil,  and  you  don’t  join 
any  other  party.  This  class  of  journals  fill  a very 
unimportant  place  in  the  world,  as  they  are  politi- 
cal, and  sometimes  social,  outlaws.  Recognizing 
efficiency  in  an  opposite  party  is  better  sometimes 
than  loyalty  to  inefficiency ; and  such  useless  me- 
diums of  society  that  have  an  eye  to  neither 
efficiency  nor  loyalty,  are  not  worthy  of  the  support 
of  any  party. 


TIONAL  forms  of  salutation  are  true  in- 
lices  of  national  character.  The  whole 
li story  of  a race  may  be  found  in  the 
anguage  of  its  greetings.  Words  and 
phrases  are  the  offspring  of  previously  existing  ef- 
fects, thoughts  and  circumstances,  and  their  pater- 
nity is  readily  traced. 

Thus,  among  all  savage  and  warlike  people,  a 
common  salutation  conveys  a wish  or  a prayer  that 
the  person  saluted  may  enjoy  peace — the  greatest 
good  of  individuals  and  of  nations,  and  the  boon 
most  frequently  withheld  in  that  phase  of  life. 
Throughout  the  Bible  this  is  the  most  invariable 
blessing — Shalum  ! And  the  wandering  Bedouins 
of  the  desert  have  to  this  day  the  same  form  of  salu- 
tation. Another  phrase  of  theirs— “ If  God  wills, 
thou  art  well  ’’—betrays  the  fatalism  of  Islam. 

“ Peace  be  upon  thee,”  says  the  fluent  and  facile 
Persian  ; “ I make  prayers  for  thy  greatness ; ” 

“ May  thy  shadow  never  be  less.”  This  last  form 
smacks  of  the  sunlands  and  summer.  Such  a salu- 
tation would  make  us  Northmen  shiver ; it  shows 
too  great  a respect  for  fat— for  a dignified,  alderman- 
ic  rotundity. 

The  Greeks,  a joyful  people,  full  of  a life  of  ac-  j 
tion,  expressed  their  salutation  in  a single  word—  | 
“ rejoice.” 

The  commercial  and  enterprising  Genoese  of  the  ! 
Middle  Ages  used  to  say,  “ Saneta  e guedagna” — ] 
“ Health  and  gain  ’’—than  which  no  phrase  could  | 
be  more  characteristic. 

In  a similar  spirit  the  swag-bellied  Hollander  ac-  j 
costs  you  with  “ Hoe  varls-ge  ”— “ How  are  you  ? ” 

The  easy,  phlegmatic  German  says,  “ Lieben  sie  l 
wold  ? ” — “ Live  thou  well  ? ” ' 

The  Frenchman’s  “ Comment  vous  portez  vous  ? ” — 

“ How  do  you  carry  yourself  ? ’’—reveals  the  whole  j 
soul  of  the  French  character.  How  is  the  formula, 
and  not  what;  and  then  the  portez  rom — how  well  it 
expresses  the  eager  restlessness  and  vivacious  man- 
ners of  the  nation. 

John  Bull  and  Uncle  Sam,  in  a hearty  but  busi- 
ness-like tone,  greet  you  with  “How  are  you?,” 

“ How  do  you  do  ? ” What  more  could  be  asked  of 
the  great,  potential,  Anglo-Saxon,  us?  To  do,  of 
course ; that  is  the  whole  of  our  life — to  do — this 
embraces  health,  wealth,  happiness,  all— and  here 
it  all  is  in  three  words — “ How  are  you  ? ” 


VIRTUE  IN  WHISTLING. 


An  old  farmer  once  said  to  us  that  he  would  not 
have  a hired  man  on  his  farm  who  did  not  habitu- 
ally whistle.  He  always  hired  whistlers.  Said  he 
never  knew  a whistling  laborer  to  find  fault  with 
his  food,  his  bed,  or  complain  of  any  little  extra 
work  he  was  asked  to  perform.  Such  a man  was 
generally  kind  to  children  and  to  animals  in  his 
care.  He  would  whistle  a chilled  lamb  into  warmth 
and  life,  and  would  bring  in  a hatful  of  eggs  from 
the  barn  without  breaking  one  of  them.  He  found 
such  a man  more  careful  about  closing  gates,  putting 
up  bars,  and  seeing  that  the  nuts  on  his  plow  were 
all  properly  tightened  before  he  took  it  into  the 
field.  He  never  knew  a whistling  hired  man  to 
kick  or  beat  a cow,  nor  drive  her  on  a run-in,  as  to 
the  battle.  He  had  noticed  that  sheep  he  fed  in 
the  yard  and  shed  gathered  around  him  as  he  whis- 
tled without  fear.  He  never  had  employed  a whist- 
ler who  was  not  thoughtful  and  economical.  It 
affords  a means  of  one  so  entertaining  himself  that 
he  need  never  be  without  company  when  he  can 
whistle. 


GOLDEN  DREAMS  MAKE  MEN  AWAKE  HUNGRY.  33 


THE  FIRST  OF  APRIL. 

Romans  gave  this  month  the  name  *of 
rilis,  from  aperire , to  open,  because  it 
s the  season  when  the  buds  began  to 
m ; by  the  Anglo-Saxons  it  was  called 
Coster,  or  Easter  month  ; and  by  the  Dutch,  Grass 
1 month.  The  custom  of  sending  one  on  a bootless 
errand j on  the  first  day  of  this  month,  is  perhaps  a 
I travestie  of  the  sending  hither  and  thither  of  the 
Saviour,  from  Annas  to  Caiaphas,  and  from  Pilate 
to  Plerod,  because,  during  the  Middle  Ages,  this 
scene  in  Christ’s  life  was  made  the  subject  of  a 
miracle-play  at  Easter,  which  occurs  in  the  month 
of  April.  It  is  possible,  however,  that  it  may  be  a 
relic  of  some  old  heathen  festival.  The  custom, 
whatever  be  its  origin,  of  playing  off  little  tricks  on 
this  day,  by  which  ridicule  may  be  fixed  upon 
unguarded  individuals,  appears  to  be  universal 
throughout  Europe,  as  well  as  in  America.  In 
France,  one  thus  imposed  upon  is  called  un  poisson 
d’avril  (an  April-fish).  In  England,  such  a person 
is  called  an  April  fool ; in  Scotland,  a gowk.  Gowk 
is  the  Scotch  for  cuckoo,  and  also  signifies  a foolish 
person.  The  favorite  jest  in  Britain  is  to  send  one 
upon  an  errand  for  something  grossly  nonsensical — 
as  for  pigeon’s  milk,  or  the  history  of  Adam’s 
grandfather ; or  to  make  appointments  which  are 
not  to  be  kept ; or  to  call  a passer-by  that  his  shoe- 
strings are  loose,  or  that  there  is  a spot  of  mud 
upon  his  face.  When  he  falls  into  the  snare,  the 
term  April  fool  or  gowk  is  applied  with  a shout  of 
laughter.  It  is  curious  that  the  Hindus  practice 
precisely  similar  tricks  on  the  31st  of  March,  when 
they  hold  what  is  called  the  Huli  Festival. 


JOSH  BILLINGS  WANTS  TO  KNOW . 


Why  a turkey’s  egg  is  speckled  and  a duck’s  egg 
blue. 

Whether  a log  floats  faster  in  the  river  than  the 
current  runs,  or  not. 

Why  a goose  stands  first  on  one  foot  and  then  on 
t’other. 

Why  rabbits  have  a short  tale  and  cats  have  a 
long  one. 

Why  most  all  the  birds  bmld  their  nests  out  of 
different  material. 

Why  lightning  was  never  known  to  strike  a beech 
tree. 

Why  the  males  among  the  feathered  race  do  all  the 
singing. 

Why  the  blak  snaik  iz  the  only  snaik  in  this  coun- 
try that  kan  climb  a tree. 

Why  a muskrat’s  tale  has  no  fur  on  it  and  a mink’s 
has. 

Why  a quail’s  egg  is  round,  and  a hen’s  egg  is 
pointed. 

Why  a bear  always  climbs  down  a tree  backwards. 

Why  a mule’s  bones  are  all  solid,  and  their  ears 
twise  az  long  az  a horse’s. 

Why  a dog  alwuss  turns  round  three  times  before 
he  sets  down. 

Why  a horse  always  gets  oph  from  the  ground  on 
his  forward  feet  last. 

Why,  when  a man  gets  lost  in  the  woods  or  on 
the  plains,  he  alwuss  walks  in  a sirkle. 

Why  a pig  gathers  straws  in  his  mouth  and  runs 
about  with  them  just  before  a rainstorm. 

Where  the  flys  all  go  when  the  cold  weather  sets 
in,  and  where  they’ll  all  cum  from  so  suddenly  next 
summer. 

Why  a hen  alwuss  knows  her  little  ones  from 
another’s,  and  why  she  will  hatch  twelve  duck  eggs 
and  think  they  are  her  own  chickens. 

3 


YEARS  OF  COLD  IN  EUROPE. 


In  379  a.  d.,  the  Euxine  was  frozen  over. 

In  508  the  rivers  of  England  were  frozen  for  two 
months. 

In  558  the  Black  Sea  was  covered  with  ice  for 
twenty  days,  and  in  763  the  ice  was  eight  or  nine  feet 
thick. 

In  821  the  Elbe,  the  Danube  and  the  Seine  were 
frozen  during  four  weeks. 

In  1323  the  Mediterranean  was  entirely  frozen. 

In  1305  Tamerlane  made  an  incursion  into  China, 
and  lost  his  men,  horses  and  camels  by  the  exces- 
sive cold. 

In  1420  Paris  experienced  so  great  cold  that  the 
city  was  depopulated,  and  animals  fed  on  corpses  in 
the  streets. 

In  1 843,  at  Paris,  snow  fell  during  forty  days  and 
forty  nights  incessantly. 

In  1469,  in  France  and  Germany,  wine  was  frozen 
so  hard  that  it  was  cut  in  blocks  and  sold  by 
weight. 

In  1570  the  intense  cold  lasted  three  months,  and 
all  the  fruit  trees  of  Provence  and  Languedoc  were 
destroyed. 

In  1607  provisions  and  fuel  became  so  scarce  on 
account  of  cold  in  Paris,  that  a small  bunch  of  kind- 
ling brush  cost  forty  cents.  The  cattle  froze  in  their 
stalls,  and  the  Seine  could  be  crossed  by  heavy 
carts. 

The  year  of  1709  was  one  of  intense  cold  all  over 
Europe,  and  mass  could  not  be  said  for  many  weeks 
in  certain  provinces,  because  the  wine  could  not  be 
kept  in  a fluid  state. 

In  1735,  in  Chinese  Tartary,  the  thermometer  fell 
97°  below  zero — Fahrenheit. 

1740  was  a winter  of  such  rigor  in  Russia  that  an 
ice  palace  was  constructed  at  St.  Petersburg  fifty-one 
feet  long  and  seventeen  feet  wide.  Six  ice  cannons 
were  mounted  on  the  walls,  and  two  mortars  for 
bombs.  The  cannon  held  balls  of  six  pounds  weight, 
were  charged  with  powder,  and  discharged,  so  that 
the  ball  pierced  a board  two  inches  thick  at  a dis- 
tance of  sixty  feet.  The  cannon  did  not  burst, 
though  its  walls  were  less  than  ten  inches  in  thick- 
ness. 

1765  was  a year  of  intense  cold,  also  1788.  Since 
that  year  the  intense  cold  has  never  been  so  great 
in  Paris  until  the  year  1871,  when,  for  the  first  time 
in  a century,  Jack  Frost  came  again  to  the  tune  of 
21°  below  zero  centigrade. 


INDIANA  LIQUOR  LAW. 


The  new  license  law  of  Indiana  requires  each 
saloon  keeper  to  ghre  bonds  of  $2,000  to  keep  an 
orderly  house,  and  pay  all  damages  arising  under 
the  act.  No  liquor  can  be  sold  on  Sunday,  nor  on 
election  dav,  nor  on  a holiday.  No  liquor  can  be 
sold  to  a person  who  is  in  the  habit  of  becoming  in- 
toxicated, or  after  notice  served  by  his  friends  for- 
bidding the  sale  to  him.  Public  drunkenness  is 
made  a misdemeanor ; selling  without  a license  is 
punishable  by  fine  and  imprisonment ; selling  to  a 
minor  is  made  a penal  offense,  and  the  minor  who 
misrepresents  his  age  is  also  to  be  punished  ; the 
adulteration  of  liquor  or  selling  such  liquor  is  pro- 
hibited ; if  a saloon  is  kept  in  a disorderly  manner, 
it  shall  be  deemed  a common  nuisance  and  be 
closed ; saloon  keepers  are  made  “ personally  liable, 
and  also  liable  on  their  bond,  to  any  person  who 
may  sustain  any  injury  or  damage  to  their  person 
or  property  or  means  of  support,  on  account  of  the 
use  of  such  intoxicating  liquor  sold  to  them  by 
said  saloon  keeper.” 


34 


EXPERIENCE  IS  TIIE  GREAT  BAFFLER  OK  SPECULATION. 


SPORTS  OF  THE  HAW  ASIANS. 


HE  visit  of  the  King  of  the  Hawaiians 
(Kalakaua)  to  the  United  States  during 
«§>  the  past  year  excited  in  Americans  con- 
1 siderable  interest  in  the  history  and  pres- 
ent condition  of  these  until  recently  savage  people. 


From  the  re- 
presentati’n  of 
their  sports  in 
our  picture,  it 
is  evident  they 
are  hardly  yet 
civiliz’d.  Their 
nakedness  i s 
accounted  for 
by  the  warm 
and  even  tem- 
perature  of 
their  climate, 
w’ich  requires 
little  if  any 
clothing.  In 
1779,  when  the 
unfor  tunate 
navigat’r,  Capt 
Cook,  spent 
some  time 
with  them, 
and  n amed 
their  region 
the  Sandwich 
Islands,  they 
were  estimat’d 
at  400,000;  but 
owing  to  the 
diseases  and 
habits  intro- 
duced by  the 
civilized  na- 
tions, their 
numbers  have 
been  reduced 
to  56,899. 

While  they 
are  rapidly  de- 
creasing, for- 
eigners are 
slowly  increas- 
ing, tempted 
there  by  the 
genial  climate 
and  the  oppor- 
tunity to  earn 
a living  easily. 

The  use  of 
clothing,  it  is 
thought,  has 
contributed  to 
their  great 
mortality. 

The  natives 
were  original- 
1 y cannibals, 
cooking  and 
eating  their 
enemies  that 
they  slew  in 
battle  or  took 
prisoners.  For 
a hundred 
years  past, 
however,  the 
influence  of 
Christian  civ- 
ilization has 

been  greatly  changing  their  brutish  habits.  They 
now  cultivate  the  soil  with  considerable  skill,  manu- 
facture sugar,  molasses  and  salt,  and  work  in  iron  and 
other  metals.  Their  commerce  with  California 
amounts  to  about  $20,000,000,  and  their  importations 
from  the  United  States  exceed  $1,000,000,  chiefly  in 
manufactured  goods. 


EVERY  THING  HAS  ITS  TIME,  AND  THAT  TIME  MUST  BE  WATCHED. 


35 


SECRECY  OF  INVENTIONS. 


CENTURY  ago  what  a man  discovered 
in  the  arts  he  concealed.  W orkmen  were 
put  upon  oath  never  to  reveal  the  process 
used  by  their  employers.  Doors  were 
kept  closed,  visitors  rigorously  excluded  from  ad- 
mission, and  false  operations  blinded  workmen 
themselves.  The  mysteries  of  every  craft  were 
hedged  in  by  thick  set  fences  of  empirical  preten- 
tions and  judicial  affirmation.  The  royal  manufac- 
i tories  of  porcelain,  for  example,  were  carried  on  in 
Europe  with  a spirit  of  zealous  exclusiveness.  His 
Majesty  of  Saxony  was  especially  circumspect.  Not 
content  with  the  oath  of  secrecy  imposed  upon  his 
people,  he  would  not  abate  his  kingly  suspicion  in 
favor  of  a brother  monarch.  Neither  king  nor 
king’s  delegate  might  enter  the  tabooed  walls  of 
Meissen.  What  is  erroneously  called  the  Dresden 
porcelain — that  exquisite  pottery  of  which  the  world 
has  never  seen  the  like — was  manufactured  for  200 
years  by  a process  so  secret  that  neither  the  bribery 
of  princes  nor  the  garrulity  of  the  operatives  ever 
revealed  it.  Other  discoveries  have  been  less  suc- 
cessfully guarded,  fortunately  for  the  world.  The 
manufacture  of  tinware  in  Europe  originated  in  a 
stolen  secret.  Few  readers  need  to  be  informed 
that  tinware  is  simply  thin  iron,  plated  with  tin  by 
being  dipped  into  the  molten  metal.  In  theory,  it 
is  an  easy  matter  to  clean  the  surface  of  iron  ;•  dip  it 
into  a bath  of  the  boiling  tin,  and  remove  it  envel- 
oped with  the  silvery  metal  to  a place  for  cooling. 
In  practice,  however,  the  process  is  one  of  the  most 
difficult  in  the  arts.  It  was  discovered  in  Holland, 
and  guarded  from  publicity  with  the  utmost  vigil- 
ance for  nearly  half  a century.  England  tried  in 
vain  to  discover  the  secret,  until  James  Sherman,  a 
Cornish  miner,  crossed  the  channel,  insinuated 
himself  master  of  the  secret,  and  brought  it  home. 
The  secret  of  manufacturing  cast  steel  was  also 
stealthily  obtained,  and  is  now  within  the  reach  of 
all  manufacturers  whose  business  requires  it. 


POINTS  OF  PALMISTRY. 


BUSINESS  LAW. 


The  following  brief  compilation  of  business  law  is 
worth  a careful  preservation,  as  it  contains  the  es- 
sence of  a large  amount  of  legal  verbiage,  which, 
probably,  might  obviate  other  measures : 

It  is  not  necessary  to  say  on  a note,  “ for  value 
received.” 

Contracts  made  on  Sunday  can  not  be  enforced. 

A note  made  by  a minor  is  void. 

A contract  made  with  a minor  is  also  void. 

A contract  made  with  a lunatic  is  void. 

A note  obtained  by  fraud,  or  from  a person  in  a 
state  of  intoxication,  can  not  be  collected. 

If  a note  is  lost  or  stolen,  it  does  not  release  the 
maker;  he  must  pay  it,  if  the  consideration  for 
which  it  was  given  and  the  amount  can  be  proven. 

An  endorser  of  a note  is  exempt  from  liability  if 
not  served  with  a notice  of  dishonor  within  twenty- 
four  hours  of  its  non-payment. 

Notes  bear  interest  only  when  it  is  so  stated. 

Principals  are  responsible  for  the  acts  of  their 
agents. 

Each  individual  in  partnership  is  responsible  for 
the  whole  amount  of  the  debts  of  the  firm. 

Ignorance  of  the  law  excuses  no  one. 

It  is  a fraud  to  conceal  fraud. 

The  law  compels  no  one  to  do  impossibilities. 

An  agreement  without  a consideration  is  void. 

Signatures  made  with  a lead  pencil  are  good  in 
law. 

A receipt  for  money  is  not  always  conclusive. 

The  acts  of  one  partner  bind  all  the  rest. 


V his  volume  on  the  Mysteries  of  the  Hand , 
M.  Desbarrolles  divides  hands  into  three 
sorts — the  first  sort  having  fingers  with 
pointed  tops;  the  second,  fingers  with  square 
tops ; the  third,  fingers  with  spade-shaped  tops — by 
“ spade-shape  ” is  meant  fingers  that  are  thick  at 
the  end,  having  a little  pad  of  flesh  at  each  side  of 
the  nail.  The  first  type  of  fingers  belongs  to  char- 
acters possessed  of  rapid  insight  into  things:  to 
extra-sensitive  people ; to  pious  people,  whose  piety 
is  of  the  contemplative  kind;  to  the  impulsive; 
and  to  all  poets  and  artists  in  whom  ideality  is  a 
prominent  trait.  The  second  type  belongs  to  scien- 
tific people;  to  sensible,  self-contained  characters; 
to  most  of  our  professional  men,  who  steer  between 
the  wholly  practical  course  that  they  of  the  spade- 
shaped fingers  take  and  the  too  visionary  bent  of 
the  people  with  pointed  fingers.  The  third  type 
pertains  to  those  whose  instincts  are  material ; to 
the  people  who  have  a genius  for  commerce,  and  a 
high  appreciation  of  everything  that  tends  to  bodily 
ease  and  comfort ; also  to  people  of  great  activity. 
Each  finger,  no  matter  what  the  kind  of  hand,  has 
one  joint  representing  each  of  these.  Thus,  the 
division  of  the  finger  which  is  nearest  the  palm 
stands  for  the  body  (and  corresponds  with  the  spade- 
shaped type),  the  middle  division  represents  mind 
(the  square-topped),  the  top, ‘soul  (the  pointed). 
If  the  top  joint  of  the  finger  be  long,  it  denotes  a 
character  with  much  imagination  or  ideality,  ahd  a 
leaning  towards  the  theoretical  rather  than  the 
practical.  The  middle  part  of  the  finger,  if  large, 
promises  a logical,  calculating  mind  — a common- 
sense  person.  The  remaining  joint,  if  long  and 
thick,  denotes  a nature  that  clings  more  to  the  lux- 
uries than  to  the  refinements  of  life. 


DON’T  DO  IT. 


Don’t  shudder  at  the  idea  of  cremation.  It  makes 
but  little  difference  where  one  is  buried. 

Don’t  grumble  about  your  lot.  Many  a man  has 
not  even  a leasehold: 

Don’t  boast  of  your  virtues.  You  might  tempt 
the  devil  to  invoice  your  vices. 

Don’t  try  to  comb  your  hair  over  your  ears.  You 
can’t  blanket  a mule  with  a corn  tassel. 

Don’t  flatter  yourself  that  you  are  bound  for 
Heaven.  “ Heaven  is  not  reached  by  a single 
bound.” 

Don’t  marry  in  haste  and  “ repent  at  leisure.” 
It  may  require  more  leisure  than  you  have  at  your 
disposal. 

Don’t  grieve  over  what  “might  have  been.” 
You  might  have  been  a Councilman. 

Don’t  strive  for  the  unattainable.  Better  get  a 
job  in  the  brickyard. 

Don’t  “ rest  on  your  laurels.”  Try  something 
more  substantial ; a corn-husk  mattress,  for  instance. 

Don’t  talk  flippantly  about  the  Bridge  of  Sighs. 
Some  one  might  ask  you  about  the  size  of  the  bridge. 

Don’t  throw  stones  at  your  neighbor.  The  world 
might  very  naturally  inquire  if  you  are  without  sin. 


The  ability  to  procure  luxuries  often  whets  the  ap- 
petite for  them,  until  persons  who  are  brought  up  in 
the  most  extreme  simplicity  and  frugality  become 
perfect  Sybarites  in  their  devotion  to  pleasures. 
Amongst  all  classes  of  society  we  see  extravagance 
keeping  pace  with  prosperity,  and  indeed  outstrip- 
ping it;  realizing  Archbishop  Wh'ately’s  paradox 
that  “ the  larger  the  income  the  harder  it  is  to  live 
within  it.” 


36 


GENTILITY  WITHOUT  ABILITY  IS  WORSE  THAN  PLAIN  BEGGARY. 


MEMORIAL  HALL. 

CENTENNIAL  EXHIBITION. 

HE  Illustrated  Hand  - Book  for  1870 
would  be  incomplete  without  a pretty  full 
account  of  the  national  demonstration  that 
is  to  take  place  on  the  hundredth  anni- 
versary of  the  Declaration  of  Independence.  We, 
therefore,  give  the  following  sketch  and  accompany- 
ing illustrations : 

As  early  as  March  3,  1871,  a bill  was  passed  by 
the  United  States  Congress,  providing  for  the  ap- 
pointment of  a Centennial  Commission  of  one  mem- 
ber from  each  State  and  Territory,  whose  duty  it 
should  be  to  prepare,  and  superintend  the  execu- 
tion of,  a plan  for  holding  an  International  Ex- 
hibition of  Arts,  Manufactures,  and  Products  of  the 
Soil  and  Mine,  in  the  city  of  Philadelphia,  in  com- 
memoration of  the  hundredth  anniversary  of  our 
existence  as  a nation.  The  Commissioners  were  to 
be,  and  have  been,  nominated  by  the  Governors  of 
the  several  States  and  Territories,  and  their  ap- 
pointments confirmed  by  the  President  of  the 
United  States.  The  Commissioners  serve  without 
compensation,  and  the  Government  of  the  United 
States  is  not  liable  for  any  expenses  incurred.  The 
various  States  of  the  Union  have  voted  large  amounts 
—in  the  aggregate  over  $5,000,000— to  assist  in  pre- 
paring the  grounds  and  buildings  for  the  Exhibition. 

Having  at  their  disposal  the  magnificent  Fair- 
mount  Park,  with  its  3,000  acres  — 450  of  which 
were  set  apart  by  the  City  of  Philadelphia  for  the 
purposes  of  the  Exhi- 
bition— the  Commis- 
sioners are  enabled  to 
provide  for  a more 
comprehensive  and 
varied  exhibition  than 
has  ever  yet  been  col- 
lected. They  have 
classified  the  articles 
to  be  exhibited  in  sev- 
en departments,  which 
will  be  located  in  ap- 
appropriate  buildings, 
whose  several  areas  are 
as  follows : 

Main  Building,  com- 
prising  the  depart- 


ments of  Mining 
and  Metallurgy, 
M a n u factures, 
Education  and 
Science,  covers 

21.47  acres;  Art 
Gallery,  1.5 
acres ; Machine- 
ry Building,  14 
acres ; Agricul- 
tural Building, 
10  acres;  Horti- 
cultural Build- 
ing, 1.5  acres; 
making  a total  of 

48.47  acres. 
These  build- 
ings are  grouped 
within  con- 
venient dis- 
tances, in  the 
southe  rnmost 
portion  of  the 
“ West  Park  ” — 
the  section  of 
Fairmo’nt  Park, 
that  is,  which 
borders  the 

western  bank  of  the  Schuylkill  river. 

Most  imposing  and  ornate  of  the  structures  is  the 
Memorial  Hall,  built,  at  a cost  of  $1,500,000,  by  the 
State  of  Pennsylvania  and  city  of  Philadelphia. 
This  is  placed  at  the  disposal  of  the  Centennial 
Commission,  to  be  used  during  the  Exhibition  as 
the  Art  Gallery,  after  which  it  is  designed  to  make 
it  the  receptacle  of  an  industrial  and  art  collection 
similar  to  the  famous  South  Kensington  Museum 
at  London.  The  building — which  would  seem  large 
elsewhere,  but  is  dwarfed  here  by  the  mammoth  , 
structures  on  every  side— is  365  feet  in  length  by  ' 
210  in  width,  and  is  massively  constructed,  with 
granite,  iron,  brick  and  glass,  as  its  only  materials,  j 
The  Main  Building,  or  Industrial  Hall,  necessari- 
ly covers  more  ground  than  any  other.  It  is  1,876 
feet  long  and  464  wide,  and  is  supported  bv  672 
iron  columns,  resting  upon  stone  piers.  A better 
idea  of  the  size  of  this  building  than%is  given  by  a 
statement  of  length  and  breadth  or  acreage  of  floor- 
space  can,  perhaps,  be  derived  from  the  statements 
that  it  contains  2£  miles  of  water  pipe  and  as  many 
of  drains,  with  10  miles  of  principal  passage  ways; 
that,  against  its  completion,  3,928  tons  of  iron  will 
have  been  rolled  and  fitted ; 237,646  square  feet  of 
glass  made  and  set;  and  1,075,000  square  feet  of 
tin  roof-sheeting  welded  and  spread. 

The  Machinery  Hall,  which,  from  some  points  of 
view,  seems  a continuation  of  the  Main  Building,  is 
second  only  to  it  in  size,  being  1,402  by  360  feet, 
with  an  annex  on  the  south  side  for  a tank  and 


main  exhibition  building. 


A POOR  MAN  WANTS  SOME  THINGS,  A COVETOUS  MAN  ALL  THINGS.  37 


hydraulic  machine- 
ry of  208  by  210  feet 
— aggregating,  in  all, 

14  acres  of  floor- 
space.  This,  like 
the  Main  Building, 
is  traversed  length- 
wise by  railroad 
tracks  along  the 
main  aisles,  so  that 
all  cumbrous  articles 
may  be  lifted  at 
once,  without  hand- 
ling, from  the  car 
that  brings  them  to 
the  spot  which  they 
are  to  occupy.  Eight 
lines  of  shafting  will  transmit  the  power  from  an 
enormous  engine  of  1,400  horse-power. 

The  Horticultural  Building— 383  feet  by  193— is 
built  by  appropriations  by  the  city  of  Philadelphia, 
and,  like  the  Memorial  Hall,  will  remain  as  a per- 
manent ornament  of  the  Park.  It  is  designed  in 
the  Moorish  architecture  of  the  twelfth  century, 
and  is  very  richly  decorated  and  colored. 

The  Agricultural  Building  is  another  monster 
structure,  covering  10  acres.  Its  construction  is 
peculiar,  showing  a lofty  nave,  formed  of  Howe 
trusses,  meeting  in  a Gothic  arch,  and  this  crossed 
by  three  transcepts  of  similar  proportions.  Its  in- 
terior appearance  will  resemble  that  of  a great 
cathedral,  and  the  vistas  seen  in  looking  from  tran- 
scept  to  transcept  will  be  extremely  imposing.  A 
portion  of  this  building  will  be  supplied  with  steam 
power  for  the  use  of  agricultural  machinery. 

Having  thus  noted  the  five  principal  buildings  of 
the  Exhibition  proper,  it  will  be  convenient  to  re- 
turn to  the  main  entrance  to  the  grounds,  and  take 
up  in  order  such  of  the  minor  buildings  as  can  now 
be  definitely  described.  This  main  entrance  is  in 
the  interval  between  the  Main  and  Machinery 
Buildings,  and  is  approached  by  a covered  bridge, 
crossing  Elm  avenue  from  the  terminus  of  the  Penn- 
sylvania Railroad,  where  visitors  from  every  part  of 
the  Union  will  be  landed,  only  a street’s  breadth 
from  the  Exhibition.  On  either  side  of  the  en- 
trance are  buildings  containing  some  twenty-five 


MACHINERY  HALL. 

rooms  each,  which  are  devoted  to  the ' use  of  the 
executive  officers,  those  of  the  custom  house,  post 
office,  police,  telegraph  operators,  etc. ; and  these 
buildings  are  to  be  connected  by  a spacious  veran- 
dah, so  that,  in  passing  between  the  neighboring 
buildings  and  the  depot,  one  need  not  at  any  time 
go  from  under  cover. 

Next  in  the  rear  of  this  will  be  the  building,  an 
acre  in  size,  which  is  to  accommodate  the  Women’s 
Exhibition,  the  funds  for  the  erection  of  which  are 
being  rapidly  contributed  by  the  women  of  the 
country — more  than  half  of  the  requisite  $30,000 
having  been  subscribed  within  a fortnight  of  the 
announcement  that  the  building  was  determined 
upon.  AVest  of  this,  and  on  the  lower  slqpe  of 
George’s  Hill,  will  be  another  structure,  rivaling 
some  of  the  Exhibition  buildings  in  size  and  in- 
terest. This  is  to  contain  the  collection,  provided 
for  by  an  executive  order  of  the  President,  of  “ such 
articles  and  materials  as  will,  when  presented  in  a 
collective  Exhibition,  illustrate  the  functions  and 
administrative  faculties  of  the  Government  in  time 
of  peace,  and  its  resources  as  a war  power,  and 
thereby  serve  to  demonstrate  the  nature  of  our  in- 
stitutions and  their  adaptation  to  the  wants  of  the 
people.”  The  last  Congress  provided  for  the  ex- 
penses of  this  Exhibition  by  an  appropriation  of 
$505,000,  and  its  preparation  has  been  entrusted  to 
officers  .representing  the  AA'ar,  Treasury,  Navy, 
Interior,  Post  Office,  and  Agricultural  Departments, 

and  Smith- 
sonian Insti- 
tute. 

Among  the 
many  decora- 
t i v e objects 
which  will 
beautify  the 
Park  are  par- 
terres of  flow- 
ers, orna- 
mental 
bridges,  the 
lakes,  cas- 
cades, fount- 
ains and  stat- 
uary.  To- 
ward the  lat- 
t e r , several 
national  and 
other  associa- 
tions make 
superb  con- 
t r i b u t i ons. 
The  Catholic 
Total  Absti- 
nence Associ- 
ation g i v e a 
fountain,  rep- 


HORTICULTURAL  BUILDING. 


38  A TOO  QUICK  RETURN  OF  AN  OBLIGATION  IS  A SORT  OF  INGRATITUDE. 


AGRICULTURAL  BUILDING. 


resenting  Moses  smiting  the  rock  ; the  Jews,  a statue 
of  Religious  Freedom ; the  Presbyterians,  one  of 
Dr.  Witherspoon,  the  only  clergyman  who  signed 
Jthc  Declaration  of  Independence ; the  Italians,  one 
of  Christopher  Columbus  ; the  Germans,  Alexander 
Von  Humboldt;  and  the  architect  of  the  new  Phil- 
adelphia Public  Building,  the  colossal  figure  of 
William  Penn,  which  is  ultimately  to  crown  its 
dome. 

Extensive  as  the  buildings  are,  it  yet  seems  as 
if  they  would  be  crowded  to  their  utmost  capacity. 
The  Exhibition  will  result  in  great  benefit  to  the 
whole  country.  It  will  conquer  prejudices;  it  will 
diffuse  useful  information  ; it  will  stimulate  invent- 
ion and  enterprise ; it  will  enlarge  the  ideas  and 
improve  the  manners  of  the  people  ; and  the  “ fine, 
sweet  spirit  of  our  American  nationality,”  it  will 
make  finer  and  sweeter  and  more  lovely,  both  in 
our  own  eyes  and  in  the  eyes  of  the  world. 


same  time; 
therefore,  the 
top  of  the  mon- 
ument moves 
faster  than  the 
base,  and  conse- 
quently has  a 
greater  tenden- 
cy to  throw  a 
a body  forward 
than  has  the 
base.  Now,  as 
we  find  the  peb- 
ble always  fall- 
ing east  of  the 
point  fro  m 
which  it  fell,  we 
can  account  for 
it  only  by  sup- 
posing that  the 
earth  turns  on 
its  axis  from  the 
which  it  certainly  does.  Again, 
from  a high  latitude  to  the 
that  it  is  too  slow;  but  if 


WONDERS  OF  OUR  OLOBE. 

jHAT  such  a huge  body  as  our  globe  should 
completely  turn  around  on  its  axis  every 
twenty-four  hours,  causing  our  heads  to 
point  in  the  direction  of  our  feet,  turning 
all  the  wells  and  rivers  and  seas  and  oceans  bottom 
side  up,  and  placing  the  foundations  of  all  the 
buildings  where  their  roofs  ought  to  be — that  all 
this  should  take  place  every  few  hours  was  once 
deemed  so  absurd  that  those  teaching  it  were  re- 
garded as  beside  themselves,  and  as  guilty  of  sub- 
verting the  divine  oracles  of  God.  Galileo,  the 
astronomer,  was  most  cruelly  persecuted  by  the 
Pope  of  Rome  for  doing  this,  and  was  compelled, 
upon  the  pain  of  death,  to  deny  his  own  teachings. 
But  all  this  is  now  clearly  proven.  And  yet  many 
are  wholly  unacquainted  with  the  proofs.  We 
notice  but  briefly  the  more  common  proofs  of  the 
apparent  revolutions  of  the  sun,  moon  and  stars, 
around  the  earth,  simply  remarking  that  it  is  pre- 
posterous to  suppose  that  these  millions  of  .im- 
mense bodies,  at  such  immense  and  various  dis- 
tances, should  all  have  their  periods  of  revolution 
so  exactly  timed  as  to  simultaneously  revolve  around 
our  comparatively  insignificant  globe. 

If  we  ascend  to  the  top  of  a lofty  place,  as  that  of 
Bunker  Hill,  and  drop  from  its  summit  a pebble,  it 
will  not  fall  to  a point  exactly  beneath  our  hand, 
but  a little  to  the  east  of  it.  How  is  this  explained? 
Only  by  the  revolution  of  the  earth  on  its  axis. 
The  top  of  the  monument  being  farther  from  the 
center  of  the  earth  than  the  base,  it  describes  a 
larger  circle  than  the  base,  but  it  describes  it  in  the 


west  to  the  east 
if  we  take  a clock 
equator,  we  shall  find 
returned  to  the  high  latitude,  it  will  again  keep  good 
time.  This  can  be  explained  only  by  attributing  it 
to  the  same  cause  of  increased  rapidity  of  motion. 
The  clock  at  the  equator  is  farther  from  the  earth’s 
axis  than  when  nearer  the  pole,  and  there  describes 
a much  larger  circle  than  it  did  in  its  northern 
home.  But  it  describes  it  in  the  same  time , and  hence 
must  travel  faster  than  before.  Now,  this  more 
rapid  motion  will  tend  to  throw  it  from  the  surface 
with  more  force  ; and  hence  the  attractive  power  of 
the  earth  is  somewhat  overcome,  and  the  weight  of 
the  pendulum  is  decreased , and  thus  moves  slower — 
a clock  from  London  losing  one  hundred  and  thirty- 
five  vibrations  in  twenty-four  hours.  So  we  find  all 
bodies  weigh  less  at  the  equator  than  in  the  higher 
latitudes,  always  losing  one  pound  for  every  two 
hundred  and  ninety  pounds — and  this  because,  at 
the  equator,  they  describe  a circle  of  twenty-five 
thousand  miles  circumference  in  twenty-four  hours, 
while  in  higher  latitudes  the  circles  vary  according 
to  their  distance  from  the  equator,  and  at  the  poles 
describe  none  at  all,  being  perfectly  stationary. 
Did  our  globe  revolve  on  its  axis  in  eighty-four 
minutes,  bodies  at  the  equator  would  have  no 
weight,  and  if  it  revolved  in  less  time,  then  they 
would  be  hurled  out  into  space,  just  as  water  is 
thrown  from  the  tire  of  a carriage  wheel  when  re- 
volving rapidly. 

How  happens  it  that  we  have  such  an  exact 
adjustment  of  these  opposing  forces  that  bodies  are 
retained  upon  the  earth’s  surface,  and  safety  guar- 
anteed to  us  all.  Is  this  the  result  of  chance  ? 
And  so  that  most  remarkable  fact  that  the  at- 
tractive power  of  the  earth  is  so  exactly  adapted 
to  animal’s  strength.  Thus  the  earth’s  attraction 
of  the  elephant  is  far  greater  than  its  attraction 
of  a rabbit,  and  its  strength  is  proportionately  in- 
creased. We  commonly  say  the  strength  of  the 
animal  is  greater  because  his  weight  is  greater. 
But  weight  is  wholly  the  result  of  the  earth’s 
attraction.  Now,  it  happens  that  this  attractive 
power  of  the  earth  is  invariably  in  proportion 
to  an  animal’s  strength?  Suppose  a rabbit,  or 
even  a man,  be  attracted  with  the  same  force  as 
an  elephant.  Then  the  rabbit  and  man  would 
be  chained  down  in  utter  helplessness  to  the  sur- 
face of  the  earth,  wholly  unable  to  move  even  a 
finger  or  limb.  But  we  find  a universal  law  oper- 
ating, namely,  that  all  bodies  are  attracted  in  pro- 
portion to  their  quantities  of  matter,  and  so  are  able 
to  carry  their  bodies  without  inconvenience. 


'I 


MASSACRE  OF  ST.  BARTHOLOMEW. 

ilHE  Romish  Church  celebrate  the  anni- 
versary of  St.  Bartholomew,  one  of  the 
twelve  apostles,  on  the  24th  of  August. 
It  was  on  this  day,  in  the  year  1572,  that 
the  Huguenot  Protestants  of  France,  by  order  of  the 
Catholic  king,  Charles  IX.,  were  massacred  indis- 
criminately and  without  opportunity  of  defense. 


It  is  estimated  that  from  20,000  to  100,000  persons 
were  put  to  death,  in  their  own  houses  and  in  the 
streets  of  the  principal  cities  of  that  unhappy 
country.  The  instigating  cause  of  the  slaughter, 
the  fairest  historians  say,  was  a combination  of 
religious  hostility  and  political  jealousy  on  the  part 
of  the  Catholic  king  and  his  mother,  Catharine  de 
Medici,  against  the  next  heir  to  the  throne,  Henry 
of  Navarre,  a Protestant. 


40 


ENJOY  YOU  It  LITTLE  WHILE  THE  FOOL  SEEKS  FOR 


MORE. 


WIT  AND  WISDOM. 


FLASHES  OF  FUN. 

Anything  Midas  touched  turned  to  gold.  In 
these  days,  touch  a man  with  gold  and  he’ll  turn 
into  anything. 

Alluding  to  chignons,  Mrs.  Clever  said:  “A  girl 
seems  ah  head.”  “ Yes,  till  you  talk  to  her,”  re- 
plied Mr.  Clever.  ’ 

Idiot ! exclaimed  a lady  coining  out  of  the 
theater  one  evening,  as  a gentleman  accidentally 
stepped  on  her  trailing  skirt.  “Which  of  us?’’ 
blandly  asked  the  man. 

“ Which  is  the  worst,  my  son,  to  hurt  your  own 
linger  or  another’s  feelings  ? ” “ AVliy,  the  feelin’s 

oi  course.  “Ami  why,  my  son?”  “’Cause  you 
I can  t wrap  a rag  ’round  ’em.  ’ 

I “ My  dear,”  said  a rural  wife  to  her  husband  on 
his  return  to  London,  “ what  was  the  sweetest  thin" 
you  saw  in  bonnets  in  the  town?”  “The  ladies’ 
laces,  my  love.” 

Nevada  man,  who  had  seven  homely  dau^h- 
imt  a newspaper  to  insert  a hint  that  he  had 


A 


ter: 


Folly  and  pride  walk  side  by  side. 

We  all  do  more  harm  than  we  intend,  and  less 
good. 

Nothing  is  really  troublesome  that  we  do  wil- 
lingly. 

I riendship,  like  iron,  is  fragile  if  hammered  too 
tlun. 

AVhere  hard  work  kills  ten,  idleness  kills  a hun- 
dred men. 

By  preparing  for  the  worst,  you  may  often  com- 
pass the  best. 

Death  is  the  only  master  who  takes  his  servant 
without  a character. 

The  truth  is  said  to  be  always  beautiful,  but  some 
people  are  afraid  of  it. 

No  man  has  a right  to  do  as  he  please,  except 
when  he  pleases  to  do  right. 

It  is  easy  to  look  down  on  others ; to  look  down  , 
on  Ourselves  is  difficult. 

When  pride  and  poverty  marry  together,  their  ! seven  kegs  filled  with  gold  in  his  cellar  ' and* every 
children  are  want  and  crime.  I girl  was  married  in  five  months.  ’ J 

The  pursuit  of  knowledge  ought  to  nullify  ego- 1 A lunatic  in  Bedlam  was  asked  how  lie  came 
tism  instead  of  increasing  it.  there.  Ho  answered,  “By  a dispute.”  “What 

It  is  a glorious  thing  to  resist  temptations,  but  it  di?l)Ute  ? ” The  Bedlamite  replied  : “The  world 

is  a safe  thing  to  avoid  them.  said  I was  mad  ; I said  the  world  was  mad,  and 

It  is  conferring  a kindness  to  deny  at  once  a favor  ! th®y  ouUvitted  me-” 
which  you  intend  to  refuse.  [ kmythe  was  telling  some  friends  about  a wonder- 

A man  who  can  be  flattered  is  not  necessarily  a I <1  l>a^ot.  “ AVhy”  said  he,  “that  parrot  cries 
fool,  but  you  can  always  make  one  of  him  ‘ , Tt0iP  thlef  \ 80  naturally  that  every  time  I hear  it 

Only  God  could  create  day  and  night  j but  the  dauSabou^ ’^°W’  8 Wh*  "*  >'0U  aU 

commonest  idler  can  turn  day  into  night  and  night  A old  lady>  on  hearing  of  tW execntion  of  ama„ 

tt _ .I  i . . ^ ho  had  once  lived  in  the  neighborhood  PYdaSmpi)  • 

to  morrow  8°PS  r near-nn  to:da,y  may  faI1  into  “ Well,  I know’ll  he'd  come  to  the  Allows  ll' 

thTbrinkof  innocence  " dway*  ™tore  to  j for  the  knot  in  his  handkerchief  was  always  slip! 

: urmK  01  ninocenoe.  ping  round  under  his  left  ear.”  1 

this  fife"  that  no  man  ^"^“w^^heln  1 « of  a fiddle  can  not  be  beaten : 

another  without  helping  himsel  f J 1 , “ [t  was  the  shape  of  a turkey,  and  the  size  of  a 

rru  ! goose,  only  it  had  but  one  leg.  He  turned  it  nvor 

There  are  situations  that  are  unwholesome  to  the  on  its  belly  and  rubbed  its  back  with  a stick  and 
most  robust  constitutions,  and  there  are  professions  och,  by  St.  Patrick,  how  it  did  saueul  * ” ’ 

ana  pursuits  that  are  dangerous  even  to  honest  * “ , , H 

t0  nonest  A couple  of  Yankee  neighbors  became  so  inimical 
that  they  would  not  speak  to  each  other ; but  one 


A profusion  of  civility  is  almost  as  objectionable  “ Mamma,  where 


as  a scant  measure  of  it.  The  one  belongs  to  the  ! asked*  AVillie,  looking  up^fronTthe  foamffi^ pan  ?of 
“LrS  °f  a dancino'inaster,  the  other  to  those  of  milk,  which  he-  had  been intently Tiffing 


a clown. 

Jf  we  scrutinize  the  lives  of  men  of  genius,  we 
shall  find  that  activity  and  persistence  are  their 
leading  peculiarities ; obstacles  can  not  intimidate 
nor  labor  weary,  nor  drudgery  disgust  them. 

Think.— Thought  engenders  thought.  Place  one 
idea  upon  paper,  another  will  follow  it,  and  still 
another,  until  you  have  written  a page.  You  can 
not  fathom  your  mind.  There  is  a well  of  thought 
there  which  has  no  bottom.  The  more  you  draw 
trom  it,  the  more  clear  and  fruitful  it  will  be.  If 
you  neglect  to  think  for  yourself,  and  use  other  peo- 
ple s thoughts,  giving  them  utterance  onlv,  you  will 
never  know  what  you  are  capable  of.  At  first  your 
ideas  may  come  out  in  lumps,  homely  and  shape- 
less : but  no  matter,  time  and  perseverance  will 


AA  here  do  you  get  your  tears  ? ” was  "the  answer. 
After  a thoughtful  silence  he  again  broke  out : “ Do 
the  cows  have  to  be  spanked  ? ” 

It  is  seldom  easy  to  see  the  hidden  benefaction  in 
that  which  is  an  apparent  affliction.  A boy  who 
was  “ confounding”  the  mosquito  was  told  by  his 
pastor  that  “ doubtless  the  insects  are  made  with  a 
good  end  in  view,”  when  the  young  scamp  replied : 
“ I can’t  see  it,  whether  it  is  in  view  or  not.  At  anv 
rate,  I don’t  like  the  end  I feel.” 

A young  lady  in  Chicago  put  a piece  of  wedding 
cake  under  her  pillow,  and  went  to  bed  with  the 
belief  that  she  would  dream  of  seeing  her  future 
husband.  That  evening,  however,  she  had  eaten 
two  plates  of  lobster  salad,  about  a pint  of  straw- 
berries, several  sweet  cakes,  and  two  large  pickles 

nvwl  clio  nnn-  unirij  dm  ±1 • • ’ 


HAVE.  BUT  FEW  FRIENDS,  THOUGH  MUCH  ACQUAINTANCE. 


41 


Social  and  Domestic. 


WHEN  TO  MARRY. 


HE  British  Government,  some  time  ago, 
issued  a series  of  rather  novel  instructions 
to  its  representatives  on  the  Continent  of 
Europe.  Although  unusual  in  character, 
it  was  exceedingly  simple,  being  nothing  more  than 
an  order  to  collect  information  as  to  the  earliest  age 
at  which  marriages  can  be  celebrated  according  to 
law  in  the  various  States.  The  work  was  done,  and 
the  several  reports  have  just  been  published  in  the 
form  of  a parliamentary  paper.  It  would  seem  that 
the  laws  upon  this  subject  are  not  all  laws  which 
have  grown  up  from  a common  origin  in  remote 
times,  but  rather  that  they  have  been  made  inde- 
pendently in  the  several  nations,  and  have  been 
modeled,  or  at  any  rate  often  influenced,  by  ecclesi- 
astical rulers.  In  making  this  remark  we  do  not 
lose  sight  of  what  may  be  said  about  the  customs  in 
Roman,  Byzantine  and  Greek  days,  but  judge  mere- 
ly from  facts  as  they  are  now. 

In  Hungary,  males  may  marry  at  fourteen,  and 
females  at  twelve,  provided  they  belong  to  either 
the  Greek  or  Roman  Church  ; but  if  they  have 
been  brought  up  in  the  heresies  of  Protestantism, 
they  must  wait  till  they  are  respectively  eighteen 
and  fifteen. 

In  Austria,  persons  are  minors  until  they  attain 
the  age  of  twenty -four,  and  they  must  not  marry  be- 
fore that  time  without  the  formal  consent  of  both 
their  parents.  There  is  no  restriction  on  the  ground 
of  religion,  however,  although  children  of  both 
sexes  under  fourteen  are  forbidden  to  contract  mar- 
riage. 

In  Denmark,  a man  may  not  marry  under  twenty, 
nor  a girl  under  sixteen  ; but  in  the  other  parts  of 
Scandinavia  a man  must  be  twenty-one. 

In  Belgium  and  France,  eighteen  and  fifteen  are 
the  respective  limits. 

In  Bavaria  there  are  no  less  than  four  laws  in 
operation,  each  having  reference  to  a particular  dis- 
trict. The  ages  fixed  by  these  range  from  twelve  to 
fifteen  for  girls,  and  fourteen  to  eighteen  for  boys — 
for  so  in  truth  we  must  call  them. 

About  two  or  three  and  twenty  years  ago  a law 
was  passed  in  Hesse-Darmstadt  prohibiting  males 
from  marrying  before  they  had  attained  the  age  of 
twenty-five,  but  this  has  since  been  amended,  and 
twenty-one  is  now  the  limit,  to  the  satisfaction  of 
all,  of  course,  who  at  that  time  were  connubially 
inclined. 

In  Switzerland  there  is  no  uniformity  at  all,  each 
canton  apparently  having  gone  its  own  way  in  this 
business.  The  ages  appointed  there  range  from 
twelve  to  seventeen  for  girls,  and  fourteen  to  twenty 
for  the  other  sex — the  lower  ages  being  always 
found  to  obtain  in  those  districts  where  the  old 
canon  laws,  are  still  respected.  In  two  cantons, 
people  may  marry  at  any  age  “ after  their  first  com- 
munion.” 

In  Greece,  the  ages  are  eighteen  and  fifteen ; so 
they  are  in  Roumania,  but  in  Russia  they  are  eight- 
een and  sixteen. 

In  Turkey  there  are  no  laws  upon  the  subiect  at 
all ; but  it  is  worthy  of  note,  remembering  the  social 
affinities  of  the  Lapps,  that  in  Lapland  boys  may 
marry  at  seventeen  and  girls  at  fourteen,  provided 
they  have  “ attained  the  requisite  knowledge  of  the 
Christian  religion.” 

It  does  not  appear  that  climate  has  had  anything 


to  do  with  the  framing  of  marriage  laws.  But  the 
Church  has.  It  was  the  object  of  the  early  Church 
to  promote  early  marriages,  partly,  no  doubt,  on  the 
ground  of  morality,  but  partly,  also,  for  other  rea- 
sons, which  we  need  not  attempt  to  enumerate. 
This  influence  still  prevails  in  certain  localities. 
Since  the  growth  of  the  civil  authority,  there  has 
been  an  evident  tendency  to  extend  the  restricted 
period  when  marriage  can  not  be  legally  solemnized, 
and  this  is  due  partly  and  in  some  places  to  sanitarj^ 
considerations,  and  in  others  to  the  supposed  re- 
quirements of  the  military  service.  We  do  not  find 
that  any  attention  has  been  paid  to  this  in  the  par- 
liamentary paper  we  have  referred  to,  but  it  is  a 
matter  of  history  in  some  countries,  and  it  has  prob- 
ably exercised  more  influence  than  has  been  attrib- 
uted to  it. 

We  imagine  that  these  returns  are  only  prelimi- 
nary to  others  of  a much  more  complex  nature 
which  are  to  follow.  They  bear,  of  course,  directly 
upon  the  long-vexed  question  of  the  advantages  or 
otherwise  of  early  marriages.  These,  again,  are 
mainly  of  a two-fold  character — the  healthiness  of 
the  offspring  and  the  frequency  of  divorces.  But 
they  are  highly  important.  Statistics  regarding  the 
consequences  of  intermarriage  between  blood  rela- 
tions are  copious  enough,  but  we  know  nothing 
certainly  of  the  effects  of  age.  It  is  a question  wor- 
thy of  consideration  whether  there  is  not  in  this 
country  a large  fund  of  information  upon  the  sub- 
ject, which,  with  very  little  trouble,  could  be  made 
available.  We  believe  there  is,  and  if  the  conjec- 
ture be  correct,  there  seems  to  be  no  reason  why 
that  information  should  not  be  collected. 


HAPPY  HUSBANDS. 


Some  one  has  well  and  truthfully  said  that  it  is  a 
man’s  own  fault  if  he  is  unhappy  with  his  wife,  in 
nine  cases  out  of  ten.  It  is  a very  exceptional 
woman  who  will  not  be  all  she  can  to  an  attentive 
husband,  and  a more  exceptional  one  who  will  not 
be  very  disagreeable  if  she  finds  herself  willfully 
neglected.  It  would  be  very  easy  to  hate  a man 
who,  having  bound  a woman  to  him,  made  no  effort 
to  make  her  happy  ; hard  not  to  love  one  who  was 
constant  and  tender ; and  when  a woman  loves,  she 
always  strives  to  please. 

The  great  men  of  this  world  have  often  been 
wretched  in  their  domestic  relations,  while  mean 
and  common  men  have  been  exceedingly  happy. 
The  reason  is  very  plain.  Absorbed  in  themselves, 
those  desiring  the  world’s  applause  were  careless  of 
the  little  world  at  home  ; while  those  who  had  none 
of  this  egotism  strove  to  keep  the  hearts  that  were 
their  own,  and  were  happy  in  their  tenderness  and 
love. 

No  woman  will  love  a man  the  better  for  being 
renowned  or  prominent.  Though  he  be  first  among 
men  she  will  only  be  prouder,  not  fonder ; and  if 
she  loses  him  through  this  renown,  as  is  often  the 
case,  she  will  not  even  be  proud.  But  give  her 
love,  appreciation,  kindness,  and  there  is  no  sacri- 
fice she  would  not  make  for  his  comfort.  The  man 
who  loves  her  well  is  her  hero  and  her  king..  No 
less  a hero  to  her,  though  he  is  not  one  to  any 
other ; no  less  a king,  though  his  only  kingdom  is 
her  heart  and  home.  Domestication  is  one  of  the 
constituents  of  true  love. 


42 


HAVE  A CARE  OF  A SILENT  DOG  AND  A STILL  WATER. 


MOTHERS  HEED  CULTURE. 


ERHAPS  some  day  the  community  may 
come  to  perceive  that  woman  requires 
for  her  vocation  wluit  the  teacher,  the 
preacher,  the  lawyer,  the  physician  re- 
quire for  theirs  — namely,  special  preparation  and 
general  culture.  The  first,  because  every  vocation 
demands  special  preparation ; and  the  second,  be- 
cause, to  satisfy  the  requirements  of  young  minds, 
she  will  need  to  draw  from  almost  every  kind  of 
knowledge.  And  we  must  remember  here,  that 
the  advantages  derived  from  culture  are  not  wholly 
an  intellectual  gain.  We  get  from  books  and  other 
sources  of  culture,  not  merely  what  informs  the 
mind,  but  that  which  warms  the  heart,  quickens 
the  sympathies,  strengthens  the  understanding ; 
get  clearness  and  breadth  of  vision,  get  refining  and 
ennobling  influences,  get  wisdom  in  its  truest  and 
most  comprehensive  sense  ;•  and  all  of  these,  the 
last  more  than  all,  a mother  needs  for  her  high  call- 
ing. That  it  is  a high  calling,  we  have  high 
authority  to  show.  I)r.  Channing  says,  “ No  office 
can  compare  in  importance  with  that  of  training 
the  child.”  Yet  the  office  is  assumed  without 
preparation. 

Well  may  Herbert  Spencer  ask,  “ What  is  to  be 
expected  when  one  of  the  most  intricate  of  prob- 
lems is  undertaken  by  those  who  have  given 
scarcely  a thought  as  to  the  principles  on  which  its 
solution  depends  ? Is  the  unfolding  of  a human  be- 
ing so  simple  a process  that  any  one  may  superin- 
tend and  regulate  it  with  no  preparation  whatever  ? 
Is  it  not  madness  to  make  no  provision  for  such  a 
task? 

Horace  Mann  speaks  out  plainly,  and  straight  to 
the  point:  “If  she  is  to  prepare  a refection  of 

cake,  she  fails  not  to  examine  some  cookery  book, 
or  some  manuscript  recipe,  lest  she  should  convert 
her  rich  ingredients  into  unpalatable  compounds ; 
but  without  ever  having  read  one  book  upon  the 
subject  of  education,  without  ever  having  sought 
one  conversation  with  an  intelligent  person  upon  it, 
she  undertakes  so  to  mingle  the  earthly  and  celestial 
elements  of  instruction  for  that  child’s  soul  that  he 
shall  be  fitted  to  discharge  all  duties  below,  and  to 
enjoy  all  blessings  above.”  And  again:  “Influ- 

ences, imperceptible  in  childhood,  work  out  more 
and  more  broadly  into  beauty  or  deformity  in  after 
life.  No  unskillful  hand  should  play  upon  a harp 
where  the  tones  are  left  forever  in  the  strings.” 

Home  education  is,  after  all,  the  great  fact ; and 
it  is  domestic  influence  by  which  the  character  of 
children  are  formed.  Where  men  are  exhausted  by 
business,  and  women  are  exhausted  by  society  (or 
other  means),  we  may  be  pretty  sure  that  but  little 
can  be  done  to  shape  and  conduct  the  home  with  a 
reference  to  the  higher  mental  needs  of  the  children 
who  live  in  it. 

Now,  who,  more  than  any  one,  “ shapes  and  con- 
ducts the  home  ?’ ’ Who  creates  these  ‘ ‘ domestic  in- 
fluences,” this  “ medium  in  which  the  child  is 
habitually  immersed  ?”  Woman.  In  the  name  of 
common  sense,  then,  throw  open  to  woman  every 
avenue  of  knowledge.  Surround  her  with  all  that 
will  elevate  and  refine.  Give  her  the  highest, 
broadest,  truest  culture.  Give  her  chances  to  draw 
inspiration  from  the  beautiful  in  nature  and  in  art ; 
and,  above  all,  insure  her  some  respite  from  labor, 
some  tranquility.  Unless  these  conditions  be  ob- 
served, “ but  little  can  be  done  to  shape  and  con- 
duct the  home  with  reference  to  the  higher  mental 
needs  of  the  children  who  live  in  it.” 

“ Grace  Greenwood  ” said  that  a friend  of  hers,  a 
teacher  “ out  West,”  had  in  her  school  four  or  five 
children  from  one  family.  The  parents  were  poor, 


ignorant,  and  of  the  kind  commonly  called  low, 
coarse  set  of  people.  The  children,  with  one  ex- 
ception, were  stupid,  rough-mannered  and  depraved. 
The  one  exception,  a little  girl,  showed  such  refine- 
ment, appreciation,  and  quickness  of  apprehension, 
that  the  teacher  at  last  asked  the  mother  if  she 
could  account  for  the  difference  between  this  child 
and  its  brothers  and  sisters.  The  mother  could  not. 
The  children  had  been  brought  up  together  there 
in  that  lonely  place,  had  been  treated  alike,  and 
never  been  separated.  She  knew  the  little  girl  was 
very  different  from  her  brothers  and  sisters,  but 
knew  not  the  reason  why.  The  teacher  then  asked : 
“ Was  there  any  thing  in  your  mode  of  life  for  the 
months  preceding  her  birth  that  there,  was  not  in 
the  corresponding  time  before  the  births  of  the 
others?”  The  mother  at  first  answered  decidedly 
that  there  was  nothing,  but  after  thinking  a few 
moments  said,  “ Well,  there  was  one,  a very  small 
thing,  but  that  couldn’t  have  had  any  thing  to  do 
with  the  matter : One  day  a peddler  came  along, 

and  among  his  books  was  a pretty,  red-covered 
poetry  book,  and  I wanted  it  bad.  But  my  husband 
said  he  couldn’t  afford  it,  and  the  peddler  went  off. 
I couldn’t  get  that  book  out  of  my  mind,  and  in  the 
night  I took  some  of  my  own  money,  and  traveled 
on  foot  to  the  next  town,  found  the  peddler,  bought 
the  book,  and  got  back  before  morning,  and  was 
never  missed  from  the  house.  That  book  was  the 
greatest  comfort  to  me  that  ever  was.  I read  it 
over  and  over,  up  to  the  day  my  child  was  born.” 
Friends,  to  say  nothing  of  higher  motives,  would 
it  not  be  good  policy  to  educate  wisely  every  girl  in 
the  country?  Are  not  mothers,  as  child-raisers,  in 
absolute  need  of  true  culture?  In  cases  where 
families  depend  on  the  labor  of  their  girls,  it  would 
seem  that  such  a thing  was  impossible;  but  it 
would  be  cheaper,  even  in  a pecuniary  sense,  to 
give  your  children  the  means  of  asserting  their 
own  independence,  in  the  form  of  an  education. 


THE  CTRL  WHO  WIHS. 


The  time  has  passed  when  woman  must  be  pale 
and  delicate  to  be  called  interesting— when  she 
must  be  totally  ignorant  of  all  practical  knowledge 
to  be  called  refined  and  high  bred— when  she  must 
know  nothing  of  the  current  political  news  of  the 
dav,  or  be  called  masculine  or  strong-minded.  It  is 
not  a sign  of  high  birth  or  refinement  to 'be  sickly 
and  ignorant.  Those  who  affect  anything  of  the 
kind  are  behind  the  times,  and  must  shake  up  and 
air  themselves  mentally  and  physically,  or  drop 
under  the  firm  strides  ^ of  common  ideas,  and  be 
crushed  into  utter  insignificance. 

In  these  days,  an  active,  rosy-faced  girl,  with 
brain  quick  and  clear,  warm,  light  heart,  a temper 
quickly  heated  at  intended  insults  or  injury,  and 
just  as  quick  to  forgive  ; whose  feet  can  run  as  fast 
as  her  tongue  and  not  put  her  out  of  breath  ; who 
is  not  afraid  of  freckles,  or  to  breathe  the  pure  air 
of  heaven,  unrestrained  by  the  drawn  curtains  of  a 
close  carriage;  and  above  all,  who  can  speak  her 
mind  and  give  her  opinion  on  important  topics 
which  interest  intelligent  people,  is  the  true  girl 
who  will  make  a good  woman.  This  is  the  girl  who 
wins  in  these  days.  Even  fops  and  dandies,  who 
strongly  oppose  woman’s  rights,  like  a woman  who 
can  talk  well,  even  if  she  is  not  handsome.  They 
weary  of  the  most  beautiful  creature  if  she  is  a fool 
They  sav,  “Aw,  ya-as,  she  is  a beauty,  and  no  mis- 
take ; but  she  won’t  do  for  me— lacks  brains,”  for 
which  commodity  it  would  seem  she  could  have 
little  use  in  her  association  with  him.  However,  to 
please  even  an  empty-headed  fop,  a woman  must 
know  something. 


\ 


LAZINESS  TRAVELS  SO  SLOWLY  THAT  POVERTY  SOON  OVERTAKES  IT.  43 


HAVING  COMPANY 

lq^®LMOST  the  first  thought  that  occurs  to 
Iff*!  one  in  connection  with  having  company 

‘cllPSf  is>  “What  shall  we  have  to  eat?”  as 

1 ‘NSslM5  though  the  chief  part  of  the  entertain- 
ment were  the  gratification  of  the  palate.  When 
the  momentous  question  of  the  bill  of  fare  is  set- 
tled, next  in  order  is  that  of  getting  the  house  in 
readiness ; after  this  the  dress  to  be  worn  on  the 
festive  occasion  is  the  subject  of  consideration ; 
last,  perhaps  not  thought  of  at  all,  is  the  intellectual 
treat  to  be  enjoyed.  Now,  there  is  not  a word  to  be 
said  against  good  eating  or  charming  apartments  or 
tasteful  dress,  for  they  are  every  one  of  them  to  be 
desired,  and,  if  possible,  to  be  enjoyed  ; yet  is  “ the 
life  more  than  meat,  and  the  body  than  raiment,” 
These  are  simply  the  framework  on  which  the  rest 
are  built  up,  and,  however  desirable  they  may  be, 
they  are  of  minor  importance.  If  one  has  a grand 
house,  and  plenty  of  money  to  buy  all  the  luxuries 
of  the  table,  it  is  very  well  for  him  to  feast  his 
friends ; but  there  are  hundreds  and  thousands  of 
people  that  do  not  live  in  palaces,  nor  wear  purple 
and  fine  linen,  nor  fare  sumptuously  every  day,  who 
yet  enjoy  to  the  full  having  their  friends  about 
them,  anti  delight  in  administering  hospitality.  For 
this  class  is  this  little  essay  designed,  and  hope  they 
may  act  on  its  meritorious  points. 

There  are  some  things  that  are  not  essential  to 
the  exercise  of  a generous  and  genuine  hospitality. 
Among  these  non-essentials  are  spacious  rooms, 
elegant  carpets,  fine  china,  solid  silver,  costly  viands. 
Neither  is  a crowd  necessary  for  social  happiness. 
Congeniality  between  the  two,  three,  four  or  more 
that  compose  a little  party,  counts  vastly  more  than 
numbers.  One  “ outsider,”  like  a single  bad  egg  in 
a cake,  will  be  enough  to  spoil  the  flavor  of  the 
whole. 

Having  selected  the  persons  of  which  the  com- 
pany is  to  be  composed,  the  next  thing  to  look  after 
is  the  physical  aliment  and  comfort  of  the  guests. 
A clean,  well  ventilated,  pleasantly  warmed  and 
lighted  apartment,  with  plainest  furniture,  is  enough 
for  happiness,  other  things  being  equal.  As  for  the 
food,  let  it  be  in  quality  unsurpassed,  in  quantity 
ample,  in  variety  limited.  People  in  ordinary  cir- 
cumstances could  afford  to  entertain  a great  deal 
more  than  they  do  if  they  would  only  bring  com- 
mon sense  to  the  rescue  in  this  matter  of  having 
company.  A simple  omelette,  or  some  oysters,  with 
perfect  bread,  excellent  butter,  and  good  cheese,  a 
cup  of  coffee  or  tea,  and  fruit,  will  satisfy  any  rea- 
sonable appetite,  and  leave  the  wits  of  the  company 
at  their  brightest.  Providing  such  a repast  will  not 
exhaust  the  energies  of  the  housekeeper,  or  fret  and 
worry  her  in  presiding  over  it,  neither  will  it  draw 
heavily  upon  her  pin  money,  or  make  her  scrimp 
on  the  children’s  clothes.  It  will  leave  her  free  to 
enjoy  the  society  she  has  gathered  about  her,  and 
devote  herself  chiefly  to  making  each  member  ap- 
pear at  his  best. 

The  custom  at  receptions  at  the  National  Capital 
is  in  many  respects  admirable.  Visitors  are  treated 
to  a sandwich,  a bit  of  cake,  a cup  of  coffee  or  choco- 
late, all  in  a very  informal  way.  There  is  no  grand 
display  of  culinary  skill  demanded,  and  everybody 
is  the  happier  for  it. 


Thackeray  tells  of  a woman  begging  alms  from 
him,  who,  when  she  saw  him  put  his  hand  in  his 
pocket,  cried : “ May  the  blessings  of  God  follow 
ou  all  your  life!”  But  when  he  only  pulled  out 
is  snuffbox,  she  immediately  added:  “And  never 
overtake  ye ! ” 


CONDUCT  BECOMING  GENTLEMEN. 


1.  Say  “Yes”  and  “No,  madame,”  instead  of 
“ Ma’am.” 

2.  Form  the  habit  of  saying  “Good  morning” 
and  “Good  night”  to  the  members  of  your  own 
family.  Among  the  best  bred  people  it  is  customary 
to  shake  hands  upon  parting  with  their  friends  for 
the  night. 

3.  Upon  entering  a room  in  which  there  are  peo- 
ple— strangers  or  otherwise — in  the  parlor  of  a pri- 
vate house  or  hotel,  recognize  their  presence  by  a 
bow  and  a “ Good  morning.” 

4.  Upon  taking  and  leaving  your  seat  at  table, 
bow  to  the  person  or  persons  seated  opposite  or 
near  you. 

5.  Do  not  ask  strangers  to  pass  you  dishes  at 
table  if  there  be  waiters  to  do  it. 

6.  Never  monopolize  the  best  seat  in  a room  if 
there  be  others  better  entitled  to  it  by  reason  of 
years  or  infirmities. 

7.  In  conducting  a person  in  or  out  of  a room  fol- 
low, and  do  not  precede  unless  the  way  be  a dark 
one. 

8.  Never  omit  to  do  a kindness,  no  matter  who 
the  person  in  need  of  it  may  be.  You  have  only  to 
imagine  yourself  in  his  place  to  know  whether  it 
will  be  acceptable. 

9.  Be  very  punctillious  about  acknowledging 
favors.  If  the  doing  of  them  have  involved  trouble 
or  sacrifice,  express  your  thanks  with  suitable  em- 
phasis. 

10.  If  desiring  to  make  a change  in  the  tempera- 
ture or  light  of  a room  where  there  are  others,  first 
learn  if  it  will  be  agreeable  to  them. 

11.  Do  not  hesitate  to  proffer  assistance  to  any  one 
seeming  in  need  of  it. 

12.  When  making  an  inquiry  of  a stranger,  pre- 
face your  request  with,  “ I beg  your  pardon,  sir,  but 
can  you  be  so  kind  as  to  tell  me,”  etc.,  etc.,  and 
thanking  him  heartily  for  his  kindness. 

13.  If  obliged  to  have  a remark  repeated,  say,  “ I 
beg  pardon,  madame,  but  I did  not  understand,” 
etc. 

14.  Do  not  speak  “ across  ” a person  to  one  sitting 
on  the  other  side,  without  ample  apology,  for  it  is  a 
breach  of  etiquette. 

15.  Be  careful  not  to  give  pain  to  another  by  look, 
word  or  manner. 

16.  Respect  all  honest  opinions,  no  matter  how 
they  may  differ  from  yours. 

17.  When  an  aged  or  distinguished  person  enters 
your  presence,  rise  out  of  respect  to  him  or  her. 

With  respect  to  the  courtesies  due  from  men  to 
women,  there  are  some  special  rules  well-bred  men 
never  depart  from. 

1.  Rise  when  a lady  enters  a room,  and  remain 
so  until  you  see  that  she  is  seated  or  has  no  desire 
to  be. 

2.  Lift  your  hat  from  your  head  and  bow  when 
meeting  and  parting  with  a lady  ; also  upon  passing 
a lady  in  halls  or  stairs,  in  streets  and  promenades 
not  much  frequented. 

3.  Give  to  a lady  precedence  upon  entering  and 
leaving  a room. 

*4.  Do  not  stand  talking  with  ladies  with  your  hat 
on.  Remove  your  hat  when  making  purchases  of  a 
lady,  or  in  visiting  picture  galleries  or  other  places 
where  ladies  are. 

5.  Never  countenance  in  any  way  a gross  or  im- 
pure remark  concerning  a lady,  made  in  a public 
place. 

6.  Treat  all  women  with  marked  deference,  as  if 
they  were  your  superiors,  for  in  that  way  you  illus- 
trate your  own  superiority,  and  add  to  your  self 
respect. 


1 

44  HAPPY  IS  THE  MAN  WHO  SEES  HIS  FOLLY  IN  HIS  YOUTH. 

THE  KINDERGARTEN. 

M 0 N G the  serious  problems  that  interest 
pni  eii ts  is  that  of  the  best  means  of  train- 
children  between  the  ages  of  four 
and  seven  years.  It  is  one  of  the  most 
important  periods  of  life  when  the  child  is  brought 
in  contact  with  the  circumstances,  extraneous  from 
home  influences,  which  give  inclination  to  the 
growing  character.  Parents  have  long  experienced 
the  want  of  a system  of  training  or  education,  by 
means  of  which  these  years  of  the  child’s  life  might 
be  made  profitable  as  well  as  pleasant,  and  turned  to 
advantage  in  forwarding  proper  mental  and  physical 
development.  In  this  country  very  little  has  been 
accomplished  toward  supplying  this  want,  and  con- 
sequently children  of  this  age  become  a most  per- 
plexing care  to  their  parents,  or  are  temporarily 
abandoned  by  them  to  their  own  devices. 

In  Germany  this  subject  has  received  a great  deal 
of  attention,  and  the  Kindergarten  system,  invented 
by  Frank  Froebel,  has  been  generally  introduced. 
The  published  reports,  and  the  testimony  of  persons 
who  have  witnessed  the  practical  operations  of  the 
system,  show  that  the  most  gratifying  results  have 
Been  attained.  Some  experiments  upon  a modified 
plan  have  been  tried  in  London  and  elsewhere  with 
good  results. 

Briefly  stated,  the  Kindergarten  system  consists 
in  making  the  child’s  play  the  instrument  of  its 
largest  culture.  While  it  has  always  been  a matter 
of  common  observation  that  the  earliest  years  of 
human  life  are  devoted  to  play,  educators  have  en- 
tirely ignored  this  circumstance  while  seeking  a 
proper  system  for  the  development  of  the  child’s 
powers.  Fondness  of  play  has  been  regarded  as  an 
obstructing  element  in  the  way  of  all  efficient  in- 
struction, an  inclination  to  be  held  in  rigid  check. 
Froeble  taught  that  the  true  system  of  education 
was  in  following  nature:  that  “what  nature  is 
striving  to  do  in  the  plays  of  childhood  it  is  the 
business  of  the  teachers  art  to  take  up  and  foster.” 
The  idea  is  to  have  the  play  organized  and  reduced 
to  some  sort  of  an  intelligent  system,  arranged  with 
reference  to  certain  inherent  capabilities  of  human 
nature,  which  are  manifesting  themselves  constantly 
in  the  varied  amusements  of  children.  Thus  it  is 
observed  that  the  instinct  for  cultivating  the  soil  is 
common  to  nearly  all  children — every  body  is  a 
natural-born  gardener.  This  instinct  is  turned  to 
account  in  the  Kindergarten,  where  each  child 
learns  to  take  care  of  its  own  little  garden  patch,  to 
dig,  to  rake,  and  to  water,  and  then  to  watch  and 
study  the  processes  of  nature  in  the  opening  of  the 
buds  and  blooming  of  flowers.  The  same  plan  is 
pursued  for  developing  the  plastic  and  artistic  in- 
stincts of  the  children.  Great  stress  is  laid  upon 
the  education  of  the  hands  in  early  years,  when  the 
flexibility  and  softness  of  the  limbs  fit  them  to  be 
easily  trained  to  facile  movements  — a matter  of 
equal  importance  whether  the  hand  in  training  is 
in  the  future  to  glide  over  the  keys  of  a piano  or 
wield  a pen  or  plane. 

The  Kindergarten  is  on  all  sides  designed  to  meet 
the  formative  instincts  of  the  child.  Building  and 
shaping  are  going  on  in  all  sorts  of  material.  Min- 
iature houses  and  utensils  are  formed  of  wooden 
blocks  and  sticks,  while  working  in  paper — folding, 
cutting,  &c. — furnishes  an  opportunity  to  practice 
endless  artifices  of  the  hand.  In  this  way  the  hand 
and  the  senses  are  trained  to  dexterity  and  technical 
skill,  which  are  useful  in  all  departments  of  life. 
Children  receive  only  the  material,  not  ready-made 
objects,  which  they  are  allowed  to  fashion  accord- 
ing to  their  own  personal  choice  under  the  guidance 
of  the  teacher. 

FRENCH  AND  AMERICAN  WOMEN. 

face  of  the  American  woman  is  more 
ifSIlP  beautiful  than  that  in  any  other  country. 

H has  delicacy  in  coloring  and  feature, 

< an(j  finesse  an(j  intellectuality  in  express- 

ion ; but  the  body  supporting  the  head,  regarded 
from  an  artistic  and  hygienic  point  of  view,  is  in- 
ferior. For  breathing  and  digesting,  the  upper  part 
is  lacking  in  depth.  In  a word,  the  American  is 
more  fragile  ; she  is  hardly  a Diana,  and  the  French 
is  something  more,  although  not  the  Hebe  of  Rubens. 

The  French  woman’s  face  is  as  handsome  as  that 
of  any  other  in  Europe,  and  fades  more  slowly.  At 
forty,  she  glides  into  an  embonpoint  with  an  un- 
wrinkled face  and  a good  complexion — at  the  age 
when  English  women  get  heavy  and  frowsy,  and 
the  American  pale  and  wrinkled.  The  climate  has 
something  to  do  with  this,  but  doubtless  her  nour- 
ishing food,  generous  wine,  and  out-of-door  air, 
much  more.  Her  mode  of  living  contributes  there- 
to— the  exercise  and  development  of  each  function 
in  a more  natural  and  sensuous  manner  than  with 
us.  There  are  ascetic  ideas  in  America  which  have 
a tendency  to  retard  the  physical  development  of 
the  woman;  for  mind  molds  matter.  The  extremes 
of  American  life  are  unfavorable  to  a healthy 
growth,  in  its  fastness  as  well  as  its  asceticism, 
where  the  flesh  is  corrupted  by  dissipation,  or 
mortified  by  certain  religious  teachings.  Aside  from 
these  causes  is  a prevalent  notion  that  it  is  beneath 
the  dignity  of  man  and  woman  to  occupy  them- 
selves with  what  they  shall  eat  and  drink. 

The  American  woman  has  more  intellect  than 
her  French  sister,  but  the  latter  has  softness  where 
she  has  pertness.  There  is  nervous  excitability  and 
cleverness  in  one,  and  mellovrness  and  equality  of 
character  in  the  other.  The  forced  brilliant  vitality 
of  women  in  America  is  subject  to  fits  of  reaction, 
for  nature  has  its -limit.  In  the  French  woman  the 
mind  is  more  even  and  cheerful,  and,  in  the  ab- 
sence of  exhaustive  and  irregular  demands  made 
upon  it,  the  uniform  health  is  better. 

In  qualities  of  a purely  mental  character,  the 
equal  of  the  American  woman  can  not,  perhaps,  be 
found  in  the  world ; but,  with  all  her  knowledge 
and  intellectual  activity,  she  lacks  that  which  made 
the  Greeks  wliat  they  have  been,  and  the  French 
what  they  are — organic  cultivation.  Entwined  in 
these  words  are  taste  and  art.  A riper  civilization, 
though  not  a purer,  shall  invest  her  with  a knowl- 
edge of  these  things,  and  a harmony  of  character 
not  now  possessed;  and  with  it  will  come  that 
decadence  in  morals  which  is  always  noticed. 

THE  BOY  WHO  LOVES  HIS  MOTHER. 

Of  all  the  love  affairs  in  the  world,  none  can  sur- 
pass the  true  love  of  a big  boy  for  his  mother.  It  is 
a love  pure  and  noble,  honorable  in  the  highest  de- 
gree to  both.  I do  not  mean  merely  a dutiful  affec- 
tion. I mean  a love  which  makes  a boy  gallant  to 
his  mother,  saying  plainly  to  everybody  that  he  is 
fairly  in  love  with  her.  Next  to  the  love  of  her 
husband,  nothing  so  crowns  a woman’s  life  with 
honor  as  this  second  love,  this  devotion  of  the  son 
to  her.  And  I never  yet  knew  a boy  to  “ turn  out  ” 
badly  who  began  by  falling  in  love  w’ith  his  mother. 
Any  man  may  fall  in  love  with  a fresh-faced  girl, 
and  the  man  who  is  gallant  to  the  girl  may  cruelly 
neglect  the  worn  and  weary  wife.  But  the  big  boy 
who  is  a lover  of  his  mother  at  middle  age  is  a true 
knight,  who  will  love  his  wife  as  much  in  the  sere- 
leaf  autumn  as  he  did  in  the  daisied  spring.  There 
is  nothing  so  beautifully  chivalrous  as  the  love  of  a 
big  boy  for  his  mother. 

FORTUNE  WEARIES  WITH  CARRYING  ONE  AND  THE  SAME  MAN  ALWAYS.  45 


FRIENDS. 


RIENDSHIP. — With  a clear  sky,  a bright 
sun,  and  a gentle  breeze,  you  will  have 
friends  in  plenty ; but  let  Fortune  frown, 
and  the  firmament  be  overcast,  and  then 
your  friends  will  prove  like  the  strings  of  the  lute,  of 
which  you  will  tighten  ten  before  you  find  one  that 
will  bear  the  stretch  and  keep  the  pitch. — Gotthold. 

If  we  would  build  on  a sure  foundation  in  friend- 
ship, we  must  love  our  friends  for  their  sakes  rather 
than  for  our  own. — Charlotte  Bronte. 

That  friendship  will  not  continue  to  the  end  that 
is  begun  for  an  end. — Quarles. 

Women  bestow  on  friendship  only  what  they 
borrow  from  love. — Clmmfort. 


Friendship  hath  the  skill  and  observation  of  the 
best  physician,  the  diligence  and  vigilance  of  the 
best  nurse,  and  the  tenderness  and  patience  of  the 
best  mother. — Clarendon. 

He  who  can  not  feel  friendship  is  alike  incapable 
of  love.  Let  a woman  beware  of  the  man  who  owns 
that  he  loves  no  one  but  herself. — Talleyrand. 

F riendship  improves  happiness  and  abates  misery, 
by  the  doubling  of  our  joy  and  the  dividing  of  our 
grief. — Cicero. 

Friendship!  mysterious  cement  of  the  soul! 
sweetener  of  life  ! and  solder  of  society ! —Blair. 

The  ideal  of  friendship  is  to  feel  as  one  while  re- 
maining two. — Madame  Sivetchine. 


46 


AN  OLD  DOG  CAN  NOT  ALTER  II IS  WAV  OF  BARKING. 


SURE  sms  OF  MARRIAGE. 


CHANCES  OF  MARRIAGE. 


1 ERE  is  too  much  truth  in  the  following, 
and  we  give  it  place  here  not  to  be  ap- 
ff  proved  and  copied,  but  that  young  mar- 
1 ried  people  may  see  the  wrong  course  and 
seek  in  time  to  avoid  it. 


A cynical  bachelor  is  responsible  for  these  direct- 
ions how  to  tell  the  married : 

If  you  see  a lady  and  gentleman  disagree  upon 
trifling  occasions,  or  correcting  each  other  in  com- 
pany, you  may  be  assured  that  they  have  tied  the 
matrimonial,  noose. 

If  you  see  a silent  pair  in  a car  or  stage  lolling 
carelessly,  one  at  each  window,  without  seeming  to 
know  they  have  a companion,  the  sign  is  infallible. 

If  you  see  a lady  drop  a glove,  and  a gentleman 
by  the  side  of  her  kindly  telling  her  to  pick  it  up, 
you  need  not  hesitate  in  forming  your  opinion  •;  or — 
If  you  meet  a couple  in  the  fields,  the  gentleman 
twenty  yards  in  advance  of  the  lady,  who,  perhaps, 
is  getting  over  a stile  with  difficulty,  or  picking  her 
way  through  a muddy  patch  ; or — 

If  you  see  a lady  whose  beauty  and  accomplish- 
ments attract  the  attention  of  every  gentleman  in 
the  room  but  one,  you  can  have  no  difficulty  in  de- 
termining their  relationship  to  each  other — the  one 
is  her  husband. 

If  you  see  a gentleman  particularly  courteous, 
obliging  and  good  natured,  relaxing  into  smiles, 
saying  sharp  things,  and  toying  with  every  pretty 
woman  in  the  room  excepting  one,  to  whom  he  ap- 
pears particularly  cold  and  formal,  and  is  unreason- 
ably cross — who  that  “ one  ” is  nobody  can  be  at  a 
loss  to  discover. 


If  you  see  an  old  couple  jarring,  checking,  and 
thwarting  each  other,  differing  in  opinion  before 
the  opinion  is  expressed,  eternally  anticipating  and 
breaking  the  thread  of  each  other’s  discourse,  yet 
using  kind  words,  like  honey  bubbles  floating  on 
vinegar,  which  are  soon  overwhelmed  by  a prepon- 
derance of  the  fluid,  they  are,  to  all  intents,  man 
and  wife  ; it  is  impossible  to  be  mistaken. 


THE  ROAD  TO  DIVORCE— KEEP  OUT  OF  IT. 


Are  you  about  to  marry  a man  whom  you  do  not 
love,  for  his  money,  or  his  position,  or  for  the  sake 
of  a home  ? 

Beware : you  are  entering  the  road  which  leads 
to  divorce. 

Are  you  going  to  marry,  a man  whom  you  do  not 
love,  because  you  are  urged  to  it  by  your  parents 
and  your  friends  ? 

Beware : you  are  entering  the  road  which  leads 
to  divorce. 

Are  you  going  to  marry  one  man  while  you  fondly 
love  another  ? 

Beware : you  are  on  the  road  to  divorce. 

Are  you  going  to  marry  for  spite,  just  because  you 
have  quarreled  with  your  former  beau,  and  to 
“come  up  with  him”  are  willing  to  unite  yourself 
to  another  ? 

Beware:  yon  are  entering  the  road  which  leads 
to  divorce. 

Are  you  going  to  marry  a man  with  whom  you 
have  no  sentiments  in  common,  and  whose  tastes 
and  wishes  you  intend  to  disregard  after  marriage  ? 

Beware : you  are  entering  the  road  which  leads 
to  divorce. 

In  short,  when  marriage  is  anything  but  the 
mingling  of  two  hearts  in  one,  it  had  better  not 
take  place.  If  this  principle  were  universally  recog- 
nized, we  should  hear  no  more  of  divorce,  because 
people  would  keep  out  of  the  road  that  leads  to  it. 


following  curious  statement,  by  Dr. 
Granville,  is  drawn  up  from  the  registered 
ca*e*  876  married  women  in  France. 

eyer  con8tructed  to  exhibit 
to  ladies  their  chances  of  marriage  at  various  ages. 
Of  the  876  tabulated,  there  were  married — 


Yra.  of  age. 

Yrs.  of  age. 

Yrs.  of  age. 

3 at  13. 

59  at  23. 

7 at  33. 

11  at  14. 

53  at  24. 

5 at  34. 

16  at  15. 

36  at  25. 

3 at  35. 

43  at  16. 

24  at  26. 

Oat  36. 

45  at  17. 

28  at  27. 

2 at  37. 

77  at  18. 

22  at  28. 

0 at  38. 

115  at  19. 

17  at  29. 

1 at  39. 

118  at  20. 

9 at  30. 

0 at  40. 

86  at  21. 

7 at  31. 

85  at  22. 

5 at  32. 

In  considering  this  record,  it  should  be  remem- 
bered that  women,  and  men,  too,  mature  somewhat 
earlier  in  France  than  in  England,  or  in  the  North- 
ern and  Middle  States  of  America.  Our  girls  are 
no  older  at  twenty  than  French  girls  are  at  eighteen. 
In  the  south,  toward  the  tropics,  girls  mature  as  in 
France  and  Italy,  and  the  rate  of  development  is 
correspondingly  the  same  with  men. 

We  think  it  would  be  better  for  the  health  and 
vigor  of  our  people,  now  and  in  time  to  come,  did 
our  girls  not  marry  till  after  twenty,  andoui'men, 
say  till  after  twenty-two  or  even  twenty-four.  The 
marriages  of  green  girls  and  green  boys  are  produc- 
tive of  unhappy  results,  and  should  not  be  permitted. 


PEACE  IN  THE  FAMILY. 


The  following  excellent  rules  for  preserving  peace 
in  the  family  have  been  given : 

1.  Remember  that  our  will  is  likely  to  be  crossed 
every  day,  so'  prepare  for  it. 

2.  Everybody  in  the  house  has  an  evil  nature  as 
well  as  oursel  ves,  and  therefore  we  are  not  to  expect 
too  much. 

3.  Learn  the  different  temper  and  disposition  of 
each  individual. 

4.  Look  on  each  member  of  the  family  as  one  for 
whom  we  should  have  a care  for. 

5.  When  any  good  happens  to  any  one  to  rejoice 
at  it. 

6.  When  inclined  to  give  an  angry  answer,  to 
“ overcome  evil  with  good.” 

7.  If  from  sickness,  pain  or  infirmity  we  feel  irri- 
table, to  keep  a very  strict  watch  over  ourselves. 

8.  To  observe  when  others  are  so  suffering,  to 
drop  a word  of  kindness  and  sympathy  with  them. 

9.  To  watch  for  little  opportunities  of  pleasing, 
and  to  put  little  annoyances  out  of  the  way. 

10.  To  take  a cheerful  view  of  the  weather  and  of 
everything,  and  to  encourage  hope. 

11.  To  speak  kindly  to  the  servants;  to  praise 
them  for  little  things  when  you  can. 

12.  In  all  little  pleasures  which  may  occur,  to  put 
self  last. 

13.  To  try  for  “the  soft  answer  which  turneth 
away  wrath.” 

14.  When  we  have  been  pained  by  an  unkind 
word  or  deed,  to  ask  ourselves:  “ Have  I not  often 
done  the  same  and  been  forgiven  ? ” 

15.  In  conversation  not  to  exalt  ourselves,  but  to 
bring  others  forward. 

16.  To  be  very  gentle  with  the  young  ones,  and 
treat  them  with  respect. 

17.  Never  to  judge  one  another  harshly,  but  to 
attribute  a good  motive  when  we  can. 


DRUNKENNESS  IS  AN  EGG  FROM  WHICH  ALL  VICES  ARE  HATCHED.  47 


PARLOR  FERN  CASES. 


WINTER  POT  PLANTS. 


dirt 


F all  parlor  ornaments,  of  a lively  and  liv- 
ing character,  the  fern  case  is  the  neatest 
and  the  least  trouble.  Flowers  and  plants 
in  pots  are  attended  with  more  or  less 
the  aquarium,  with  its  gold  fish,  and  the  bird 
cage,  require  frequent  attention  ; but  the  fern 
case,  when  well  constructed,  may  be  left  alone 
for  days  at  a time  and  not  suffer. 

Any  young  lady,  with  or  without  the  aid 
of  a brother,  but  having  a little  ingenuity  and 
perseverance,  can  construct  a case  for  her- 
self, if  she  can  not  obtain  one  any  other  way. 

Get  a board,  say  12  inches  square ; or, 
for  a “Gipsy  Fern  Case,”  of  triangular 
shape,  12  inches  each  way ; get  a sheet 
of  zinc  2 inches  wider  each  way  ; notch 
the  corners,  and  turn  up  the  extra 
inch  all  around;  get  three  strips  of 
zinc  2 feet  long  each,  and  one  inch 
wide ; bend  them  in  the  middle 
lengthwise,  so  as  to  make  corner 
strips  to  hold  the  glass  sides ; 
get  3 panes  of  glass  2 feet. long, 
and  with  a diamond  cut  into 
long  triangles,  as  in  the  ac- 
companying picture ; close  the 
corners  of  the  zinc  bottom 
with  solder  or  putty.  Of 
course,  one  side  of  the  glass 
will  have  to  be  adjusted 
so  that  it  may  be  removed 
to  put  in  the  ferns,  the 
hanging  basket,  and  to 
water  them.  With  a lit- 
tle time  and  trouble,  a 
very  pretty  parlor  orna- 
ment can  be  made,  and 
at  a very  little  cost. 

Flowers  are  things 
that  all  can  appre- 
ciate ; and  those  that 
incur  the  least  ex- 
pense, pecuniarily 
are  generally  the 
ones  that  attract 
the  most  atten- 
tion ; and 
it  is  such 
little  col- 
lections as 
these  that 
add  very 
material  1 y 
to  the 
pie  a s a n t 
appear- 
ance of  a 
home,  and 
the  means 
of  present- 
i n g them 

in  the  most  attractive  manner  should  be  carefully 
studied. 

Those  who  have  access  to,  and  can  afford  to  buy  of, 
regular  flower  gardeners,  will  find  a great  variety  of 
ferns  and  other  water  plants  from  which  to  select; 
others  -can  draw  on  nature’s  great  storehouse,  along 
the  creeks  and  in  the  marshes,  where  all  originally 
came  from.  Here  many  little  shrubs  and  flowers 
are  found  that  appear  very  insignificant  in  their 
uncultivated  state,  which  when  carefully  and  taste- 
fully arranged  in  a flower  pot,  present  quite  a neat 
appearance,  especially  those  that  have  an  occasional 
flower. 


C1SSUS 


GIPSY  FERN  CASE. 


HE  plants  suitable  for  winter  flowering  in 
the  house  are  numerous,  but  none  afford 
so  much  pleasure,  we  think,  as  a good  col- 
lection of  bulbs,  such  as  hyacinths,  nar- 
the  early  tulips,  and  other  bulbs.  In  the 
garden,  there  are  usually  a few  plants  that 
may  be  taken  up  and  potted.  The  ivy, 
Madeira  vine  and  coboe  scandens,  are  grace- 
ful climbers,  and  will  bear  almost  any  amount 
of  bad  treatment.  Tube  roses,  that  have  not 
bloomed  in  the  garden,  and  are  showing 
flower  stems,  may  be  taken  up  and  potted, 
and  will  flower  in  early  winter.  A root  of 
the  dicentra  will  give  satisfaction.  The 
ten  week’s  stock  is  also  a fine  winter 
bloomer,  and  can  be  treated  in  the 
same  manner.  A pot  of  mignonette 
costs  but  a few  cents,  and  not  many 
expensive  plants  will  afford  as  much 
pleasure.  Sow  the  seeds  in  Sep- 
tember or  October.  It  is  well  to 
prepare  two  or  three  pots.  The 
sweet  alyssum,  treated  as  advised 
for  mignonette,  will  also  please, 
and  nothing  will  make  up  bet- 
ter in  button  - hole  bouquets 
than  these  sweet  little  flowers. 
A few  larger  plants  are  desir- 
able, and  the  calla,  dracena 
and  begonia,  are  very  patient 
under  almost  any  kind  of 
treatment.  A few  lilies  like 
longiflorum,  auratum  and 
lancifolium,  though  not 
often  seen  in  the  house, 
will  afford  a pleasant 
surprise,  and  flower  in 
the  order  named. 
Where  good  earth  is 
used  for  potting, 
plants  seldom  need 
any  special  manure. 
The  best  soil  for 
plants  is  found  in 
old  meadows,  the 
corners  of  fences, 
etc.,  where 
sod  has 
grown  a 
long  time. 
A pile  of 
sod  laid  up 
to  rot  will 
make  e x- 
c e 1 1 e n t 
potting 
earth,  and 
if  taken 
from  a soil 
compos  e d 
of  sand, 

nothing  can  be  better.  Many  persons  think  if  they 
can  get  a little  black  muck  from  a swamp,  they  have 
the  perfection  of  potting  soil,  while  it  is  the  poorest 
soil  that  can  be  procured.  About  a tablespoonful 
of  guano  in  a pail  of  water  makes  a good  fertilizing 
material,  but  must  be  used  cautiously,  and  is  not 
often  needed.  Keep  the  earth  moderately  moist, 
about  as  it  is  in  the  garden  in  a growing  time. 
Most  plants  are  injured  by  too  much  heat.  For 
a general  collection  of  house  plants,  it  is  not  best  to 
allow  the  thermometer  to  be  above  seventy,  and  if 
they  could  be  kept  in  a room  where  the  thermome- 
ter would  not  range  much  above  sixty-five,  it  would 


48 


ARROGANCE  IS  THE  OBSTRUCTION  OF  WISDOM. 


bo  the  better.  In  the  night-time,  fifty  is  high 
enough.  Give  a little  fresh  air  every  fine  day,  and 
all  the  sunlight  attainable.  An  effort  should  be 
made  to  give  moisture  to  the  atmosphere,  for  our 
own  good  as  well  as  the  health  of  the  plants.  This 
can  be  done  in  various  ways  by  evaporating  water. 
Cleanliness  is  as  necessary  to  the  health  of  plants  as  i 
to  animals;  and  it  is,  therefore,  necessary  to  secure  j 
theih  from  dust  as  much  as  possible,  and  also  to  ; 
cleanse  the  plants  frequently  by  syringing  or  wash-  j 
ing.  Even  here  a little  caution  is  necessary ; for 
while  the  smooth  leaved  plants  are  benefited — 
not  only  by  showering,  but  even  by  washing  the  | 
leaves  with  a cloth  or  sponge — the  rough  leaved  • 
plants,  like  the  begonia  rex,  do  not  like  to  have  the  j 
surface  of  their  leaves  frequently  moistened.  It  j 
would,  therefore,  be  well  to  remove  such  plants  j 
before  syringing.  Take  every  precaution,  however, 
to  prevent  the  accumulation  of  dust  upon  the 
plants — it  being  more  or  less  injurious. 

WHAT  WOMEN  SHALL  BE. 


MAKING-  HOME  BEAUTIFUL. 


gffew  are  strong  in  their  own  strength  alo 
HH  We  all  need  assistance  and  encoura 
iwSm ® menf  to  keep  in  the  right  path.  A 


HE  matter  of  female  education  has  of  late 
been  discussed  with  heated  vigor,  especial- 
M ly  since  female  schools  produce  so  many 
able  specimens  of  their  own.  We  are  told 
that  girls  must  be  so  educated  that  they  may  be 
able  to  work  their  way  through  life  independently, 
not  only  as  teachers,  but  as  physicians,  lawyers, 
civil  engineers,  members  of  Congress,  Presidents, 
and  so  on.  That  is  one  extreme.  The  other  is, 
that  a woman,  in  order  to  remain  a good  woman, 
must  not  know  too  much.  As  to  the  second  of 
these  opinions,  it  seems  absurd.  Neither  a woman 
nor  a man  can  know  too  much.  But  as  to  the  first 
of  these  extremes,  something  more  is  to  be  said. 

It  is  certainly  true  that  the  education  of  girls 
should  enable  them  to  work  their  way  honorably 
through  life.  Many  more  occupations  should  be 
opened  to  them,  and  a full  measure  of  reward 
should  be  given  them ; and,  in  this  respect,  our 
public  institutions  should  grow  more  and  more 
liberal.  But,  on  the  other  hand,  no  system  of 
education  should  stimulate  the  desire  to  work  their 
way  independently  and  alone.  We  do  not  hesitate 
to  declare  that  it  is  not  well  for  woman  to  remain 
alone.  It  is  the  calling  for  a woman  to  get  married, 
as  it  is  in  the  order  of  things  that  man  should  feel 
himself  destined  to  become  a husband  and  a father. 
We  should,  therefore,  condemn  as  equally  absurd 
any  system  of  education,  any  social  order,  calcu- 
lated to  induce  young  women  to  remain  spinsters. 
Education  should  be  directed  to  make  men  good 
husbands  and  fathers,  and  to  make  women  good 
wives  and  mothers.  This  end  seems  vastly  more 
important  in  the  case  of  females  than  in  the  educa- 
tion of  men,  because  they  are  to  exercise  so  great  a 
range  of  influence  upon  society  and  upon  the  rising 
generation. 

It  may  be  asked,  would  we  have  women  educated 
alone  for  the  drudgery  of  the  household?  We 
.answer,  by  no  "means.  ' We  regard  woman  as  the 
soul  of  the  familv  home.  We  regard  the  mother  as 
the  being  who 'holds  the  leading  strings  in  her 
hands,  and  who  has  the  highest  and  most  exalted 
duties  to  fulfill.  And,  for  the  proper  fulfillment  of 
these  duties,  the  intellect  and  the  mind  should  be 
prepared  by  culture.  Our  strong-minded  female 
friends  must  not  take  exceptions  to  this  theory  of 
ours.  We  would  not  lessen  woman’s  power  one 
iota,  nor  circumscribe  the  limits  of  her  labor.  Her 
“ sphere  ” shall  be  as  wide  as  she  sees  fit  to  make  it, 
but  as  nature  has  decided  that  the  human  race  shall 
not  be  extinguished,  we  insist  upon  it  that  she  shall 
be  fitted  first  of  all  to  do  her  true  work. 


me. 
eneourage- 

jflito  uitiib  w ...  .ight  path.  And 

where,  if  not  in  our  homes,  must  we  look 
for  this?  There  we  expect  sympathy  in  our  sorrow, 
help  in  our  time  of  need,  kind,  gentle  words  when 
we  do  wrong,  and  glad  ones  when  our  hearts  are 
filled  with  joy.  There  the  moral  as  well  as  the 
physical  atmosphere  must  be  pure  and  invigor- 
ating— the  influences  so  attractive  that  all  are  con- 
tented and  happy. 

If,  in  our  homes,  less  thought  were  given  to  vain 
display,  and  more  to  making  them  truly  beautiful, 
many  who  are  now  plunged  in  the  deepest  depths 
of  sin  would  be  safe  within  their  circle.  Our  ears 
would  not  be  so  frequently  shocked  by  tales  of 
crime;  for  how  often,  on  learning  the  history  of 
some  guilty  one,  have  we  found  that  their  homes 
were  unhappy.  Thus,  from  them  they  were  easily 
tempted  into  scenes  which,  in  comparison  with 
those  of  home,  seemed  full  of  beauty,  but  which, 
alas!  generally  end  in  ruin. 

Wealth  is  not  essential  in  making  our  homes 
lovely.  It  is  true,  riches  can  procure  many  things 
which  are  beyond  the  reach  of  the  poor — their 
homes  can  be  made  stately  and  grand  ; but  money 
can  not  purchase  loving  hearts  and  happy  faces, 
and  those  are  necessary  elements  in  a pleasant 
home.  If  you  have  but  one  room,  make  4hat  a 
bower  of  neatness  and  order.  A few  books  on  the 
table,  a picture  on  the  wall,  a flower  in  the  window. 
These,  with  a glimpse  of  sunshine,  a bright  face  and 
cheerful  smile,  make  a picture  which  causes  the 
most  discontented  to  exclaim,-  “There  is  no  place 
like  home ! ” 

Wives  and  mothers,  make  your  homes  a place  of 
beauty,  a haven  of  peace  and  rest  to  the  husband 
returning  weary,  and  perhaps  disheartened,  from 
his  day’s  labor.  Let  no  complaint  of  your  own 
cares  greet  his  ears ; offer  him  bright  smiles,  gentle 
words,  and  loving  acts.  Let  him  associate  every 
thing  that  is  pure  and  good  with  your  name  ; forge 
around  him  such  a chain  of  love  as  will  draw  from 
him  every  other  influence,  to  home  and  you.  And 
your  children,  give  them  all  the  innocent  amuse- 
ment you  can.  Let  them  think  their  happiest 
moments  are  spent  under  the  roof-tree.  Teach  them 
to  love  and  confide  in  you.  Thus  you  will  be  able 
to  guide  them  over  the  shoals  of  temptation,  into 
the  clear  stream  of  an  upright  life,  down  which, 
after  your  care  is  withdrawn,  they  may  glide  safely 
to  the  Golden  Gate. 

Husbands  and  fathers,  do  not  let  your  presence 
cast  a gloom  over  the  household  ; do  not  come  with 
frowns  or  words  of  reproof ; make  your  little  ones 
love  you;  teach  them  to  dread  your  absence  and 
long  for  your  return.  When  their  glad  voices  ring 
out  in  tones  of  welcome,  do  not  hush  them  nor 
their  joyous  laughter— the  overflowing  of  happy 
hearts— but  give  them  also  kind  and  merry  greet- 
ing. Enter  into  their  sports— live  over  your  child- 
hood’s days  with  them.  It  is  not  beneath  your 
dignity  to  give  them  happiness;  and,  remembering 
how  coldness  chilled  your  own  heart  in  your  youth, 
give  them  plenty  of  warm,  generous  sympathy. 
And,  through  all, 'guard  and  keep  them  from  evil, 
for  it  is  while  young  the  seed  is  sown,  which  in 
time  brings  forth  good  or  bad  fruit. 

Let  all  members  of  the  family  do  their  part 
toward  making  home  happy.  Then  when  years 
have  rolled  by,  in  the  remembrance  of  it,  they  may 
each  out  of  the  fullness  of  their  heart  say:  “My 
home  was  to  me  the  most  beautiful  of  all  places 
on  earth.” 


r 


AN  INDIFFERENT  AGREEMENT  IS  BETTER  THAN  CARRYING  A CAUSE  AT  LAW.  49 


CHARLES  IV.  OF  FRANCE. 


jHARLES  DE  BEL  (the  Handsome) 

! *(!  reigned  as  King  of  France  from  1321  to 
iH/J  1328.  He  was  the  third  son  of  Phillipe 
de  Bel,  who  left  his  country  in  an  unhap- 
py condition  as  a legacy  to  his  incapable  heirs. 
First,  Louis  X.  received  the  crown,  and  won  the 
surname  of  Hutin  (disorder,  tumult),  from  his  at- 
tempt to  gain  favor  and  strength  by  offering  to  the 
serfs  and  Jews 
liberty  and  equal 
rights.  But  as 
the  honor  carried 
with  it  the  bur- 
den of  being 
taxed  to  support 
the  king,  they 
rejected  the  priv- 
ileges with  con- 
tempt. After  an 
unhappy  reign  of 
two  years,  he 
died  a miserable 
death.  The 
second  brother 
ascended  the 
throne,  and  was 
known  as  Phil- 
lipe the  Long. 

The  population 
of  France  was 
then  being  deci- 
mated by  leprosy 
and  kindred 
diseases,  the  pen- 
alties engen- 
dered by  the 
crusades.  Phil 
lipe  sought  to 
win  a character 
for  benevolence, 
b y establishing 
homes  for  lepers 
and  lazar-houses, 
where  all  the 
afflicted  should 
be  cared  for ; but 
as  t h e diseases 
were  regarded  as 
incurable,  the 
victims  were,  in 
more  than  one 
sense,  buried 
alive ; for  their 
property  was 
confiscated  to  the 
king.  Even  the 
healthy  wife  or  husband  was  immured  with  the 
sick  partner,  ostensibly  on  the  ground  that  marriage 
was  indissoluble,  but  really  in  order  to  get  the 
property.  In  five  years  he  passed  away,  after  suf- 
fering the  assassination  of  his  wife  by  his  own  in- 
stigation. 

When  Charles  the  Fair  (or  handsome)  donned 
the  crown,  he  tried  to  play  the  agreeable  monarch  ; 
but  the  times  were  not  propitious,  and  he  was  in- 
capable. His  sister  Isabella  had  married  Edward 
II.,  the  King  of  England.  He  was  unpopular,  and 
his  wife  despised  him.  She  left  him,  and,  with  her 
son,  went  to  France,  where  her  brother  Charles, 
though  he  did  not  give  her  an  army  to  fight  her 
husband,  and  thus  bring  himself  into  conflict  with 
England,  he  did  give  her  money,  and  she  herself 
raised  a small  force,  under  the  command  of  her  son. 
At  their  head  she  returned  to  her  “ lord  and 


CHARLES  IV. 


master,”  but  only  to  subjugate  him.  She  won  the 
sympathy  of  the  Catholic  church,  and  the  co- 
operation of  the  leading  executive  officers  of  the 
government.  The  king  was  seized  ; and,  from  the 
windows  of  her  palace,  she  saw  him  inhumanly 
and  obscenely  mutilated.  He  was  then  compelled 
to  abdicate  the  throne,  and  her  son  was  made  King 
of  England. 

Charles,  on  the  throne  of  France,  connived  at  this 
usurpation,  and  himself  tried  to  become  Emperor  of 

Germany,  but 
failed  in  his  de- 
sires, and  died  in 
1328.  Although 
he  had  reached 
only  his  thirty- 
second  year,  he 
had  his  third 
wife,  t o whom 
was  born  a 
daughter  after 
the  father’s 
death.  She  was 
the  only  heir, 
and  the  crown 
passed  to  Phillip 
of  Valois,  the 
cousin  of  the  de- 
ceased king,  thus 
ending  the  dy- 
nasty of  that 
royal  family. 
Charles  no  doubt 
honestly  tried  to 
improve  on  the 
administration  of 
his  brothers.  He 
severely  pun- 
ished the  Lom- 
bard money- 
changers for 
their  extortions, 
the  judges  for 
prevarica  t i o n s, 
and  the  barons 
for  their  unwar- 
ranted encroach- 
ments upon  pri- 
v a t e property ; 
but  he  was  too 
w e a k-m  i n d e d 
to  sustain  his 
good  intentions 
for  any  length  of 
time,  and  his 
secret  but  active 
of  France.  co-operation 

with  his  sister  in 

her  nefarious  designs  upon  her  husband,  led  to  his 
own  demoralization  and  ruin. 


A Smile. — Nothing  on  earth  can  smile  but  human 
beings.  Gems  may  flash  reflected  light,  but  what  is 
a diamond  flash  compared  with  an  eye  flash  ? A face 
that  can  not  smile  is  like  a bud  that  can  not  blos- 
som, and  dries  up  at  the  stalk.  Laughter  is  day, 
and  sobriety  is  night,  and  a smile  is  the  twilight 
that  hovers  gently  between  both,  and  more  bewitch- 
ing than  either. 


“ How  do  you  keep  out  of  quarrels?”  asked  one 
friend  of  another.  “Oh,  easily  enough,”  was  re- 
replied. “ If  a man  gets  angry  with  me,  I let  him 
have  all  the  quarrel  to  himself.”  How  much  crime 
would  be  averted  if  all  were  of  liis  disposition. 


50 


every  man  complains  op  his  memory,  BUT  NONE  OP  HIS  jUIIOMKNT. 


MAYPORT,  FLORIDA. 


A GOOD  WORD  FOR  FLORIDA. 


HE  above  picture  represents  a scene  in 
East  Florida,  about  one-half  mile  from 
Mayport,  a town  on  the  southern  shore  of 
- the  mouth  of  St.  John’s  river,  The  view 
selected  for  our  pages  embraces  a section  which  is 
not  onlv  noted  for  its  natural  scenery  and  historical 
associations,  but  also  as  being  undoubtedly  the  site 
of  the  future  great  watering-place  of  the  South. 

The  Hammocks,  which  extend  for  miles  along  the 
Atlantic  coast,  are  graced  by  the  cabbage  palmettos, 
with  their  fingered  leaves,  some  nine  feet  m di- 
ameter, shooting  out  from  the  top  of  networked 
trunks,  that  grow  larger  in  circumference  towards  the 
summit;  while  the  shining  foliaged  magnolia,  the 
glassy  bay,  the  sweet-scented  myrtle,  the  water  oak 
and  live  oak,  the  scarlet-berried  holly  and  cassmo, 
besides  innumerable  varieties  of  bushes,  flowers 
and  vines,  wreathing  in  tropical  profusion,  conspire 
to  render  these  forests  perfect  bowers  of  bewildering 
beauty.  Frequent  groves  of  Ayild  orange  trees  laden 
with  their  reddish  golden  fruit,  as  well  as  the  suc- 
cessful growth  of  the  sweet  varieties,  prove  that  the 
sea  coast  is  quite  as  favorable  as  other  localities  for 
profitable  orange  culture. 

The  soil’s  fertility  has  been  tested,  and,  under 
northern  skill,  industry  and  discipline,  the  yield  of 
staple  crops  is  abundant.  , . _ A , 

The  climate  is  all  that  could  be  desired : tempered 
by  cool  sea  breezes  in  summer,  warmed  by  wafts 
from  the  Gulf  stream  in  winter.  To  invalids,  it 
offers  restoration;  to  pleasure  seekers,  continued 
and  augmented  health.  Sea-bathing  is  practicable 
the  vear  round.  There  is  no  dangerous  undertow, 
nor  treacherous  quicksands.  For  forty  miles,  or  as 
far  south  as  St.  Augustine,  there  stretches  a wide, 
level,  smooth,  solid  beach  of  shining  sand,  upon 
which,  at  low  tide,  fifty  carriages  could  drive  abreast, 


leaving  behind  scarcely  the  thought  of  a wheel 
track.  Shells  broider  the  sand  with  their  curious 
colors,  and  wrecks  are  only  too  common  on  this 
rockless  shore.  During  the  winter  season,  fishing 
for  shad  and  mullet,  and  catching  oysters,  furnish 
employment  and  subsistence  for  many  people,  and 
would  afford  an  unlimited  supply  to  as  many  more. 

About  five  hundred  vessels  yearly  are  towed  in 
bv  powerful  steam  tugs,  over  the  bar  formed  just 
outside  the  mouth  of  St.  John’s  river.  These  slops 
come  from  all  quarters  of  the  globe,  and  take  away, 
the  most  of  them,  cargoes  of  lumber,  the  greatest 
market  for  which  is  the  city  of  J acksonville,  ti\  enty- 
five  miles  from  this  point.  . , 

The  lighthouse,  shown  in  the  picture,  proved 
insecure,  and  has  been  abandoned.  A new  one, 
costing  $12,000,  is  erected  north  of  this.  Some  ot 
the  inhabitants  of  Jacksonville  have  lately  built 
about  twenty  cottages  near  the  old  lighthouse  and 
farther  down  the  beach,  principally  for  summer 
residences,  as  the  heat  in  the  interior  of  the  State  is 
unendurable  during  that  season.  Northerners  are 
beginning  to  secure  neat  winter  homes  in  tnis 
locality,  and,  when  the  contemplated  hotels  are 
erected,  the  seaside  will  be  thronged  during  the 

entire  year.  , , . . ^ • 

Florida  is  only  recently  being  improved.  She  is 
young  in  progress,  though  old  in  years.  No  State 
in  the  Union  has  gone  through  more  desperate 
struggles  than  this  unhappy  peninsula,  termed  so 
poetically  the  Land  of  Flowers,  she  has  ever  been 
more  familiar  with  the  fierce  thorns  of  war,  cruel 

massacres,  and  Indian  outbreaks.  , . 

We  predict  for  Florida  a rapid  advancement  in 
cultivation  and  wealth,  and  the  mighty  North  now 
so  prosperous  and  peaceful,  will,  without  hesitancy, 
stretch  forth  a bountiful  hand  to  this  neglected 
sister— so  beautiful  even  in  adversity— and  recog- 
nize her  as  an  important  member  to  the  Union. 


THERE  IS  NOTHING  OF  WHICH  MEN  ARE  SO  FOND  AND  YET  SO  CARELESS  AS  LIFE.  51 


SIR  WILLIAM  WALWORTH. 


LORD  MAYOR  OF  LONDON. 


iHE  distinguished  character  bearing  the 
above  title,  in  former  times,  was  little  less 
noted  and  honored  than  the  sovereign  of 
Great  Britain  himself.  As  a specimen  of 
the  prowess  of  his  rank,  Sir  William  Walworth, 
whose  portrait  we  give  above,  is  perhaps  the  most 
noted.  His  king,  Richard  II.,  in  1381,  was  not  the 
mildest  and  most  beneficent  ruler  that  ever  lived, 
and  a large  body  of  his  subjects  rose  up  in  arms 
against  him,  Wat  Tyler  (or  Wat  the  tiler)  was 
their  leader ; they  numbered  a hundred  thousand 
of  the  yeomanry  of  the  land,  and  demanded  an 
abrogation  of  the  laws  by  which  they  were  held  as 
serfs,  or  slaves  to  the  soil ; asked  to  he  allowed  to 
pay  a fixed  rent  for  the  soil  they  cultivated,  and 
the  right  to  hunt  and  fish  in  the  forests  and  streams. 
They  attacked  London,  and  drove  Richard  into  his 
strong  tower,  burnt  the  palace  of  the  Duke  of  Lan- 
caster, killed  the  Chancellor  of  the  Exchecquer,  <&c. 


The  king  asked  a conference,  and  granted  nearly  all 
they  demanded  ; but,  on  returning  to  his  castle,  he 
was  met  by  Wat  Tyler,  who  had  not  been  in  the 
conference.  In  the  interview  he  excited  the  sus- 
picion of  Sir  William  Walworth,  Lord  Mayor  of 
London,  one  of  the  king’s  body  guards,  who  plunged 
a dagger  into  Tyler’s  throat,  and,  with  the  aid  of 
others,  killed  him  on  the  spot.  The  rebellion  was 
suppressed,  fifteen  hundred  of  the  insurgents  ex- 
ecuted, and  all  the  fair  promises  made  to  the  people 
while  under  arms  were  broken.  Such  was  ancient 
monarchy ; but,  since  the  United  States  broke  the 
power  of  George  the  Fourth,  the  English  govern- 
ment has  become  much  more  a government  of  the 
people.  The  monarchy,  under  the  reign  of  Queen 
Victoria  at  least,  has  become  practically  a republic, 
ruled  by  the  House  of  Commons,  which  is  elected 
by  the  people,  or  a large  portion  of  them.  Neither 
the  Queen,  nor  her  ministry,  nor  even  the  House 
of  Lords,  dare  attempt  to  enforce  any  measure  hostile 
to  public  sentiment. 


52 


THE  FRUIT  DERIVED  FROM  LAliOR  IS  THE  SWEETEST  OF  ALL  PLEASURES. 


HOUSEHOLD  RECIPES. 


Good  Corn-Bread 
of  sour  milk 
cupful  of 
flour,  and 
or  stiff. 

Baked  Makerel. 


Without  Egos. — One  quart 


Wholesome  Pie  Crust. — The  most  healthy  pie 
crust  is  made  of  thin,  sweet  cream  and  flour,  with 
a little  salt.  Don’t  knead.  Bake  in  a quick  oven. 


ilk,  one  teaspoonful  of  soda,  one  small  tea- 1 Another  way  is,  silt  a quart  or  two  of  flour  in  the 
suet  finely  chopped,  two  tablespoonsful  of  pan.  Stir  in  the  center  a little  salt  and  a half  a tea- 
sifted  meal  enough  to  mix  not  very  thick  spoonful  ot  soda  well  pulverized.  Put  in  a cup  of 


j soft  (not  liquid)  lard,  or  butter  and  lard  mixed  ; stir 
it  thoroughly  with  the  flour;  next  add  two  scant 
„ , , i xi  , ...  i cups  of  good  sour  milk  or  buttermilk.  Stir  all  quickly 

fish  and  replace  tlie  roes  rub  with  salt,  pepper  and  d * H(jur  . , „ thllt  you  need\ardly 

allspice.  Pack  the  fish  closema  deep  .bakmg-pan,  | touch  it  wjth  your  hands  till  you  can  roll  it  out. 


-Take  off  the  heads,  clean  the 


cover  with  equal  parts  cold  vinegar  and  water,  and 
bake  one  hour  in  a slow'  oven. 

f!r> a vnrcnirv  PrnniNo. — One  cunful  and  a half  of 


Bake  quick,  'fhis  will  make  three  or  four  pies. 
Graham  Bread. — This  is  an  article  of  diet  which 


f>our  into  a tin  dish,  and  steam  an  hour  and  a quar-  cupful  of  sponge,  or  half  a cupful  of  yeast,  two 
ter.  Eat  with  sweetened  cream  and  nutmeg,  or  [ tablespoonsf uUf  moksses  (or threeofsugarh  quarter 
other  sweet  sauce. 

Cocoanut  Custard. — To 


teaspoonful  of  soda,  stir  in  the  Graham  flour  till 
, 1T  . , . : quite  thick,  let  it  rise,  but  not  too  light,  then  add 

...  1 , : f?rated  cocoanut  jjour  untjl  ^ thick  as  you  can  well  stir  it,  put  it 

allow  one  pint  of  new  milk  and  six  oz.  sugar.  Heat  jn^0  a weji  m-eased  sheet-iron  (not  tin)  bread  pan, 
well  the  yelks  of  six  eggs,  and  stir  them  alternately  lnd  let  it  ri8C,  but  not  too  much.  This  flour 
in  the  milk  with  the  cocoanut  and  sugar.  Put  the  | fernients  sooner  than  the  bolted  flour,  and  one 
mixture  into  a pail  or  pitcher,  set  it  into  boiling  cause  0jr  our  pQor  Graham  bread  is,  that  it  is  left  too 
water,  and  stir  all  the  tune  till  very  smooth  ami  jon„  or  rjseg  too  many  times.  Do  not  let  it  rise 
thick;  as  soon  as  it  comes  to  a hard  boil,  take  it  ou,  j twjce  before  baking.  Stir  it  up,  and  put  it  inl- 
and serve  in  cups  or  glass  tumblers.  | mediately  into  the  baking-pan,  letting  it  rise  only  in 

Steamed  Rice. — Wash  the  rice  well,  let  it  soak  the  loaf.*  Do  not  make  it  stiff  enough  to  knead,  or 
about  an  hour  in  luke-warin  w'ater,  stir  in  a tea-  jt  will  be  too  dry. 

ffie  of1  boding  water?  atd  ateam^^Tou^Ttir  j Hu«  About  Maar.-Meat  should  be  wiped  with 
two  or  three  times ; add  no  water  after  it  begins  to  | nfly ll^ifTu^rin  it^Lt  and,  in 


1 mi  i for  a long  time  in  cold  weather,  and,  if  frozen 

nels  will  stick  toget  e . through,  may  be  kept  for  months.  Frozen  meat 

Cracked  Wheat. — Rinse  thoroughly  with  cold  j must  be  thawed  before  it  is  cooked  by  plunging  it 


To  be  eaten  hot  or  cold,  with  rich  milk  or  cream,  if  I a degree;  it  is  well,  therefore,  to  pepper 

you  are  fortunate  to  have  it.  Many  use  a little  hung  joints.  Powdered  charcoal  is  still  more  re- 


sugar with  it,  and  also  with  Graham  pudding.  As  j mar£able  in  its  effect.  It  will  not  onlv  keep  the 
this  popular  article  of  diet  is  universally  used,  this  j meat  over  which  it  is  sprinkled  good,  but  will 
recipe  may  not  come  amiss.  J remove  the  taint  from  already  decayed  flesh.  A 

Sandwiches  for  Pic-Nics. — Boil  a fewT  pounds  of  j piece  of  charcoal  boiled  in  the  w^ater  with  “ high’* 
ham,  and  chop  it  very  fine  while  it  is  warm— fat 
and  lean  together ; rub  dry  mustard  in  proportions 
to  suit  your  taste  through  the  mass  ; add  as  much 


swreet  butter  as  would  go  to  the  spreading  of  your 
sandwiches,  and  w'hen  it  is  thoroughly  mixed,  split 
light  biscuits  in  halves  and  spread  the  ham  between. 
These  can  be  eaten  without  trouble,  and  will  be 
found  excellent.  Add  to  them  some  oranges,  or 
any  other  fruit  in  season,  a loaf  of  cake — if  you  are 
a notable  cake  baker — a bottle  of  cold  tea  well 
sweetened,  a small  lump  of  ice  wrapped  in  flannel, 
and  you  are  well  provisioned  for  the  day. 

Graham  Gems. — Two  teacupsful  of  buttermilk,  a 
little  salt,  three  even  cupsful  of  Graham  flour,  and 
one  teaspoonful  of  soda.  Stir  well  and  bake  in  iron 
gem  pans,  which  should  be  hot  on  the  stove  before 
filling ; put  them  into  a very  hot  oven,  and  bake 
from  fifteen  to  twrenty  minutes.  If  you  wTant  them 
of  extra  quality,  take  one  teacupful  of  buttermilk, 
one  egg,  two  teacupsful  of  the  flour,  with  soda  and 
salt,  as  before.  Very  good  gems  are  made  by  taking 
one  teacupful  of  sw7eet  milk  or  w'ater,  one  and  a half 
teacupsful  of  the  flour,  half  a teaspoonful  of  soda, 
one  of  cream  tartar,  w'ith  a little  salt,  and  a spoonful 
of  sugar ; beat  wrell,  until  it  looks  smooth. 


meat  or  fowls,  will  render  it  or  them  quite  sweet. 
Charcoal  should  be  kept  in  every  larder. 

The  Science  of  Boiling. — In  boiling  meat  for 
soup,  cold  w'ater  should  be  used  at  first,  so  as  to  ex- 
tract as  much  of  the  nutrient  juices  as  possible,  and 
the  heat  be  raised  gradually.  But  if  the  meat  be 
wanted  in  a boiled  state  for  itself,  and  not  for  its 
soup,  then  it  should  be  plunged  at  once  into  boiling 
w'ater  and  kept  boiling  for  a few  minutes,  so  that  all 
the  outer  albumen  may  be  coagulated,  in  order  to 
imprison  the  sapid  and  nutritive  juices;  then  cold 
water  should  be  added  till  the  temperature  is  re- 
duced to  160°,  at  which  it  should  be  kept  till  the 
cooking  is  completed,  because  that  heat  is  necessary 
for  the  coagulation  of  the  coloring  matter  of  the 
blood.  In  all  cases,  no  more  heat  than  is  sufficient 
should  be  emploved  in  cooking.  Thtis,  in  making 
soup,  all  the  fire  *in  the  world  w'ill  not  make  the 
water  hotter  than  its  boiling  temperature,  at  which 
point  it  can  be  retained  at  a very  moderate  expend- 
iture of  fuel.  Violent  ebullition,  such  as  w*e  see 
cooks  often  practice,  wdiile  it  does  no  good,  does 
much  harm,  not  only  by  wasting  coal,  but  also  by 
carrying  off  in  the  steam  much  of  the  aromatic  and 
volatile  ingredients  of  the  food. 


HE  CONQUERS  GRIEF  THAT  CAN  TAKE  A FIRM  RESOLUTION. 


53 


MISCELLANEOUS  RECIPES. 


To  Remove  Paint  Stains. — Chloroform  removes 
stains  from  paint,  varnishes  and  oils.  Another  very 
effective  fluid  for  the  same  purpose  is  a mixture  of 
six  parts  of  very  strong  alcohol,  three  parts  of  liquor 
ammonia,  and  a quarter  part  of  benzole.  Spirits  of 
turpentine  also,  applied  immediately,  will  remove 
paint  stains  instantly  from  clothes. 

To  Whiten  Linen. — Linen  which  has  been  laid 
by  unused  for  a long  time  is  liable  to  acquire  a yel- 
lowish tint.  Washing  in  a weak  solution  of  chloride 
of  lime  will  speedily  restore  the  original  white  color. 
After  the  soaking  in  this  chlorine  preparation,  the 
articles  ought  to  be  rinsed,  first  in  a solution  of  an- 
tichlor  (hyposulphite  of  sodium),  and  then  again  in 
pure  water. 

To  Put  a Gloss  on  Linen. — Add  to  the  starch 
a little  sugar  or  white  wax  or  butter,  and  iron  in 
the  usual  way.  Then  pass  a damp  cloth  over  the 
linen,  lay  it  on  a smooth  board,  and  polish  with  a 
polishing  iron  made  for  the  purpose,  and  sold  in 
house-furnishing  stores,  for  about  a dollar.  To  in- 
sure complete  success,  there  must  be  plenty  of  “ el- 
bow grease  ” applied  in  the  operation. 

To  Remove  Grease  From  Cloth.— Moisten  the 
stains  with  a few  drops  of  concentrated  solution  of 
sub-carbonate  of  potash.  Rub  the  parts  between 
the  fingers,  and  then  wash  the  cloth  with  a little 
warm  water.  The  best  thing  to  remove  grease  from 
silk  is  to  scrape  upon  the  stain  a good  layer  of  French 
chalk,  and  allow  it  to  remain  on  for  two  or  three 
days,  then  gently  blow  it  off.  If  the  first  application 
does  not  remove  it,  apply  a second. 

To  Remove  Paint  from  Silk  or  Cloth. — After 
the  paint  has  once  been  dried  on,  it  is  extremely 
difficult  to  remove.  Directly  it  comes  in  contact 
with  the  clothes,  wipe  off  as  much  as  you  can ; then 
apply  to  it  repeatedly  spirits  of  turpentine  or  spirits 
of  wine,  rubbed  with  a soft  rag  or  flannel.  Either 
will  also  remove  it  if  applied  immediately ; on  a 
colored  silk,  almost  any  application  of  the  kind  will 
leave  a mark  or  take  the  color  slightly  out. 

Useful  Cement. — A useful  cement  for  mending 
broken  crockery  and  for  repairing  various  domestic 
articles  is  made  of  the  curds  of  milk  mixed  with 
lime.  A similar  compound  is  formed  of  cheese  and 
lime  mixed  with  water  or  skim-milk,  and  is  used  as 
a putty  for  joiners’  work,  and  as  a material  for  mould- 
ing. This  is  known  as  cheese  lime.  According  to 
a Wurtemberg  technical  periodical,  M.  Brunsch- 
weiller  has  invented  a preparation  of  skim-milk  and 
lime  in  the  form  of  a fine  powder,  which,  when 
mixed  with  water,  acts  like  plaster  of  Paris,  setting 
quickly  and  hardening  with  age.  The  powder  is 
very  fine  and  dry,  and  keeps  well. 

Washing  Dish  Ware. — It  seems  that  housekeep- 
ers are  all  wrong  in  using  soap  to  wash  dishes.  The 
right  way  to  do  is  to  have  your  water  quite  hot,  and 
add  a very  little  milk  to  it.  This  softens  the  water, 
gives  the  dishes  a fine  gloss,  and  preserves  the 
hands;  it  removes  the  grease,  even  that  from  beef, 
and  yet  no  grease  is  ever  found  floating  on  the 
water,  as  when  soap  is  used.  The  stone  vessels 
should  be  set  on  the  stove  with  a little  water  in 
them,  when  the  victuals  are  taken  from  them  ; thus 
they  are  hot  when  one  is  ready  to  wash  them,  and 
the  grease  can  easily  be  removed.  Tinware  keeps 
bright  longer,  cleansed  in  this  way,  than  by  using 
soap  or  by  scouring.  The  habit  so  many  of  us  have 
acquired  of  scouring  tins  is  a wasteful  policy;  the 
present  style  of  tinware  will  not  bear  it.  The  tin  is 
soon  scrubbed  away,  and  a vessel  that  is  fit  for 
nothing  is  left  on  our  hands. 


Glass-Ware  Cement. — A recipe  for  cement  to 
stop  cracks  in  glass  vessels,  and  resist  moisture  and 
heat,  is  thus  given  in  the  Scientific  American  : Dis- 
solve caseine  in  cold  saturated  solution  of  borax, 
and  with  this  solution  paste  strips  of  hog’s  or  bill- 
lock’s  bladder  (softened  in  water)  on  the  cracks  of 
the  glass,  and  dry  at  a gentle  heat ; if  the  vessel  is 
to  be  heated,  coat  the  bladder  on  the  outside  before 
it  has  become  quite  dry,  with  a paste  of  a rather 
concentrated  solution  of  silicate  of  soda  and  quick- 
lime, or  plaster  of  Paris.  After  three  days,  it  can 
not  be  broken  in  the  same  place. 

Imitation  of  Walnut. — The  following  is  said  to 
be  a very  superior  method  for  staining  any  kind  of 
wood  in  imitation  ‘of  walnut,  which  is  also  cheap 
and  simple  in  its  manipulation.  The  wood,  previ- 
ously thoroughly  dried  and  warmed,  is  coated  once 
or  twice  with  a stain  composed  of  one  part,  by 
weight,  of  extract  of  walnut-peel  dissolved  in  six 
parts  of  soft  water  by  heating  it  to  boiling,  and  stirr- 
ing. The  wood  thus  treated,  when  half  dry,  is 
brushed  with  a solution  of  one  part,  by  weight,  of 
bichromate  of  potash  in  five  parts  of  boiling  water, 
and  is  then  allowed  to  dry  thoroughly  and  is  to  be 
rubbed  and  polished  as  usual.  Red  beech  and  elder, 
under  this  treatment,  assume  a most  deceptive  re- 
semblance to  American  Walnut.  The  color  is  fixed 
in  the  wood  to  the  depth  of  one  or  two  lines. 

Freckles  and  their  Cause. — Freckles  are  not 
easily  washed  out  of  those  who  have  a florid  com- 
plexion, and  are  much  in  the  sunshine;  but  the 
following  washes  are  not  only  harmless,  but  very 
much  the  best  of  anything  we  know.  Grate  horse- 
radish fine,  let  it  stand  a few  hours  in  buttermilk, 
then  strain  and  use  the  wash  night  and  morning. 
Or  squeeze  the  juice  of  a lemon  into  half  a goblet 
of  water  and  use  the  same  way.  Most  of  the  rem- 
edies for  freckles  are  poisonous,  and  cannot  be  used 
with  safety.  Freckles  indicate  a defective  digestion, 
and  consist  in  deposits  of  some  carbonaceous  or  fatty 
matter  beneath  the  scarf  skin.  The  diet  should  be 
attended  to,  and  should  be  of  a nature  that  the 
bowels  and  kidneys  will  do  their  duty.  Daily  bath- 
ing, with  much  friction,  should  not  be  neglected, 
and  the  Turkish  bath  taken  occasionally. 

For  Tanning  Fur  and  Other  Skins. — Remove 
the  legs  and  other  useless  parts,  soak  the  skin  soft, 
and  then  remove  the  fleshy  substances,  and  soak  it 
in  warm  water  one  hour.  Now  take  for  each  skin 
borax,  saltpetre  and  Glaubersalt,  of  each  one-half 
ounce,  and  dissolve  or  wet  with  soft  water  sufficient 
to  allow  it  to  be  spread  on  the  flesh  side  of  the  skin. 
Put  it  on  with  a brush  thickest  in  the  centre  of  the 
thickest  part  of  the  skin,  and  double  the  skin  to- 
gether, flesh  side  in  ; keeping  it  in  a cool  place  for 
twenty-four  hours,  not  allowing  it  to  freeze.  Then 
wash  the  skin  clean,  and  take  sal-soda,  one  ounce; 
borax,  one-half  ounce;  refined  soap,  two  ounces; 
melt  them  slowly  together,  being  careful  not  to 
allow  them  to  boil,  and  apply  the  mixture  to  the 
flesh  side  as  at  first.  Roll  up  again  and  keep  it  in 
a warm  place  for  twenty-four  hours  ; then  wash  the 
skin  clean  again,  as  above,  and  have  saleratus,  two 
ounces,  dissolved  in  hot  rain  water  sufficient  to  well 
saturate  the  skin  ; take  alum,  four  ounces;  salt,  eight 
ounces,  and  dissolve  also  in  hot  rain  water;  when 
sufficiently  cool  to  allow  the  handling  of  it  without 
scalding,  put  in  the  skin  for  twenty-four  hours ; 
then  hang  up  for  twelve  hours  more  to  dry.  Re- 
peat this  last  soaking  and  drying  two  or  three  times, 
according  to  the  desired  softness  of  the  skin  when 
finished.  Lastly,  finish  by  pulling  and  working, 
and  finally  rubbing  with  a piece  of  pumice  stone 
and  fine  sand  paper.  This  works  like  a charm  on 
sheep-skins,  fur-skins,  dog,  wolf,  bear-skins,  etc. 


54  COURAGE  AND  RESOLUTION  ARE  THE  SPIRIT  AND  SOUL  OF  VIRTUE. 


Youths’  Department. 


' LIKE  A LITTLE  I£AN.' 


H ! you  don’t  know  what  I am  goin^  to  be 
when  I grow  to  be  a man  ! ” said  Freddy 
Foster  as  he  was  playing  in  the  garden 
with  Harry  Ware  one  fine  day  in  spring. 

“ I know  what  I shall  be,”  answered  Harry. 

“ But  let  me  tell  first,”  cried  Freddy,  as  he  wound 
up  his  top  with  a determined  air.  “ Uncle  John 
has  been  telling  me  of  Robinson  Crusoe,  lion  hunt- 
ers, and  all  sorts  of  brave  fellows.  So  I shall  be  a 
lion  hunter,  a great  man,  you  know,  and  go  over  the 
sea  to  Africa,  like  Dr.  Livingstone.” 

“ You’ll  get  eaten  up,”  said  Harry,  laughing. 

“ Not  I,  said  Freddy,  bravely.  “ I shall  be  a 
great,  brave  man and  he  strutted  about  as  if  he 
thought  himself  a great  man  already,  though  he 
was  only  seven  years  old. 

“ Why,  you  would  be  dreadfully  afraid  if  you 
were  to  see  a lion  in  the  dark,”  said  Harry,  in  a 
very  taunting  tone. 

“ Not  I,”  said  Freddy,  again,  but  not  quite  so 
bravely  this  time ; for,  looking  up,  he  saw  his 
mother  standing  at  the  open  window  of  the  sitting- 
room,  and  he  knew  she  heard  what  was  said. 

In  many  ways  Freddy  was  not  as  brave  as  he 
ought  to  have  been.  His  brother  Frank,  who  was 
a big  boy  of  twelve  years  of  age,  used  to  tease  him 
in  a playful  manner  sometimes,  saying  that  Freddy 
was  “worse  than  a girl.”  If  he  hurt  himself  at 
play,  he  would  run  in  crying  as  if  he  were  half 
killed ; he  would  cry,  too,  when  he  was  told  it  was 
time  to  go  to  bed,  and  actually  when  Betty  the 
servant  washed  him  in  the  morning. 

Freddy  often  made  up  his  mind  that  he  would 
endure  Betty’s  scrubbing  without  flinching — and 
sometimes  he  did — she  really  was  a scrubber ; and 
when  he  cut  his  finger  one  day,  he  kept  his  lips 
close  together,  and  went  to  his  mamma  to  have  it 
bound  up  as  quietly  as  if  it  were  only  a little  scratch, 
though  it  was  quite  a deep  cut.  So  you  see  Fred- 
dy was  trying  to  mend. 

But  there  was  one  habit  which  Freddy  found  it 
very  hard  to  break  himself  of,  and  that  was  having 
a candle  kept  burning  in  his  bed  room  at  night 
while  he  went  to  sleep.  Now,  Freddy  had  not 
always  had  a candle  to  go  to  sleep  by ; wrhen  he 
slept  in  the  same  room  with  his  brother  Frank,  he 
was  not  a bit  timid,  and  perhaps  would  not  have 
been  when  he  was  put  to  sleep  in  a little  room  by 
himself  adjoining  his  mamma’s;  but  one  night 
when  he  was  seven  years  old  he  was  very  much 
frightened,  and  I will  tell  you  how. 

It  was  on  the  Fourth  of  July.  Frank  had  a lot  of 
fireworks  to  let  off  in  the  back  garden,  and  some  of 
his  friends  came  to  see  the  display.  One  of  Frank’s 
friends  who  was  there  was  full  of  mischief,  and  he 
coaxed  Betty  to  lend  him  a large  table  cloth,  say- 
ing it  was  for  something  particular — he  would  soon 
bring  it  back,  and  not  dirty  it.  So  he  went  into  a 
dark  corner  of  the  garden  and  put  it  over  his  head, 
so  that  it  trailed  all  around  him.  Then  when 
Frank  told  Freddy  and  the  other  boys  to  go  dowm 
in  the  garden  where  they  might  get  a better  view  of 
his  rockets  and  wheels,  out  sprang  this  boy,  James 
Field,  from  behind  a bush,  and  making  a hideous 
noise,  set  the  boys  scampering  in  all  directions. 
Poor  little  Freddy  was  so  terrified  that  he  was  in  a 
tremble  all  the  evening. 

Well,  ever  since  then  Freddy  had  begged  his 


mamma  so  hard  to  let  him  have  a candle,  and 
seemed  so  very  frightened  of  the  dark,  that  she 
could  not  refuse  him.  And  now,  although  spring 
was  come,  and  it  was  only  just  getting  dark  when 
he  went  to  bed,  he  still  begged  for  the  candle. 

When  Harry  Ware  had  gone  home  that  after- 
noon, Freddy  said  to  his  mother,  “ Did  you  hear  us 
talking  this  afternoon,  mamma  ? ” 

“ Yes,  dear,”  said  Mrs.  Foster,  smiling. 

Freddy  laughed,  and  blushed  too,  as  he  said : “ I 
know  you  think  I never  could  be  a lion  hunter  or  a 
brave  man  at  all,  don’t  you  ? ” 

“ Well,  Freddy,  I really  think  that  before  you 
can  be  a brave  great  man,  you  must  be  a brave 
little  one,”  she  replied,  laughing. 

Freddy  thought  that  was  very  true,  and  he  wished 
so  much  that  he  could  make  up  his  mind  to  be 
brave  about  the  dark.  He  sat  thinking  a minute  or 
two ; and  when  Betty  came  in  to  set  the  tea,  he 
slipped  away  up  stairs  to  his  own  little  room, 
peeped  under  the  bed  and  looked  all  around  him. 
The  sun  was  shining  brightly,  lighting  up  every 
nook  and  corner. 

“I’m  not  afraid  to  be  here  by  myself  now,” 
thought  Freddy,  “though  I am  out  of  lied,  and 
nobody  else  is  up  stairs.  If  it  were  dark,  I should 
feel  afraid,  even  tucked  up  in  bed,  though  every 
thing  would  be  just  the  same  in  the  dark  as  it  is 
now  in  the  light.” 

Then  he  thought  of  Uncle  John,  who  had  come 
to  stay  a month  w ith  them,  and  had  been  in  the 
house  only  two  days.  Freddy  went  on  talking  to 
himself:  “ If  Uncle  John  should  get  to  know  that  I 
have  a candle  to  go  to  sleep  by,  what  would  he 
say?”  Freddy  looked  around  his  little  room  once 
more,  and  then  walked  down  stairs  w ith  a brave, 
happy  feeling  in  his  heart. 

“ Good-night,  mamma,”  said  Freddy,  in  a brave 
voice,  when  his  mother  went  up  stairs  as  usual  to 
kiss  him  and  say  good-night.  “Take  the  candle 
awray,  please.” 

“ Now  that  is  like  a little  man  ! ” said  Mrs.  Foster, 
smiling.  “Ah  ! I see  you  are  going  to  turn  over  a 
new  leaf,  and  begin  to  be  brave  in  right  good 
earnest,  Fred.” 

Freddy  smiled  too  ; but  wdien  his  mamma  came 
and  peeped  at  him  with  the  candle  in  her  hand  just 
before  leaving  the  room,  he  looked  rather  grave 
again,  for  thoughts  of  all  sorts  of  things  came  into 
his  mind,  and  made  him  feel  timid  for  a minute  or 
two.  However,  he  said  “ good-night  ” bravely  again, 
and  by  and  by  he  went  to  sleep  quite  happy.  The 
next  morning  he  felt  so  proud  and  pleased  that  he 
had  overcome  his  silly  fears ; and,  indeed,  he  very 
soon  grewr  brave  enough  to  go  any  where  in  the  dark. 

For  instance,  one  evening,  just  as  he  was  going  to 
bed,  Uncle  John  said,  “ I wonder  w here  I left  that 
book  I wras  reading  ? ” 

“ I knowr,”  said  Freddy.  “ Shall  I fetch  it, 
mamma  ? ” 

“ Yes,”  she  replied,  and  off  wrent  Freddy  into  the 
dark  garden  to  the  arbor,  wrhere  he  knew  Uncle 
John  had  left  his  book. 

“ Where  wras  it?  ” asked  Uncle  John. 

“ Dow  n in  the  arbor,”  said  Freddy. 

“And  did  you  go  alone  in  the  dark  for  it,  my  boy  ?” 

“Yes,”  replied  Freddy,  feeling  very  pleased. 

“There’s  a little  man!  ” said  Uncle  John,  patting 
him  on  the  head.  “ I do  like  to  see  boys  not  afraid 
of  the  dark.” 


A LIAR  MUST  HAVE  A GOOD  MEMORY. 


THE  HOUSEHOLD  PETS. 


OUR  HOUSEHOLD  PETS. 


?,HE  scene  above  represented  is  one  of  a 
Jg  thousand  similar  interesting  sights  that 
may  be  seen  in  any  family  where  there  is 
a child  or  children.  The  friendly  and  so- 
cial relations  that  grow  up  between  the  (so-called 
domestic  animals  and  the  young  of  the  human 


family,  are  a prolific  source  of  development  for 
many  of  the  better  traits  of  our  nature.  The  child 
that  has  been  raised  without  a pussy  to  fondle  and 
caress,  or  a dog  to  play  with,  will  be  a cold-hearted, 
sedate  and  selfish  man  or  woman.  Even  the  inani- 
mate doll,  to  the  little  girl,  is  a source  of  pleasure  and 
sympathetic  development,  useful  in  its  way,  and 
not  to  be  denied  the  child. 


56  RICHES  ABUSE  THOSE  WHO  KNOW  NOT  HOW  TO  USE  THEM. 

In  a previous  article  in  this  book,  “ Mental  Pow- 
ers of  Dumb  Creatures,”  we  have  given  many  inci- 
dents showing  the  intelligence,  reason,  language, 
conscience,  generosity,  and  pure  affection  of  domes- 
tic animals,  insects,  etc.,  ana  how  nearly  their  man- 
ifestations are  identical  with  the  exercise  of  the 
same  powers  by  human  beings.  The  more  one 
knows  of  animal  life,  and  of  all  created  things,  both 
animate  and  inanimate,  the  more  closely  do  they 
seem  related  and  necessary  to  each  other  in  this 
state  of  existence.  And  many  of  the  wisest  think- 
ers and  most  rational  philosophers  have  expressed 
their  convictions  that  all  organic  life  is  eternal,  that 
“ the  living  principle  is  never  extinguished,”  in  the 
language  of  Mrs.  Somerville,  who  scientifically  sub- 
stantiates her  position  thus ; “ Since  the  atoms  of 
matter  are  indestructible,  as  far  as  we  know,  it  is 
difficult  to  believe  that  the  spark  which  gives  to 
their  union  life,  memory,  affection,  intelligence  and 
fidelity,  is  evanescent.  The  abode  is  changed,  not 
the  inhabitant.” 

The  poet  Southey  entertained  a vivid  appreciation 
of  this  idea,  as  he  wrote  upon  the  death  of  a favorite 
spaniel  that  had  been  his  companion  from  boyhood: 
“ Ah,  poor  companion ! when  thou  followedst  last 
Thy  master’s  parting  footsteps  to  the  gate 
Which  closed  forever  on  him,  thou  didst  lose 
Thy  best  friend,  and  none  was  left  to  plead 
For  the  old  age  of  brute  fidelity. 

But  fare  thee  well.  Mine  is  no  narrow  creed ; 

And  lie  who  gave  thee  being  did  not  frame 
The  mystery  of  Life  to  be  the  sport 
Of  merciless  man.  There  is  another  world 
For  all  that  live  and  move— a better  one ! 

Where  the  proud  bipeds,  who  would  fain  confine 
Infinite  goodness  to  the  little  bounds 
Of  their  own  charity,  may  envy  thee.” 

And  Lamartine,  the  French  humanitarian,  wrote 
in  a similar  strain  : 

“ My  dog  ! the  difference  bet  ween  thee  and  me 
Knows  only  our  Creator  ; —only  He 
Can  number  the  degree  in  being’s  scale 
Between  thy  instinctive  lamp,  ne’er  known  to  fail, 
And  that  less  steady  light  of  brighter  ray, 

The  soul  which  animates  thy  master’s  clay ; 

And  He  alone  can  tell  by  what  fond  tie. 

My  look  thy  life— my  death,  thy  sign  lo  die.” 

If  these  reflections  have  no  other  effect  than  to 
lead  the  young  and  the  unthinking  to  treat  their 
pets  and  domestic  animals  generally  with  kindness 
and  forbearance,  our  chief  object  will  be  gained  in 
presenting  them. 

Little  Folk’s  Dictionary.  — A writer  in  the 
School-day  Magazine  has  gathered  together  the  fol- 
lowing dictionary  words  as  defined  by  certain  small 
people  here  and  there: 

Back-biter — A flea. 

B ed-ti m e — Sh ut-ey e ti me. 

Dust — Mud,  with  the  juice  all  squeezed  out. 

Fan — A thing  to  brush  warm  off  with. 

Fins — A fish’s  wings. 

Ice — Water  that  stayed  out  in  the  cold  and  went 
to  sleep. 

Monkey — A very  little  boy  with  a tail. 

Nest-egg — The  egg  that  the  old  hen  measures  by 
to  make  new  ones. 

Pig — A hog’s  little  boy. 

Salt — What  makes  your  potato  taste  bad  when 
you  don’t  put  any  on. 

Snoring — Letting  off  sleep. 

Stars — The  moon’s  eggs. 

Wakefulness— Eyes  all  the  time  coming  unbut- 
toned. 

A SPELLING  PUZZLE. 

Something  for  Young  Folks  to  Ntmly. 

VIGILANT  gazetteer,  with  the  sobriquet 
of  “ Colonel,”  who  had  combatted  the 
cillery  of  the  plebeians,  and  the  euphu- 
WP  ignis  and  schisms  of  the  vacillating, 
idiosyncratic,  erudite  patricians,  received,  with  un- 
paralleled cacliination,  a challenge  to  an  orthograph- 
ical competition. 

To  his  transcendent  surprise,  the  proffered  prize 
was  daguerreotypes  of  Mendelsshon,  Kosciusko, 
and  Kensselaer,  or,  if  the  conqueror  preferred, 
copies  of  the  Septuagint,  Apocrypha  and  West- 
minster catechism.  He  thought,  with  debatable 
admissible  egotism,  of  the  gratuitous  applause  of 
the  populace,  and  the  appearance  of  his  name  in 
bourgeois  the  next  day,  and  his  choice  was  discern- 
ible in  hilarity,  and  the  hieroglyph ical  acknowledg- 
ment which  he  transmitted  to  the  embarrassed, 
stupefied  gypsy,  who  left  with  a rough  courtesy. 

He  changed  his  apparel,  donned  his  Nassau  Ulster, 
and  his  worsted  gauntlets,  and  traveled  toward  the 
trysting-place.  He  stopped  at  the  druggist’s  to  ob- 
tain a dose  of  chloral  and  a dozen  troches.  Here 
he  found  a physician  who  was  purchasing  a dram 
phial  of  ipecacuanha  and  an  ounce  of  licorice  for  a 
colicky  patient,  who  not  only  had  the  colic,  but 
rheumatism,  neuralgia,  bilious  erysipelas,  and  was 
threatened  with  hemorrhage,  cerebro-spinal  men- 
ingitis, pneumonia  and  huniplegia. 

He  met  a surveyor  and  an  architect,  who  were 
gauging  the  width  of  Eighth  street  for  a crisscross 
trestlework  bridge.  A ferreous  derrick  almost 
mauled  his  cranium,  and  he  bawled  aloud.  His 
clamor  brought  an  ally  from  a neighboring  allej’’, 
who  administered  a draught  of  rectified  whisky, 
and  a teaspoonful  of  paregoric  mixed  with  chloro- 
form. At  the  same  time,  this  thief  with  consum- 
mate villainy  purloined  his  chronometer  and  the 
balance  of  specie  in  his  pockets.  He  committed 
this  piece  of  rascality  with  impunity,  and  it  was  un- 
punished, for  our  punctilious  friend  was  harassed 
and  perplexed  at  the  lateness  of  the  hour. 

He  next  met  a sibyl,  who  wore  a de  bege  polon- 
aise with  a cuirass  basque,  and  a shirred  tahlier,  all 
elaborately  trimmed  with  bias  pleatings  and  passe- 
menterie— and  carried  a satchel,  portemonnaie  and 
reticule.  She  smilingly  offered  him  a tempting 
bouquet  of  fuchsias,  lilies,  mignonette,  and  phlox 
in  a conch-like  basin.  But  he  saw  a caterpillar 
cosily  ensconced  among  the  posies,  and  refused  the 
nosegay. 

A groceryman  tried  to  inveigle  him  into  buying 
a supply  of  peas,  potatoes,  celery,  cauliflower,  or 
kerosene,  hut  he  thought  of  his  embezzled  funds 
and  passed  on.  A Teutonic  tenant  of  a tenement 
house,  forgetting  the  tenet  of  the  law,  was  basti- 
nadoing the  soles  of  an  incorrigible  stripling  with  a 
surcingle.  The  murmur  of  the  parental  harangue, 
preceded  hv  a volley  of  virulent  imprecations,  filled 
the  auditory  meatus  of  our  friend,  and  he  proceeded 
toward  the  goal.  A flaming  advertisement  of  re- 
cent discoveries  of  auriferous  and  argentiferous  de- 
posits in  the  argillaceous  country  of  the  Black  Hills 
now  caught  his  eve.  He  did  not  stop  to  criticise 
the  italicized  statements,  hut  he  saw  several  salable 
specimens  of  cinnabar,  more  precious  than  bdellium, 
onyx  or  beryl. 

When  he  reached  his  destination  he  was  exceed- 
ingly roiled  to  find  that  the  gnomon  of  the  dial  in- 
dicated that  he  was  delinquent.  An  ostentatious 
pedagogue,  with  a ferule  or  gavel  in  his  hand,  was 
endeavoring  to  mystify  his  audience  with  the  ap- 
pellatives that  emanated  from  his  lamyx. 

GENIUS  MAY  BE  ALMOST  DEFINED  AS  THE  FACULTY  OF  ACQUIRING  POVERTY.  57 


THE  GIPSY  GIRL. 

HIS  is  the  famous  girl  who  long  ago  sang, 
and  of  whom  so  many  other  girls  have 
since  sung : 

“ Buy  a broom? 

Oh ! buy  of  the  wandering  Bavarian  a broom  ? ” 

The  Gipsies  themselves  are  ignorant  of  their 
origin,  but  the  best  historians  have  traced  them  back 
to  300  B.  C.,  when  they  were  Buddhists,  and  driven 
from  Tartary  by  persecution.  Since  then,  they 
have  been  wanderers  on  the  face  of  the  earth — 
never  settling  down  to  industry  or  the  possession  of 
property.  They  profess  the  gift  of  fortune-telling 
by  palmistry,  and  are  given  to  deception  and  petty 
thieving.  Severe  laws  have  been  enacted  against 
them,  in  various  European  States,  for  the  purpose 


of  compelling  them  to  w'ork  or  leave  the  country, 
but  they  have  proved  of  little  force  for  any  length 
of  time.  They  exist  in  the  greatest  number  in 
Spain,  where  they  are  estimated  at  40,000  ; in  Eng- 
land, 10,000  ; and  in  the  aggregate,  500,000.  They 
are  dark  in  complexion,  probably  from  living  out 
doors  and  in  tents;  have  black  eyes  and  hair, 
narrow  mouth,  fine  white  teeth,  which,  with  their 
lithe  and  agile  figure,  cause  most  of  their  young 
women  to  be  considered  beauties.  Their  habits  are, 
however,  so  squalid  and  depraved  as  to  cause  them 
before  they  are  past  middle  age  to  fall  into  decrepi- 
tude. They  have  little  Qr  no  religious  belief,  and 
no  words  in  their  language  to  signify  God,  the  soul, 
or  immortality.  Marriage  is  a temporary  form  with 
them,  and  the  limits  of  consanguinity  are  not  re- 
spected. 


58 


UK  THAT  BOASTS  OF  HIS  OWN  KNOWLEDGE  PROCLAIMS  HIS  IGNORANCE. 


FOR  BOYS  TO  REMEMBER. 


dfaaWflBK  GENTLEMAN  advertised  for  a boy  to 
assist  him  in  his  office,  and  nearly  fifty 

mwlSf  applicants  presented  themselves  to  him. 
Out  of  the  whole  number  he,  in  a short 
time,  selected  one  and  dismissed  the  rest. 

“ I should  like  to  know,”  said  a friend,  “ on  what 
ground  you  selected  that  hoy,  who  had  not  a single 
recommendation  ? ” 

“ You  are  mistaken,  my  friend,”  was  the  reply ; 
“ he  had  a great  many,  and  if  you  care  to  listen  I 
will  enumerate  a few  of  them.  He  wiped  his  feet 
when  he  came  in,  and  closed  the  door  after  him, 
thereby  showing  that  he  is  careful.  He  instantly 
gave  up  his  seat  to  an  old  man  who  is  lame,  show- 
ing that  he  is  kind  and  thoughtful.  He  took  off  his 
cap  when  he  came  in,  and  answered  my  questions 
promptly  and  respectfullv,  showing  that  he  is  polite 
and  gentlemanly.  He  picked  up  the  book  that  I 
had  purposely  laid  on  the  floor  and  replaced  it  upon 
the  table,  while  all  the  rest  either  stepped  over  it 
or  shoved  it  aside ; and  he  waited  quietly  for  his 
turn,  instead  of  pushing  and  crowding,  which  evinces 
an  honest  and  orderly  disposition.  When  I talked 
with  him  I noticed  that  his  clothes  were  cleanly 
brushed,  his  hair  in  nice  order,  and  his  teeth  as 
white  as  milk  ; and  when  he  wrote  his  name,  I also 
noticed  that  his  finger-nails  were  clean,  instead  of 
being  tipped  with  jet  like  that  handsome  little  fel- 
low’s in  the  blue  jacket.  Don’t  you  term  those 
things  letters  of  recommendation  ? I do,  and  I 
would  give  more  for  what  I can  tell  about  a boy  by 
using  my  eyes  for  ten  minutes  than  all  the  fine  let- 
ters you  can  bring  me.” 


Encourage  the  Boys. —Half-grown  boys  are  too 
often  treated  as  nuisances,  and  are  thus  encouraged 
to  become  such.  No  provision  is  made  for  their 
entertainment ; they  are  not  trained  to  employ  their 
overflowing  activity  in  useful  ways ; they  are  treated 
as  if  they  possessed  a peculiar  kind  of  depravitv, 
and  as  incapable  of  adding  to  the  happiness  of 
others.  It  is  too  much  to  expect  that  a boy  will 
prefer  reading  a dry  book  to  a frolic  with  his  fellows 
will  enjoy  being  lectured  nightly  on  his  particular 
sinfulness,  while  his  sister,  or  some  sick,  over- 
studious  youth,  is  held  up  as  a model  of  perfection. 
If  one-half  the  praise  which  is  bestowed  on  three 
and  live  year  olds,  and  on  “young  ladies  just  com- 
ing  out,’  were  distributed  among  young  men,  we 
should  see  a marked  decline  in  loaferism  and  rowdy 
conduct.  To  notice  a boy’s  good  intention  is  to 
make  performance  easy.  To  treat  him  as  a social 
outcast  is  to  make  him,  sooner  or  later,  a profes- 
sional disturber  of  the  peace.  If  home  be  made 
pleasant,  and  pains  taken  to  guide  youthful  spirits 
into  legitimate  channels,  there  will  be  less  fond- 
ness for  that  independent,  roving,  selfish  existence 
which  marks  every  boy  as  an  Ishmaelite. 


How  to  Know  a Goose.— “ Mother,  mother!” 
cried  a young  crow,  returning  hurriedly  from  its 
first  flight,  “I’m  so  frightened;  I’ve  seen  such  a 
sight!” 

“ What  sight,  my  son?”  asked  the  old  rook. 

“ Oh,  white  creatures,  screaming,  and  running 
and  straining  their  necks,  and  holding  their  heads 
ever  so  high.  See,  mother,  there  they  go!” 

“ Geese,  my  son,  merely  geese,”  calmly  replied  the 
parent  bird,  looking  over  the  common.  “Through 
life,  child,  observe  that  w'hen  you  meet  anv  one  who 
makes  a great  fuss  about  himself,  and  tries  to  lift 
his  head  higher  than  the  rest  of  the  world,  you  may 
set  him  down  at  once  as  a goose.” 


IMPOLITE  THINOS. 

Loud  and  boisterous  laughing. 

Reading  where  there  is  talking. 

Reading  aloud  in  company  without  being  asked. 

lalking  w hen  others  are  reading. 

Spitting  about  the  house. 

Cutting  finger  nails  in  company. 

Leaving  church  before  worship  is  closed. 

VV  hispering  or  laughing  in  the  house  of  God. 

Gazing  rudely  at  strangers. 

Leaving  a stranger  without  a seat. 

A want  of  respect  and  reverence  for  seniors. 

Correcting  older  persons  than  yourself,  especially 
parents.  r 

Receiving  a present  without  an  expression  of 
gratitude. 

Making  yourself  the  hero  of  your  ow’n  story 

Laughing  at  the  mistakes  of  others. 

Joking  others  in  company. 

Commencing  talking  before  others  have  finished 
speaking. 

Answering  questions  that  have  been  put  to  others. 

Commencing  to  eat  as  soon  as  you  get  to  the 
table ; and 

Not  listening  to  W'hat  one  is  saving  in  company. 

Better  Whistle  than  Whine.— One  morning  I 
noticed  tw'o  little  bovs  on  their  way  to  school.  The 
smaller  one  tumbled  and  fell ; and  though  he  was 
not  very  much  hurt,  he  began  to  w hine  in  a baby- 
ish way— not  a regular  roaring  boy-cry,  as  though 
he  were  half  killed,  but  a little  cross  whine. 

The  older  boy  took  his  hand  in  a kind  and  fath- 
erly way,  and  said : 

“Oh,  never  mind,  Jimmv,  don’t  whine;  it  is  a 
great  deal  better  to  whistle/’ 

And  he  began  in  the  merriest  w ay  a cheerful  bov- 
whistle. 

Jimmy  tried  to  join  in  the  wdiistle. 

“ I can’t  whistle  as  nice  as  you,  Charley,”  said 
he;  “ my  lips  won’t  pucker  up  good.” 

“Oh,  that  is  because  you  have  not  got  all  the 
whine  out  yet,”  said  Charlie;  “but  you  try  a min- 
ute, and  the  whistle  will  drive  the  w'hine  awray.” 

So  he  did ; and  the  last  I saw'  or  heard  of  the  lit- 
tle fellow's,  they  were  whistling  awav  as  earnestly 
as  though  that  was  the  chief  end  of  life. 

Companions  for  Life.— When  does  a daughter 
appear  so  attractive  as  when  showing  her  love  to 
father  or  mother— as  when  emploved  in  lightening 
their  cares  or  relieving  their  burdens?  It  would 
not  be  far  from  w'rong  to  say  to  a voung  man  who 
is  looking  with  some  degree  of  interest  for  a life 
companion:— Would  you  know  what  kind  of  a wife 
she  will  make  upon  whom  now  you  have  your  eye  ? 
Ask  w'hat  kind  of  a daughter  she  is  now'.  . If  she  is 
indolently  selfish,  leaving  care  and  work  to  her 
mother— especially  if  she  is  unloving  or  undutiful— 
bew'are  of  her — she  is  not  likely  to  make  vou  happy. 
If  she  is  an  affectionate  and  self-denving  daughter 
if  she  is  intimate  and  confidential  with  her  parents’ 
you  have  in  that  the  best  promise  of  happiness  in 
the  future.  The  eye  of  mother  or  father  beaming 
with  delight  as  it  rests  upon  a daughter’s  form, 
moving  lightly  in  their  presence,  is  an  unspoken 
recommendation  of  untold  value. 


In  a school  “ ale  and  beer  measure”  was  given  out 
to  be  memorized.  Next  morning  the  first  boy  was 
called  upon,  but  said,  “ I don’t  know  it,”  “ How’s 
that?”  “Please,  sir,  neither  father  nor  I thinks 
it’s  any  use,  for  we  neither  mean  to  buy,  sell  nor 
drink  it.” 


THEORIES  ARE  THIN  AND  UNSUBSTANTIAL  ; EXPERIENCE  ONLY  IS  TANGIBLE.  59 


THE  SAILOR  SOY. 


own. 


jlOYS  take  to  water  almost  like  ducks,  and 
nearly  all  of  them  have  a natural  pro- 
pensity to  ride  in  boats,  and  to  make  and 
launch  upon  the  water  toy  boats  of  their 
There  is  no  reason  why  this  feeling  should 
not  be  gratified,  within  the  bounds  of  safety.  The 
water  is  a very  treacherous  element,  and,  even 
when  all  seems  safe,  in  a skiff,  or  on  a rude  raft, 
there  is  no  telling  how  or  when  something  may 
happen  to  throw  the  occupants  into  the  drowning 
deep.  No  boy  should  ever  venture  into  or  upon 
water  of  dangerous  depth,  unless  in  the  care  of 
grown  persons  who  can  protect,  and  rescue  them  if 
necessary. 


“A  life  on  the  ocean  wave  ” has  lost  much  of  its 
fascination,  to  the  sailor  at  least,  since  the  steam 
engine  has,  in  a large  measure,  taken  the  place  of 
the  sail,  and  rendered  steady  and  sure  what  was 
before  risky  and  very  uncertain.  Still,  the  time 
will  never  come,  perhaps,  when  sail-boats  will  go 
entirely  out  of  use,  on  account  of  wind  being  so 
much  cheaper  than  fuel  and  steam,  and  that  there 
are  those  who  prefer  the  old  way  to  the  new. 

The  first  floating  vessel,  according  to  Bible 
history,  was  undoubtedly  Noah’s  ark,  and  had  no 
sails.  But,  in  very  ancient  times,  the  sail  was 
invented  to  aid  the  rowers  with  their  oars.  Ezekiel, 
27th  chapter,  7th  verse,  says:  “Fine  linen,  with 

broidered  work  from  Egypt,  was  that  which  thou 
spreadest  forth  to  be  thy  sail.” 


60  A MAN  FINDS  HIMSELF  SEVEN  YEARS  OLDER  THE  DAY  AFTER  HIS  MARRIAGE. 


THE  BABY  MYSTERIES. 

Whore  did  you  come  from,  baby,  dear?  ” 

Out  of  the  everywhere  into  here. 

Where  did  you  get  your  eyes  of  blue  ? 

Out  of  the  sky  as  I came  through. 

What  makes  the  light  In  them  sparkle  and  spin? 
Some  of  the  starry  spikes  left  in. 

Where  did  you  get  that  little  tear? 

I found  it  wailing  when  I got  here. 

What  makes  your  forehead  so  smooth  and  high  ? 

A soft  hand  stroked  it  as  I went  by. 

What  makes  your  cheeks  like  a warm,  white  rose  ? 
I saw  something  better  than  any  one  knows. 

Whence  that  three-cornered  smile  of  bliss? 

Three  angels  gave  me  at  once  a kiss. 

Where  did  you  get  this  pearly  ear? 

God  spoke,  and  it  came  out  to  hear. 

Where  did  you  get  these  arms  and  hands? 

Love  made  Itself  into  hooks  and  bands. 

Feet,  whence  did  you  come,  you  darling  things? 
From  the  same  box  as  the  cherubs’  wings. 

How  did  they  all  just  come  to  be  you  ? 

God  thought  about  me,  and  so  I grew. 

But  how  did  you  come  to  us,  you  dear ! 

God  thought  about  you,  and  so  I am  here. 


Secret  of  Success.  — Purposes,  however  wise, 
without  plans,  can  not  be  relied  on  for  good  results. 
Random  or  spasmodic  efforts,  like  aimless  shots, 
are  usually  no  better  than  wasted  time  and  strength. 
The  purposes  of  shrewd  men  in  the  business  of  this 
life  are  always  followed  with  carefully  formed  plans. 
Whether  the  object  is  learning,  honor,  or  wealth, 
the  ways  and  means  are  laid  out  according  to  the 
best  rules  and  methods.  The  mariner  has  his 
chart,  the  architect  his  plan,  and  the  sculptor  his 
model,  and  all  as  a means  and  condition  of  success. 
Invention,  genius,  or  even  what  is  sometimes  called 
inspiration,  can  do  little  in  any  department  of  the- 
oretic or  practical  science,  except  in  working  by  a 
well-formed  plan.  Then  every  step  is  an  advance 
toward  the  accomplishment  of  the  object.  Every 
tack  of  the  ship  made  according  to  nautical  law 
keeps  her  steadily  nearing  the  port.  Each  stroke 
of  the  chisel  brings  the  marble  into  a closer  likeness 
of  the  model.  No  effort  or  time  is  lost,  for  nothing 
is  done  rashly  or  at  random. 


Female  Society.  — All  men  who  avoid  female 
society  (says  Thackeray)  have  dull  perceptions,  and 
are  stupid,  and  have  gross  tastes,  and  revolt  against 
what  is  pure.  Your  club  swaggerers,  who  are  suck- 
ing the  butts  of  billiard  cues  all  night,  call  female 
society  insipid.  Poetry  is  uninspiring  to  a yokel ; 
beauty  has  no  charms  for  a blind  man ; music  does 
not  please  a poor  beast,  who  does  not  know  one  tune 
from  another;  but,  as  a true  epicure  is  hardly  ever 
tired  of  water,  sauce,  and  brown  bread  and  butter, 
I can  sit  for  a whole  night  talking  to  a well-regu- 
lated kindly  woman  about  her  daughter  Fanny,  or 
her  boy  Frank,  and  like  the  evening’s  entertain- 
ment. One  of  the  greatest  benefits  a man  can 
derive  from  woman’s  society  is  that  he  is  bound  to 
be  respectful  to  her.  The  habit  is  of  great  good  to 
your  morals,  men,  depend  upon  it.  Our  education 
makes  us  the  most  eminently  selfish  men  in  the 
world,  and  the  greatest  benefit  that  comes  to  a man 
from  a woman’s  society  is  that  he  has  to.  think  of 
somebody  to  whom  he  is  bound  to  be  respectful. 


SOWING. 


Are  we  sowing  seed#  of  kindness? 

They  shall  blossom  bright  ere  long ; 
Are  we  sowing  seeds  of  discord  ? 

They  shall  ripen  into  wrong  • 

Are  we  sowing  seeds  of  honor? 

They  shall  bring  forth  golden  grain ; 
Are  we  sowing  seeds  of  falsehood  ? 

We  shall  yet  reap  bitter  pain. 
Whatsoe’er  our  sowing  be, 

Reaping,  we  its  fruits  must  see. 

We  can  never  be  too  careful 

What  the  seed  our  hands  shall  sow 
Love  from  love  Is  sure  to  ripen, 

Hate  from  hate  is  sure  to  grow. 
Seeds  of  good  or  ill  we  scatter 
Heedlessly  along  our  way ; 

But  a glad  or  grievous  fruitage 
Waits  us  at  the  harvest  day 
Whatsoe’er  our  sowing  be, 

Reaping,  we  its  fruits  must  see. 


Harmonious  Color  Contrasts. — The  following 
list  of  harmonizing  colors,  which  will  be  found  very 
useful  in  selecting  wall  decorations  or  colors  for  any 
purpose,  has  been  prepared  for  the  convenience  of 
those  who  are  not  in  possession  of  a similar  list, 
either  memorized  or  otherwise.  It  is  worthy  of 
preservation : 

Red  with  green. 

Blue  with  orange. 

Yellow  with  violet. 

Black  with  brown. 

Violet  with  pale  green. 

Violet  with  light  rose. 

Deep  blue  with  golden  brown. 

Chocolate  with  light  blue. 

Deep  red  with  gray. 

Maroon  with  warm  green. 

Deep  blue  with  pink. 

Chocolate  with  pea  green. 

Maroon  with  deep  blue. 

Claret  with  buff. 

Black  with  warm  green. 


What  Do  You  Call  Your  Father? — The  old 
man  won’t  let  me  go.”— “ Pshaw ! my  gov’ner’ll  let 
me  go.” — “Well  I haven’t  said  anything  to  my  pop 
about  it.”  Such  talk  among  boys  is  very  common. 
When  boys  get  to  be  of  a certain  age — from  twelve 
to  sixteen— they  seem  to  think  it  manly,  in  speak- 
ing of  their  fathers  to  other  boys,  to  use" some  slang 
word.  We  hear  “Old  Man,”  “Dad,”  “Old  Square- 
toes,”  “Pop,”  “Governor,”  or  “Gov.,”  instead  of 
father,  one  of  the  best,  and  which  should  be,  next 
to  mother,  the  dearest  of  names.  This  nicknaming 
is  not  by  any  means  confined  to  rude  and  rough 
boys,  but  unfortunate^  prevails  among  those  who 
have  been  well  brought  up,  properly  educated,  and 
have  pleasant  homes.  It  would  be  sad  indeed  if 
these  names  were  used  to  express  disrespect  or  con- 
tempt, but  they  are  heard,  and  more’s  the  pity, 
from  the  lips  of  those  boys  who  really  love  their 
fathers.  Boys,  don’t  use  slang  at  all,  but  especially 
not  when  you  mean  father. 


The  snob  is  the  child  of  aristocratic  societies. 
Perched  on  a step  of  the  long  ladder,  he  respects 
the  man  on  the  round  above  him,  and  despises  the 
man  on  the  step  below,  without  inquiring  what 
they  are  worth,  solely  on  ■account  of  their  position ; 
in  his  innermost  heart  he  finds  it  natural  to  kiss  the 
boots  of  the  first,  and  kick  the  second. 


NONE  PREACHES  BETTER  THAN  THE  ANT,  AND  SHE  SAYS  NOTHING.  61 


CHERRY  BOB. 


many  American  children,  we  trow, 
the  Englishman  says,  have  played 
herry  hob.”  The  scene  in  the  picture 
_ ggests  how  it  is  done.  The  boy  is  no 
doubt  anxious  to  eat  the  cherries,  and  would  soon 
put  them  all  out  of  sight,  if  allowed  to  have  his  own 
greedy  way.  But  the  little  girl  likes  to  enjoy  the 
sight  of  their  ruddy  cheeks,  as  well  as  their  luscious 
taste ; so  she  tells  her  brother,  or  playmate,  to 
catch  them  with  his  lips,  if  he  can,  while  she 
swings  them  to  and  fro  temptingly  before  his 
mouth.  In  this  way  the  cherries  are  made  to  last 
much  longer,  and  afford  amusement  at  the  same 
time,  than  if  eaten  down  piggishly.  It  is  an 


English  child’s  play,  and  was  no  doubt  devised  by 
some  considerate  mother,  to  make  her  small  supply 
of  cherries  go  farther  than  if  eaten  as  children  are 
apt  to  devour  good  things. 

Another  way  of  playing  “cherry  bob,”  or  “bite 
the  apple,”  is,  when  a company  of  children  are 
playing  together,  during  the  fruit  season,  to  suspend 
a bunch  of  cherries,  or  a nice  soft  apple,  from  the 
ceiling,  or  a bough  of  a tree,  by  a string,  and  then 
divide  into  two  companies.  The  fruit  is  made  to 
swing  back  and  forth,  and,  at  a given  signal,  both 
parties  rush  for  the  tempting  prize.  Great  laughter 
and  fun  are  sure  to  follow,  for  in  bringing  so  many 
lips  together,  there  are  more  kisses  than  cherries 
obtained,  and  sometimes  noses  are  bumped,  with  a 
little  care,  however. 


62 


HE  THAT  HAS  NO  CHILDREN  KNOWS  NOT  WHAT  IS  LOVE. 


Health  Department. 


HEALTH  WITHOUT  MEDICINE. 


HE  progress  that  has  been  made  in  the 
past  fifty  years  in  the  spread  of  the  truths 
of  hygiene,  and  in  the  popular  knowledge 
of  anatomy,  gives  great  hope  for  the  future 
of  the  race.  Blood-letting,  purging,  salivation,  tar- 
tar emetics,  and  Thompsonian  emetics,  with  their 
train  of  horrors,  have  quite  gone  out  of  fashion. 
Now  we  have  cooling  acid  beverages  and  baths  in- 
stead of  phlebotomy,  tomatoes  for  calomel,  innocent 
powders,  sugar  pills,  and  prescribed  dietetic  regi- 
men, in  place  of  these  awful  emetics.  Who  can 
say,  in  view  of  all  these  facts,  that  the  world  does 
not  move  ? 

Cholera  we  disarm  with  cleanliness ; simple  dry 
earth  and  proper  drainage  give  the  typhoids  no 
chance  for  a footing ; vaccination  robs  small  pox  of 
its  terrors,  and  as  to  the  minor  scourges,  diet,  sleep, 
and  proper  clothing  extract  their  sting.  Ten  years 
ago  oatmeal  and  cracked  wheat,  as  food  for  human 
beings,  were  almost  unknown  in  this  country;  now 
they  are  as  regularly  found  in  the  breakfast  bills  of 
fare  of  our  first-class  hotels  as  steak  or  coffee,  and 
are  rapidly  making  their  way  in  private  families. 
Fifty  years  ago  earnest  students  tried  to  accustom 
themselves  to  four,  five  or  six  hours  of  sleep  and  a 
low  diet ; crushing  down  the  body  in  order  that  the 
soul  might  attain  a more  heroic  stature.  Only  the 
foolish  and  ignorant  do  that  now.  It  is,  or  ought  to 
be,  well  understood  that  the  person  who  works  with 
his  brain,  whether  at  mathematics,  finance,  literary 
composition,  politics,  or  even  mere  worry,  requires 
eight  or  nine  hours  sleep  to  knit  up  the  raveled 
sleeve  of  care  and  keep  his  brain  in  high  working 
condition. 

The  analyses  made  by  our  chemists  of  blood, 
bone,  nerve  tissue,  muscle,  and  all  the  various 
foods,  render  it  easy  for  the  intelligent  mother  to 
feed  the  members  of  her  household  with  food  “ con- 
venient for  them,”  and  suited  to  reinforce  the  par- 
ticular wastes  of  body  they  may  individually  suffer. 
She  may  know,  if  she  will,  how,  by  the  observance 
of  hygienic  laws,  to  prevent  disease,  and  how  to 
cure  it  in  its  earliest  stages  without  medicine  ; how 
to  pass  from  winter  to  spring  without  getting  spring 
fever;  how  to  get  through  the  heated  term  and 
escape  fevers  and  bowel  complaints;  how  to  pass 
from  autumn  to  spring  and  not  suffer  serious  incon- 
venience from  coughs  and  colds.  It  is  within  the 
power  of  every  woman  to  know  all  these  things 
just  as  she  knows  how  to  adjust  her  clothing  to  the 
various  seasons.  And  when  the  conscientious 
mother  reflects  how  almost  the  entire  well-being  of 
her  husband  and  children  depends  on  her  possessing 
this  knowledge,  she  will  not  be  contented  until  she 
is  thoroughly  furnished  for  the  discharge  of  her 
duties.  Surely  no  object  is  worthy  of  greater  devo- 
tion. Full  are  the  books,  ample  are  the  means  by 
which  a thoroughly  practical  knowledge  of  all  the 
laws  which  govern  body  and  soul  may  be  attained ; 
observing  which,  health,  happiness,  longevity  shall 
be  the  rule,  and  not  the  exception. 


When  you  have  a mind  to  advise  with  any  one 
concerning  your  private  affairs,  examine  well  first 
how  lie  has  managed  his  own  ; for  he  that  has  been 
faulty  in  the  administration  of  his  own  concerns 
will  never  be  able  to  advise  well  with  reference  to 
those  of  others. 


THE  DAILY  BATH. 


A-  paper  on  the  “ Means  of  Preserving 
Health,”  written  for  the  London  Sanitary 
Record,  Dr.  II.  I.  Bowditch,  after  urging 
the  importance  of  keeping  the  skin  scrupu- 
lously clean  and  in  a healthy  condition,  especially 
in  cases  where  there  is  a predisposition  to  con- 
sumption, adds  the  following  practical  suggestions 
with  regard  to  bathing: 

Daily  bathing,  then,  of  some  kind,  from  child- 
birth to  old  age,  should  be  the  rule.  Some  direct 
that  the  cold  bath  should  be  always  used.  I can 
not  think  that  this  is  a true  doctrine.  With  a few 
children,  and  still  fewer  old  persons,  and  very  many 
adults,  a morning  cold  bath  is  the  most  refreshing 
and  exhilarating  of  operations;  but  with  many, 
either  feeble  adult,  old,  or  too  young  persons,  a chill 
remains  for  some  time  after  taking  the  bath,  and 
the  powers  of  life  are  exhausted  instead  of  being 
invigorated  bv  the  stimulus.  But  those  who  suffer 
from  cold  bathing  will  usually  be  able  to  take,  with 
great  advantage,  a daily  tepid  bath,  and  without 
the  least  chill  or  discomfort  following  it.  Each  in- 
dividual arrived  at  the  years  of  discretion  should 
judge  for  himself  which  of  the  two  to  choose.  At 
certain  periods  of  life  he  may  use  one  or  the  other, 
and  be  himself  the  judge  as  to  the  continuance  of 
the  one  or  the  other  by  the  effect  upon  the  child, 
and  decide  accordingly.  But  there  are  various 
kinds  of  baths.  The  shower-bath  is  rarely  used 
now.  If  used  at  all,  it  should  be  so  cautiously. 
Sponge  bathing  is  admirable,  with  either  warm  or 
cold  water,  according  to  circumstances  of  each  case. 
But  even  this  can  not  be  borne  by  many.  A sim- 
ple hand  bath — that  is,  where  the  water  is  borne  by 
the  hand  of  the  bather  to  various  parts  of  the  body, 
and  the  same  hand  or  a warm  towel  used  for  fric- 
tion afterward— is  often  infinitely  refreshing  when 
other  methods  fail  of  being  so.  Surf  bathing  should 
be  very  cautiously  indulged  by  all  predisposed  to 
pulmonary  difficulties.  Cough  of  a permanent  na- 
ture has  been  at  times  started  by  incautious  surf 
bathing,  or  any  cold  water,  sea  or  river  bathing, 
especially  if  the  body  be  immersed  for  a long  time. 
One  of  the  most  striking  cases  of  consumption  I 
ever  had  was  distinctly  traceable  to  a very  long  and 
cold  river  bathing.  Hence  we  see  that  bathing, 
like  every  other  good  thing,  if  used  immoderately, 
tends  to  cause  evil  rather  than  good. 

It  may  be  asked : If  cold  bathing  be  ever  evil  in 
its  tendencies,  how  happens  it  that  the  “ water- 
cure,”  so  called,  proves  at  times  so  good  a thing? 
The  answer  is  briefly  this : A man  once  fairly  packed 
in  a cold,  wet  sheet,  becomes  in  a very  few  moments 
bathed  in  a profuse  warm  perspiration ; but  the 
water-cure,  used  incautiously  by  persons  who  are 
not  aware  of  its  power  or  proper  mode  of  applica- 
tion, becomes  destructive  and  not  restorative.  One 
of  the  severest  forms  of  inflamed  lung,  and  which 
lasted  for  months,  threatening  consumption — and 
which  would  probably  have  proved  such  in  an  older 
person — I saw  in  the  case  of  a little  girl  whose 
mother  undertook  to  cure  a violent  fever  by  bathing 
her  two  or  three  times  in  one  night  in  cold  water 
drawn  from  a well  in  a country  house  at  which  they 
were  stopping.  Th  e general  rule  is,  therefore,  bathe 
daily,  but  choose  that  method  which  proves  imme- 
diately grateful  to  the  patient,  and  let  all  consump- 
tively inclined  patients  beware  of  any  manner  of 
injurious  bathing. 


A G 


REAT  MAN^  FOOLISH  SAVINGS  PASS  FOR  WISE  ONES. 


G3 


WOMEN,  WORK,  AND  HEALTH. 


jOMEN  work  too  much ; at  least  they 
spend  too  much  time  at  their  work. 
From  five  or  six  o’clock  in  the  morn- 
» - - ing,  until  nine  or  ten  at  night,  whether 

the  work  is  light  or  hard,  is  enough  to  exhaust  any 
system  in  a few  years,  and  bring  the  best  physical 

organization  to  a premature  grave. 

Women  might  obtain  much  relief  from  their 
wearisome  toil  by  systematising  their  work.  In- 
stead of  washing,  and  scrubbing,  and  sprinkling 
clothes,  and  perhaps  ironing,  on  Monday,  besides 
getting  three  full  meals  for  the  family,  and  then 
churning,  sweeping,  and  doing  other  hard  jobs 
about  the  house  on  Tuesday,  in  order  to  sit  down  to 
sewing  the  rest  of  the  week,  let  her  adopt  the 
following  programme  and  see  if  she  will  not,  to 
some  extent  at  least,  escape  headache,  and  back- 
ache, and  nervous  prostration : 

On  Monday  morning  the  prudent  woman  looks 
over  her  work  for  the  week,  and,  as  far  as  possible, 
she  arranges  a certain  amount  of  heavy  work  for 
each  dqy,  and  a certain  amount  of  sedentary  work. 

If  baking,  or  churning,  or  both,  must  be  done  on 
Monday,  she  puts  off  her  washing  until  Tuesday, 
which  gives  her  the  opportunity  of  putting  her 
clothes  to -soak  over  night.  Then  she  has  the  iron- 
ing for  Wednesday,  baking  again  for  Thursday; 
sweeping  for  Friday,  and  cleaning  and  some  baking, 
and  perhaps  churning,  on  Saturday.  If  possible, 
she  has  the  same  jobs  for  each  day  every  week; 
but  if  not,  she  finds  some  way  of  changing,  so  that 
she  does  not  get  much  more  exercise  than  a fair 
proportion  each  day.  If  she  gets  too  much,  how- 
ever so  much  the  more  need  of  careful  manage- 
ment. Her  sewing  is  arranged,  and  the  wants  of 
her  family  so  well  foreseen  that  she  does  first  that 
which  will  be  most  needed,  though  many  a time 
she  may  let  an  old  garment  be  worn  rather  than 
break  in  upon  her  hours  of  nightly  repose,  khe  has 
some  light  work  for  the  evening,  has  her  hour  for 
retiring  and  keeps  it,  allowing  herself  the  time  for 
rest  which  she  knows  from  experience  to  be  neces- 
sary. She  gets  some  time  out  of  doors  every  clay, 
even  if  she  has  to  take  her  work  with  her.  She 
takes  things  calmly,  does  not  waste  her  nerve  power, 
stops  and  rests  if  she  feels  exhausted,  and  lets  the 
extra  jobs  go  to  the  wall  rather  than  make  herself 
sick  with  trying  to  do  them.  If  she  really  has  too 
much  to  do,  she  studies  devices  for  “ slighting  her 
work,  especially  that  part  of  it  designed  for  show. 
If  still  there  is  too  much  to  do,  she  hires  help  tor 
the  heaviest  jobs  or  for  the  sewing,  and  saves 
money  to  pay  for  it  out  of  the  doctor  s bill. 

Looking  to  the  lives  of  the  families  that  make  up 
the  population  of  American  towns  and  cities,  we 
find  everywhere  an  effort  to  make  the  best  possible 
appearance  for  the  outlay  of  money.  Good  domestic 
service  is  scarce,  and  mothers  can  rarely  free  them- 
selves from  the  intimate  supervision  of  every  depart- 
ment of  the  housekeeping,  any  more  than  they  can 
from  the  constant  oversight  of  the  children,  lfiey 
can  neither  leave  their  homes  in  pursuit  of  health, 
nor  send  away  the  children  ; and  the  governess,  so 
indispensable  a help  in  an  English  family,  is  rarely 
seen  with  us.  In  the  place  of  home  instruction  the 
children  are  sent  to  school,  and  this  often  interferes 
with  health  by  preventing  the  application  of  proper 
and  timely  restoratives.  The  child  is  unwilling  o 
fall  behind  its  class,  and  this  leads  the  parents  to 
neglect  the  remedies  that  could  readily  be  applied 
under  the  system  of  tutors  and  governesses.  I£is 
is  due  largely  to  the  inferior  quality  of  help,  but 
not  a little  to  the  national  sentiment  that  imposes 
this  upon  the  mother  as  an  unconditional  duty. 


The  more  sympathetic  and  affectionate  American 
woman  overwearies  herself  in  devoting  her  constant 
personal  attention  to  their  care.  Children  are  too 
little  in  the  open  air ; nurses  are  untrustworthy ; 
but,  more  than  this,  there  is  not  with  us,  as  there  is 
with  the  English,  a systematic  plan  of  keeping  them 
in  the  open  air,  just  as  there  is  of  giving  them  food. 
The  absence  of  a regular  system  is  largely  due  to 
the  changing  conditions  of  our  families.  Our  farm- 
ers have  no  occasion  to  trouble  themselves  about 
fresh  air  and  exercise.  Enough  of  these  are  incident 
to  their  regular  duties,  and  the  children  are  put  out 
of  doors  to  save  the  trouble  of  taking  care  of  them 
in  the  house.  When  the  sons  and  daughters  of 
these  farmers  set  up  life  in  the  city,  they  do  not 
consider  the  changes  that  ought  to  be  made  in  the 
domestic  regimen.  They  are  intent  upon  the  idea 
of  economizing  and  getting  forward.  American 
thought  limits  itself  to  the  present  generation.  Ko 
one  thinks  about  “founding  a family;”  and,  as  a 
matter  of  fact,  very  few  families  remain  long  upon 
the  foundation  energetic  parents  have  made  for 
them.  There  is  little  thought  about  health,  except 
as  a means  of  present  success.  The  continuance  of  ; 
the  family  scarcely  enters  into  the  consideration. 

Among  our  town  populations  we  are  quite  certain 
that  the  health  of  the  women  is  inferior  to  that  of  i 
the  men.  Without  having  accurate  statistics  to  ex- 
hibit, wre  have  the  impression  that  girls  are  more  ; 
frequently  detained  from  school  on  account  of  ill- 


ness  than  boys  are,  and  that  a larger  proportion 
of  the  women  are  disabled  from  full  regular  w ork 
than  of  the  men.  But,  if  we  examine  carefully  the 
school  life  of  our  girls,  we  shall  find  that  the  origin 
of  this  ill-health  can  not  be  attributed  to  the  severe 
study.  The  records  of  any  school  wall  show  that 
the  majority  of  those  withdrawn  on  account  of  ill- 
health  are  those  against  whom  no  suspicion  could 
rest  that  they  had  injured  their  health  by  over- 
work. The  best  scholars  sometimes  injure  their 
health  by  too  close  confinement  to  their  studies; 
but,  as  a matter  of  fact,  we  are  certain  that  they 
oftener  protect  it  by  the  more  regular  habits  which 
their  school  work  induces,  and  by  having  before 
them  an  aim  for  the  accomplishment  of  which 
health  is  necessary.  And  if  we  look  to  the (women 
who  are  studying  in  the  colleges,  we  shall  find  this 
to  hold  true  in  a still  greater  degree.  These  young 
w-omen  are  considerably  above  the  average  ot 
women  in  health,  and  the  records  show  they  are 
not  more  frequently  incapacitated  for  their  legular 
work  than  the  young  men  are.  Their  greater  in- 
telligence and  self-control  lead  to  more  sanitary 

habits,  which  offset  the  severer  work. 

In  the  changing  condition  of  our  families,  it  is 
impossible  for  us  to  have  fixed  sanitary  habits 
adapted  for  the  different  grades  of  wealth,  and  we 
must  substitute  an  active  intelligence  in  its  place. 
The  increased  study  of  physiology,  during  the  last 
twenty  years,  has  done  something  to  awaken  the 
public  to  a consciousness  of  the  importance  of  ex- 
ercise, fresh  air,  and  a wholesome  diet. 

An  old  constitution  is  like  an  old  bone— broken 
with  ease,  mended  with  difficulty.  A young  tree 
bends  to  the  gale,  an  old  one  snaps  and  falls  be- 
fore the  blast.  A single  hard  lift;  an  hour  of 
heating  work ; a run  to  catch  a departing  tram  ; an 
evening  of  exposure  to  rain  or  damp ; a severe 
chill;  an  excess  of  food;  the  unusual  indulgence  of 
any  appetite  or  passion ; a sudden  fit  of  anger ; an 
improper  dose  of  medicine— any  of  these  or  other 
similar  things  may  cut  off  a valuable  life  in  an 
hour  and  leave  the  fair  hopes  of  usefulness  and 
enjoyment,  for  the  rest  of  the  natural  life,  but  a 
shapeless  wTreck. 


64 


ANGER  REGINS  WITH  FOLLY,  AND  ENDS 


THE  MILK  CURE. 


WITH  REPENTANCE. 


HOVEL  CURES. 


Considerable  has  been  said  in  medical  journals 
concerning  the  value  of  milk  as  a remedial  agent  in 
certain  diseases.  An  interesting  article  on  this  sub- 
ject hitel  yappeared  in  the  London  Milk  Journal , in 
which  it  is  stated,  on  authority  of  Dr.  Benjamin 
Clark,  that,  in  the  East  Indies,  warm  milk  is  used 
to  a great  extent  jus  a specific  for  diarrhoea.  A pint, 
every  four  hours,  will  check  the  most  violent  diar- 
rhoea, stomach-ache,  incipient  cholera  and  dysen- 
tery. The  milk  should  never  be  boiled,  but  only 
heated  sufficiently  to  be  agreeably  warm — not  too 
hot  to  drink.  Milk  which  has  been  boiled  is  not 
fit  for  use.  The  writer  gives  several  instances  to 
show  the  value  of  this  simple  substance  in  arrest- 
ing this  disease.  Another  writer  in  the  same  jour- 
nal says:  “We  have  also  lately  tested  the  value 

of  milk  in  scarlet  fever,  and  learn  that  it  is  now 
recommended  by  the  medical  faculty  in  all  cases  of 
this  often  distressing  children’s  disease.  Give  all 
the  milk  the  patient  will  take,  even  during  the 
period  of  the  greatest  fever.  It  keeps  up  the 
strength  of  the  patient,  acts  well  upon  the  stomach, 
and  is  in  every  way  a blessed  thing  in  this  sickness. 
Remember  it,  parents,  and  do  not  fear  to  give  it  if 
your  dear  ones  are  afflicted  with  the  disease.” 


Hard  and  Soft  W ater. — There  is  a notion  quite 
prevalent  in  the  minds  of  the  people  that  the  drink- 
ing of  hard  water  is  injurious  to  health,  and  most 
physicians  have  warned  mankind  to  as  far  as  pos- 
sible avoid  the  practice.  But  the  truth  is  that  hard 
water  is  not  only  clearer,  colder,  more  free  from  air 
and  more  agreeable  to  the  taste  than  soft,  but  that 
it  is  less  liable  to  the  absorption  of  organic  matter 
and  to  the  sustenance  of  the  life  of  zymotic  organ- 
isms, or  to  exert  solvent  properties  upon  salts  of 
iron  or  upon  leaden  conducting  pipes.  It  is  said 
that  the  lime  infused  in  hard  water,  exerts  a bene- 
ficial influence  upon  the  body.  A practical  test  of 
the  truth  of  this  new  theory  is  to  be  had  in  the  case 
of  the  residents  of  mountainous  districts,  where  the 
water  is  almost  invariably  hard,  and  where  the  in- 
habitants exhibit  the  best  physical  development. 
Water  containing  about  six  grains  of  carbonate  of 
lime  to  the  gallon  is  suitable  for  use  in  all  house- 
bold  purposes,  for  such  water  offers  the  necessary 
amount  of  carbonate  of  lime  for  the  support  of  life 
in  the  simplest  and  most  digestible  form. 


Cure  for  the  Ague— Dr.  Noves,  of  the  Walling- 
ford Community,  in  Connecticut,  thinks  that  he  has 
discovered  m the  Turkish  bath  a rational  and  sure 
cure  for  the  fever  and  ague.  He  has  tested  it  on 
over  sixty  cases,  both  in  and  out  of  the  Community 
and  in  all  with  satisfactory  results.  A simple  form 
of  the  bath  is  thus  described : A small  inner  room 
is  fitted  with  a very  large  stove,  in  which  a good  fire 
is  constantly  maintained.  In  this  room  the  patient 
sits  naked  for  some  twenty-five  minutes.  At  the 
end  of  this  period  he  is  perspiring  very  profusely. 
He  is  then  laid  on  a board  in  the  shampooing  room, 
and  is  very  thoroughly  kneaded,  pinched,  pounded, 
and  scrubbed  with  soap.  Next  he  is  thoroughly 
washed  all  over  with  tepid  water  forced  through 
the  sprinkling  nozzle  of  a hose,  or  from  a large  tin 
sprinkler.  Then,  being  dried,  he  lies  down  on  a 
couch  until  he  is  thoroughly  cooled  off  and  fit  to  go 
into  the  outer  air ; but  a little  discretion  must  be 
used  at  this  part  of  the  operation,  as  a too  hasty  with- 
drawal may  injure.  The  whole  operation  occupies 
about  an  hour.  The  bath  must  be  repeated  two  or 
three  times  a week,  and  then  weekly  until  the 
health  and  strength  are  fully  recovered/ 


Caisar  held  that  to  die  quickly  was  to  die  happily ; 
so  too,  thought  the  one  whose  case  was  cited  f>y 
Montaigne  as  an  instance  of  fortune  playing  the 
physician : 

“Jason  Phereus,  troubled  with  an  incurable  im- 
postliu mation,  resolved  to  end  his  pain  by  dying  in 
battle,  and  throwing  himself  in  the  thickest  of  the 
fight,  was  run  through  the  body,  which  caused  the 
imposth umation  to  break,  and  his  wound  healing 
lie  found  life  enjoyable  after  all.  This  lucky  hero 
v ho  could  brave  death  better  than  he  could  endure 
pai n , owed  his  cure  to  a foe.  A quinsy-afflicted 
Cardinal  had  to  thank  a monkey  for  a like  good 
good  turn.  The  physicians  had  left  him  to  die,  and 
as  he  lay  hopelessly  waiting  for  the  end,  the  dying 
Cardinal  saw  his  servants  carrying  off  everything 
that  was  movable,  without  being  able  to  expostulate 
with  the  thieves.  At  length  his  pet  ape  came  into 
the  room  and,  taking  the  hint  from  the  provident 
lackeys,  looked  round  for  something  he  could  appro- 
priate.  Nothing  was  left  but  the  cardinal’s  hat; 
this  the  ape  donned,  and,  proud  of  his  novel  head- 
gear,  indulged  in  such  odd  antics  that  his  all-but- 
dead  master  burst  into  a hearty  fit  of  laughter;  the 
quinsy  broke,  and  the  Cardinal  recovered,  as  much 
to  his  own  astonishment  as  to  the  dismay  of  his 
plundering  servitors. 


A Hint  to  Dyspeptics.  — At  various  times  we 
have  seen  dyspeptics  who  suffered  almost  untold 
torments  with  almost  every  kind  of  food.  No  liquid 
could  lie  taken  without  suffering ; bread  became  a 
burning  acid ; meat  and  milk  were  solid  and  liquid 
“re?-  " f have  seen  these  same  sufferers  trying  to 

avoid  food  and  drink,  and  even  going  to  the  syringe 
for  sustenance.  And  we  have  seen  their  torments 
pass  away  and  their  hunger  relieved  by  living  upon 
the  white  of  eggs  which  had  been  boiled  in  bub- 
bling waiter  for  thirty  minutes.  At  the  end  of  the 
week  we  have  given  the  hard  yelk  of  the  egg,  with 
the  white,  and  upon  this  diet  alone,  without  fluid 
of  any  kind,  we  have  seen  them  begin  to  gain  flesh 
and  strength,  and  refreshing  sleep.  After  weeks  of 
this  treatment  they  have  been  able,  with  care,  to 
begin  upon  food. 


How  to  Alleviate  a Cough— The  London 
Lancet , which  ought  to  be  a good  authority,  says: 
Anodynes,  narcotics,  cough  mixtures  and  lozenges 
are  practically  of  no  good,  and  but  too  often  in- 
crease the  debility  and  hasten  the  fatal  end.  The 
best  method  of  easing  cough  is  to  resist  it  w ith  all 
the  force  of  will  possible,  until  the  accumulation  of 
phlegm  becomes  greater ; then  there  is  something  to 
cough  against,  and  it  comes  up  very  much  easier, 
and  with  half  the  coughing.  A great  deal  of  hack- 
ing and  hemming  and  coughing  in  invalids  is  nerv- 
ous, purely  nervous,  or  from  the  force  of  habit,  as  is 
shown  by  the  frequency  when  thinking  about  it, 
and  the  comparative  rarity  w hen  the  person  is  so 
much  engaged  that  there  is  no  time  to  think  about 
it,  and  attention  is  compelled  in  another  direction.” 


Enough  Sleep. — A medical  man  discoursing  upon 
sleep  makes  this  remark  :— “ One  man  may  do  with 
a little  less  sleep  than  another ; but  as  a general  rule, 
if  you  want  a clerk,  a lieutenant,  a lawyer,  a physi- 
cian, a legislator,  a judge,  a president/ or  a pastor, 
do  not  trust  your  interests  to  any  man  wdio  does 
not  take  on  the  average  eight  good  solid  hours  of 
sleep  out  of  every  twenty-four.  Whatever  may  be 
his  reason  for  it,  if  he  does  not  give  himself  that, 
he  wall  snap  some  time  just  when  you  w ant  him  to 
i be  strong.” 


ACTIONS  MEASURED  BY  TIME,  SELDOM  PROVE  BITTER  BY  REPENTANCE. 


65 


THE  ONLY  DRINK. 


AN  INJURIOUS  PRACTICE. 


Water  is  the  only  drink,  except  “ milk  for  babes.” 
A diseased  appetite  or  pernicious  habit  may  add  to 
it  tea,  coffee,  acid,  sugar,  or  drugs  more"  or  less 
injurious ; still,  the  fact  remains,  as  stated,  that  the 
water  part  of  the  mixture  is  the  only  part  that  is 
drink.  The  question,  then,  resolves  itself  into  this  : 
Can  any  foreign  element  be  added  to  water  to  better 
adapt  it  to  the  purpose  for  which  God  intended  it  ? 
To  this,  we  unhesitatingly  answer,  No.  Pure  water 
is  perfect;  no  improvement  is  possible — none  is 
needed.  A drink  is  needed  to  quench  thirst — pure 
water  will  do  it.  To  cool  a fever,  pure  water  is  all 
that  is  needed.  If  we  have  taken  into  the  system 
an  undue  quantity  of  salt,  soda,  or  any  of  the 
neutral  salts  formed  from  soda  by  the  processes  of 
modern  cookery,  drink  is  called  for.  Pure  water  is 
readily  mingled  with  the  blood,  and,  passing  off  by 
natural  channels,  it  washes  the  impurity  from  the 
blood.  No  additional  impurity  can  make  it  better 
for  this  purpose. 

“But,”  says  one,  “ without  coffee,  I have  no 
appetite  for  my  breakfast.” 

Then  don’t  eat.  If  the  system  really  demands 
food,  there  will  be  a natural  appetite  for  it.  Food 
that  is  “ forced  down,”  or  taken  at  the  call  of  a 
stimulated  appetite,  does  no  good.  Far  better  fast. 

“ But,  without  food,  I feel  faint  and  weak.” 

'Then  rest ; wait  until  the  system  demands  food — 
until  you  can  eat  without  forcing,  without  stimu- 
lants. Then  you  can  eat  without  drinking ; and,  if 
you  use  plain  food,  with  very  little  or  no  salt,  you 
will  probably  need  no  drink  until  the  food  is  digested, 
then  a drink  of  pure  water  is  quickly  absorbed. 


Relief  for  Obesity. — A French  physician  pro- 
poses to  reduce  obesity  by  a regime  resting  on  the 
prevention  of  the  introduction  of  carbon  into  the 
body,  or  on  favoring  its  transformation  and  augment- 
ing the  amount  of  oxygen — the  food,  therefore,  to 
be  non-nitrogenous,  varied  with  a few  vegetables 
containing  no  starch,  and  some  raw  fruit.  The 
temperament  of  the  patient  is  also  to  be  kept  in 
dew ; the  lymphatic  to  have  a red  diet,  such  as 
beef,  mutton,  venison,  hare,  pheasant,  partridge,  etc., 
and  the  sanguine  a white  diet,  like  veal,  fowl, 
pigeons,  oysters,  etc.  Vegetables,  not  sweet  or 
farinaceous,  are  allowable ; also  grapes,  gooseberries, 
apples,  etc.,  but  sugar,  butter,  cheese,  potatoes, 
pastry,  rice,  beans  and  peas,  are  proscribed.  The 
hygiene  consists,  in  this  system  of  treatment,  in 
favoring  the  action  of  the  skin,  in  wearing  a tight 
roller  to  support  the  walls  of  the  abdomen,  in  taking 
plenty  of  exercise  on  foot  or  on  horseback ; also,  at 
playing  billiards,  fencing,  swimming,  gymnastics, 
and  kindred  diversions.  In  some  slight  respects 
only  does  this  method  differ  from  others  brought 
forward  of  late  years,  but  great  merit  is  claimed  for  it. 


To  Reduce  the  Heat  of  a Room. — If  the  heat  of 
a room  which  is  occupied  by  an  invalid  is  oppressive, 
it  may  be  greatly  lessened  by  hanging  in  the  open 
windows  some  towels  or  canvas  well  wetted.  Water, 
in  passing  from  a liquid  to  a gaseous  state,  absorbs 
caloric.  The  chemical  process  will  lower,  in  a few 
minutes,  the  temperature  of  a room  by  five  or  six 
degrees,  and  the  humidity  distributed  to  the  air 
makes  the  heat  more  supportable. 


Hydrophobia. — Elecampane  and  fresh  milk  are 
a sure  remedy  for  hydrophobia.  Put  the  elecampane 
root  into  the  milk,  boil  it  and  give  it  to  the  patient, 
fasting,  a pint  at  a time.  Three  doses,  at  intervals 
of  forty -eight  hours,  are  sufficient  to  effect  a cure. 


“ Picking  the  ears  ” is  a most  injurious  practice.  j 
In  attempting  to  do  this  with  hard  substances, 
an  unlucky  motion  has  many  a time  pierced  the  | 

drum  and  made  it  as  useless  as  a pierced  India  rub-  ! 

ber  life-preserver.  Nothing  sharper  or  harder  than  2 

the  end  of  the  little  finger,  with  the  nail  pared,  ; 

ought  ever  to  be  introduced  into  the  ear,  unless  by  ; 

a physician.  Persons  are  often  seen  endeavoring  to  - 

remove  the  “ wax  ” of  the  ear  with  the  head  of  a ! 

pin.  This  ought  never  be  done;  because  it  not 
only  endangers  the  rupture  of  the  ear  by  being  ■ 
pushed  too  far  in,  but  if  not  so  far,  it  may  grate 
against  the  drum,  excite  inflammation  and  an  ulcer  , 
which  will  finally  eat  all  the  parts  away,  especially 
if  of  a scrofulous  constitution.  Hard  substances 
have  often  slipped  in,  and  caused  the  necessity  of 
painful,  dangerous  and  expensive  operations,  to  fish  j 

or  cut  it  out.  The  wax  is  manufactured  by  nature  ] 

to  guard  the  entrance  from  dust,  insects  and  un-  j 

modified  cold  air,  and  when  it  has  subserved  its 
purpose,  it  becomes  dry,  scaly,  light,  and  in  this  , j 
condition  is  easily  pushed  outside  by  new  form- 
ations of  wax  within. 


Typhoid  Fever  Diet. — Dr.  Luton,  of  Rheims, 
states  that,  for  the  last  four  years,  he  has  treated 
typhoid  fever  by  an  absolute  water  diet.  Nothing 
but  good  fresh  filtered  water,  occasionally  iced,  is 
permitted  to  be  taken.  At  first,  it  is  taken  with 
avidity,  then  in  moderation,  and  at  last  with  signs 
of  satiety.  It  is  sometimes  vomited  at  first,  but  is 
soon  tolerated.  At  the  beginning  of  the  treatment, 
the  bowels  may  be  a little  relaxed ; but  they  soon 
become  moderate  and  less  offensive,  and,  after  a 
time,  constipation  may  ensue.  The  duration  of  the 
treatment  depends  upon  the  progress  of  the  disease ; 
that  is,  between  four  and  five  days  of  water  ex- 
clusively may  be  required,  if  the  fever  be  treated  as 
a whole,  but  three  or  four  days  suffice  if  only  the 
intestinal  element  of  the  disease  be  considered.  A 
light  alimentation  may  then  be  allowed — milk,  un- 
boiled, may  be  mixed  with  the  water  and  given  by 
spoonfuls,  and,  if  well  supported  for  a time,  to  be 
followed  by  broth  and  soup.  Under  this  treatment 
the  mortality  is  very  low,  no  evil  results  ensue,  and 
serious  complications,  including  visceral  congest- 
ions and  bed-sores,  at  once  disappear. 


The  Care  of  the  Feet. — As  to  feet,  some  think  | 
if  they  wash  them  about  once  a week  they  are 
doing  well.  They  do  not  consider  that  the  largest 
pores  are  located  in  the  bottom  of  the  foot,  and  that 
the  most  offensive  matter  is  discharged  through  the 
pores.  They  wear  stockings  from  the  beginning  to 
the  end  of  the  week  without  change,  which  become 
perfectly  saturated  with  offensive  matter.  Ill  health 
is  generated  by  such  treatment  of  the  feet.  The 
pores  are  not  only  repellants  but  absorbents,  and 
fetid  matter,  to  a great  or  less  extent,  is  taken  back 
into  the  system.  The  feet  should  be  washed  every 
day  with  pure  water  only,  as  well  as  the  armpits, 
from  which  an  offensive  odor  is  also  emitted,  unless  i 
daily  ablution  is  practiced.  Stockings  should  not  be  j 
worn  more  than  a day  or  two  at  a time.  They  may  J 
be  worn  one  day,  and  then  aired  and  sunned  and  j 
worn  another  day,  if  necessary. 

Germany,  with  a population  of  42,000,000,  last  ? 
year  graduated  six  hundred  and  sixty  physicians,  ! 
rejecting  one  hundred  and  eight  applicants.  In  j 
the  same  time,  the  United  States,  with  a population 
of  40,000,000,  graduated  three  thousand  physicians, 
the  rejected  probably  being  too  few  to  mention.  \ 
Isn’t  our  supply  beyond  the  public  necessity  ? 


66  GOOD  NATURE  IS  THE  PROPER  SOIL  UPON  WHICH  VIRTUE  GROWS. 


Agricultural  Department. 


FARMING-  IN  THE  PAST. 

GREAT  many  farmers  and  farm  laborers 
are  in  the  habit  of  complaining  of  hard 
times  and  the  low  prices  of  farm  products 
and  labor,  for  the  past  few  years;  they 
are  continually  harping  about  the  good  old  times  of 
our  forefathers,  and  sighing  for  a return  of  those 
happy  days.  In  our  opinion,  both  farmers  and 
laborers  are  a great  deal  better  off  now  than  they 
were  fifty  or  even  twenty-five  years  ago.  At  the 
present  time  our  farmers  own  better  houses,  have 
better  furniture,  live  better,  and  have  better  car- 
riages and  more  time  to  ride  in  them  than  they  had 
in  the  last  generation.  At  that  time  it  was  only  the 
verv  rich  that  could  afford  a riding  carriage  at  all ; 
common  farmers  rode  to  church  on  horseback,  with 
their  wives  or  children  seated  behind  them,  or  in  a 
cart.  Now  almost  every  farmer  has  his  carriage,  and 
his  son,  as  soon  as  old  enough,  must  have  his  buggy 
and  fast  horse,  while  in  the  house  the  daughter 
must  have  her  piano,  costing  from  $500  to  $1,000 — 
nearly  the  price  of  a good  farm  in  former  times. 

Perhaps  a brief  account  of  the  farmers,  farming 
products,  prices  and  wages  of  eighty  years  ago, 
when  Washington  was  President  of  the  United 
States,  would  be  interesting  to  our  readers.  Penn- 
sylvania was  at  that  time  one  of  the  most  populous 
States  in  the  Union,  and  contained  a population  of 
434,373.  It  was  also  one  of  the  best  agricultural 
States;  a proportion  of  its  land  was  rich  virgin  soil, 
the  greater  part  heavily  timbered,  and  when  cleared 
produced  heavy  crops  of  the  different  varieties,  of 
grain.  It  had  also  the  greatest  variety  of  manufac- 
tories and  other  industries  of  any  of  the  States ; 
made  the  greatest  quantity  ©f  manufactured  goods, 
both  for  home  consumption  and  export  to  other 
States.  Farming  in  that  day  was  indeed  hard  and 
constant  work ; farmers  cleared  the  land  by  first 
girdling  the  trees,  and  then  as  they  rotted  or  fell 
down  rolled  them  into  heaps  and  burned  them. 
For  the  hardest  kind  of  farm  work,  such  as  cleaning 
and  grubbing  land,  a good  hand  was  paid  40  cents 
per  day  and  his  “ vittils,”  with  a dram  of  whisky 
or  rum  two  or  three  times  a day.  The  cost  of  clear- 
ing timbered  land  was  from  five  to  ten  dollars  per 
acre,  and  the  crops  raised  the  first  few  years  did  not 
average  over  12  to  18  bushels  per  acre,  rye  about 
the  same,  oats  15  to  20.  The  wages  of  good  farm 
hands  were  from  five  to  seven  dollars  per  month, 
thirty  to  thirty-five  cents  per  day,  except  in  harvest 
time,  and  then  forty  cents  per  day  and  extra  good 
victuals  with  a pint  of  whisky  to  each  man.  In 
wheat  harvest,  on  which  occasion  the  female  por- 
tion of  the  community  turned  out  strong,  the 
women  received  the  same  pay  as  the  men,  minus 
the  whisky.  Men  who  boarded  themselves  and 
found  their  own  whisky,  or  did  without  it,  were 
allowed  sixty  cents  per  day.  It  will  thus  be  seen 
that  board  and  whisky  were  valued  at  twenty  cents 
per  day,  just  the  price  of  two  “nips”  in  these  de- 
generate days,  but  then  whisky  was  cheaper  as  well 
as  better.  These  were  the  regular  rates  of  wages 
paid  in  the  agricultural  districts  of  Pennsylvania  in 
those  days,  and  there  was  not  much  variation  from 
them  in  other  States. 

Farming  at  this  day  is  very  different  from  then. 
There  was  no  winter  idleness  in  those  days ; after 
working  all  spring,  summer  and  fall  to  plant,  harvest 
and  house  his  crops,  the  farmer  had  to  spend  the 
greater  part  of  the  winter  in  threshing  them  out 


with  the  flail.  The  accomplished  farmer  of  eighty 
years  ago,  was  a man  who  understood  the  rudiments 
at  least  of  various  arts  and  trades.  Almost  every- 
thing he  wore,  from  the  top  of  his  head  to  the  soles 
of  his  feet,  were  made  from  the  raw  materials  in 
his  own  household,  obtained  from  his  Dwn  fields, 
flocks  and  herds.  The  female  portion  of  the  family 
worked  as  hard  as  the  men  in  those  days,  spinning, 
weaving,  bleaching,  dyeing  and  making  all  the  vari- 
ous kinds  of  fabrics  needed  to  properly  clothe  the  dif- 
ferent members  of  the  family;  also  providing  an 
abundant  supply  of  quilts,  blankets,  table  linen 
and  all  the  numberless  articles  that  go  to  make 
up  a properly  appointed  domestic  household. 
The  music  of  the  spinning  wheel  and  loom 
took  the  place  of  the  modern  piano  and  organ.  The 
farmer  was,  when  necessary,  carpenter,  wheelright, 
harness  maker  and  often  blacksmith.  Sometimes 
he  excelled  in  the  shoemaking  line,  and  then  visited 
around  in  winter  time,  from  house  to  house,  making 
for  each  family  a year’s  stock  of  shoes,  that  would 
wear  three  times  as  long  as  modern  shoes.  There 
was  no  winter  idleness  then  for  the  farmer;  the 
sound  of  the  flail  could  be  heard  from  fall  until 
spring.  They  had  no  threshing  machines  to  do  up 
the  work  in  a few  days,  as  we  have  at  the  present 
dav.  Their  only  holidays  were  during  Christmas 
times,  and  right  jolly  times  they  were,  according  to 
all  accounts— shooting-matches,  great  dinners,  etc. 

Eighty  years  ago,  as  now,  the  productive  enter- 
prises and  industries  of  the'  United  States  were 
devoted  to  agriculture,  manufactures  and  commerce, 
the  essential  supports  of  national  wealth  and  pros- 
perity ; at  least  two-thirds  of  the  people  were  occu- 
pied in  agricultural  pursuits.  In  those  days  the 
rural  youth  were  almost  universally  farm-bred,  and 
comparatively  few  of  them  became  impatient  of  the 
healthy,  robust  and  independent  calling  of  their 
fathers,  or  sought  in  towns  and  cities  those  attrac- 
tions which  have  been  so  alluring  during  the  last 
score  of  years,  often  fatally  so,  to  the  manhood  of 
farmers’  sons,  for  these  were  the  brave,  hearty, 
hardy  pioneers  of  our  free,  broad,  varied  and 
enterprising  Western  civilization. 


Cure  for  Pear  Blight. — The  United  States  Com- 
missioner of  Agriculture  recommends  the  use  of  car- 
bonate of  lime  with  sulphur  added,  say  one  pound 
of  sulphur  to  six  or  eight  pounds  of  carbonate  of 
lime,  reduced  to  the  consistency  of  thick  whitewash 
and  applied  to  the  diseased  parts,  and  where  the 
bark  is  diseased  remove  the  outer  portion  before 
making  the  application.  It  has  been  used  with 
magical  effect  on  blighted  or  diseased  trees,  but  the 
formula  recommended  by  Hon.  Wm.  Saunders,  of 
Washington,  who  has  charge  of  the  public  grounds, 
is  preferable  as  being  more  economical  than  the 
above,  on  account  of  the  volatile  nature  of  carbolic 
acid,  to-wit:— To  half  a bushel  of  lime  add  four 
pounds  of  sulphur;  slack  to  the  consistency  of 
whitewash;  and  when  applied  add  half  an  ounce 
of  carbolic  acid  to  each  gallon  of  wash,  and  apply 
as  soon  as  needed. 


The  amount  and  value  of  the  corn  crop  for  the 
past  seven  years  are  as  follows : In  1868,  906,000,- 
000  bushels,  valued  at  62  cents  per  bushel ; 1869, 
874,000,000,  at  75  cents;  1870,  1,094,000,000,  at  54 
cents;  1871,  991,000,000,  at  48  cents;  1872,  1,092,- 
000,000,  at  30  cents ; 1873,  932,000,000,  at  48  cents ; 
1874,  854,000,000,  at  65  cents. 


r 


LOVE  THY  NEIGHBOR,  BUT  PULL  NOT  DOWN  THY  HEDGE. 


67 


DUCK  WING  GAME  PULLET. 

POULTRY  FOR  PLEASURE  AND  PROFIT. 

silver  duck  wing,  now  so  seldom  seen, 
is  a pure  variety  which  breeds  truly  its 
S§|f|P  beautiful  cocks,  with  hackle,  saddle,*  and 
' shoulders  of  pure  white;  but  its  hens  are 

not  popular,  for  the  reason  that  they  become  so 
dark  and  sooty  in  appearance. 

A duckwing  cock  and  duckwing  hens  bred  to- 
gether will  often  produce  very  fair  colored  pullets, 
though  if  the  process  be  continued  they  are  apt  to 
get  too  mossy  in  feather  to  please  good  judges.  On  | 
the  other  hand,  to  cross  too  often  is  to  get  a great 
deal  of  rusty  color  in  place  of  the  silvery  tone  of  the 
duckwing.  It  is  in  guarding  against  each  of  these 
evils  the  skill  of  the  breeder  is  shown ; and  he 
works  usually  by  breeding  duckwings  together  a 
year  or  two,  and  then  crossing  with  a very  bright 
black-red  cock.  A duckwing  cock  may  also  be 
crossed  with  a good  clear-colored  black-red  hen, 
choosing  the  black-red  as  free  as  possible  from  red 
on  the  wing,  and  a nice,  clear,  golden  head.  If  you 
hit  well,  you  get  a nice  duckwing  pullet;  if  you 
fail,  you  see  what  is  often  seen  at  shows— a bird 


which  in  parts  looks 
duck  wing,  but  in 
patches  looks  as  colored 
as  a black-red. 

Many  think  the  duck- 
wing the  most  beautiful 
of  all  game  fowls.  In 
the  pullet  especially, 
the  delicacy  of  color 
gives  a most  aristocratic 
appearance,  and  shows 
up  the  “ gamey  ” shape 
well. 

Within  a few  years 
the  breeding  of  poultry 
has  received  a wonder- 
ful impetus ; poultry 
papers  and  poultry  soci- 
eties have  sprung  up  all 
over  the  land;  pre- 
miums  have  been 
offered  for  the  largest 
and  smallest  birds ; 
farmers,  merchants, 
mechanics,  and  trades- 
men of  all  classes  have 
striven  with  each  other 
for  the  possession  of 
the  best,  either  by  the 
slow  process  of  breeding 
or  the  quicker  one  of 
purchasing,  and  ques- 
tionable means  have 
been  employed  to  gain 
premiums  with  inferior 
birds ; even  the  remotest 
corners  of  the  world 
have  been  carefully 
searched  to  discover 
something  new;  old 
established  breeds  have 
been  crossed,  and  care- 
ful selections  have  been 
made,  with  the  view  of 
bringing  out  and  render- 
i n g permanent  new 
breeds  of  superior  ex- 
cellence. This  is  all 
very  well  in  its  proper 
place,  but  we  prophesy 
ere  long  a change; 
matters  will  take  a 
practical  turn ; premiums  will  be  offered  for  the 
greatest  numbers  of  eggs  from  a fowl  or  a flock  in  a 
given  time,  produced  with  regard  to  cost  of  feed 
and  attendance. 

It  is  hard,  however,  to  make  many  farmers  be- 
lieve that  there  is  any  profit  in  keeping  poultry. 
Nearly  every  farmer  keeps  a few  hens  of  some 
breed  unknown  to  the  standard.  They  will  be  of 
all  colors  and  all  ages.  They  lay  eggs  enough  in 
the  spring,  but  none  in  the  winter,  when  eggs  are 
high.  The  hens  are  not  half  fed,  and  roost  any 
where  in  the  barns  and  sheds. 

The  cities  and  larger  towns  demand  enormous 
quantities  of  eggs  and  dressed  poultry,  and  the 
demand  is  steadily  increasing. 

There  is  no  stock  on  the  farm  that  pays  so  large  a 
per  cent. ‘as  poultry.  It  will  pay  at  least  100  per 
cent,  profit,  if  the  breeder  understands  his  business, 
and  in  some  cases  much  higher.  We  have  reference 
now  to  eggs  and  poultry  at  market,  not  fancy,  prices. 

The  best  and  most  profitable  breed  for  a man  to 
keep  is  the  breed  he  likes  best,  for  he  will  take  bet- 
ter care  of  them,  and  make  them  pay  the  best.  Ev- 
ery farmer  should  keep  fowls  enough  for  his  own  use. 


68  TO  BE  HAPPY  IS  NOT  THE  PURPOSE 

OF  OUR  BEING,  BUT  TO  DESERVE  IT. 

RAISING  NEW  KINDS  OF  PLANTS. 

artificial  fertilization  of  plants,  by 
il?  JlltP  means  of  which  so  many  new  and  splendid 
varieties  have  been  obtained,  is  an  art 
' which  was  but  guessed  at  by  the  scientific 

men  of  the  last  century,  and  almost  totally  unknown 
to  the  immediate  predecessors  of  those  occupied  in 
the  various  branches  of  horticulture.  Even  at  the 
present  day  its  principles  are  but  imperfectly  known 
and  still  more  imperfectly  practiced,  and  yet  such 
brilliant  results  have  been  obtained  by  compara- 
tively rude  knowledge  and  practice  as  ought  to 
incite  to  more  careful  and  accurate  study  and  manip- 
ulation, which  can  not  fail  to  lead  to  rapid  progress 
in  this  interesting  and  important  branch  of  horti- 
cultural art — an  art  which  is  the  most  potent  lever 
we  possess  for  modifying  and  occasionally  entirely 
changing  the  forms  and  general  aspects  of  vegetable 
life.  From  the  most  minute  herb  to  the  stately 
elm,  pine  or  oak,  man  is  enabled  by  its  means  to 
produce  an  indefinite  variety  of  new  forms,  as  to 
general  habit  of  growth,  foliage,  inflorescence  and 
fruit;  the  new  varieties  so  produced,  at  the  bidding 
of  a skillful  operator,  being  frequently  far  superior 
to  the  former  types,  in  so  much  that  the  original 
species  of  our  most  favorite  garden  flowers  have 
actually  disappeared  before  the  invasion  of  a host  of 
superior  and  far  more  splendid  varieties  obtained 
by  the  means  of  artificial  fecundation.  To  the 
agriculturist  seeking  to  improve  his  cereals  and 
his  root  crops,  artificial  fecundation  of  suitably 
selected  species  will,  with  skill  and  perseverance, 
inevitably  crown  his  aspirations  with  brilliant  suc- 
cess ; while  the  commercial  horticulturist,  and  the 
amateur  who  loves  his  garden  and  his  plants  for 
themselves,  should  vigorously  pursue  the  practice 
of  this  new  and  wonderful  art,  which  touches  the 
highest  and  most  mysterious  pinnacles  of  vegetable 
physiology  as  with  the  wand  of  a necromancer — so 
great  and  striking  are  the  metamorphoses  which 
may  be  wrought  by  its  means.  It  was  by  this  art 
that  M.  Souchet,  of  Fontainbleau,  produced  all 
those  dazzling  varieties  of  Gladioli,  and  that  Mr. 
Gerain,  of  Rheims,  succeeded  in  raising  his  mag- 
nificent series  of  Petunias,  with  both  double  and 
single  flowers,  which  have  made  his  name  famous 
in  the  annals  of  floriculture,  and  Messrs.  Caulier,  of 
Vailly,  produced  their  remarkable  series  of  Zinnias 
in  the  same  way.  What  has  become  of  the  old 
forms  of  Geranium,  Coleus,  Gloxinia  and  Caladium? 
They  have  disappeared  to  make  way  for  the  mag- 
nificent array  of  their  respective  kinds  produced  by 
the  magic  of  artificial  fecundation.  The  results 
obtained  by  English  experimentalists  have  been 
still  more  striking,  as  evidenced  by  the  Clematis 
culture  of  Mr.  Jackman,  and  the  striking  ameliora- 
tion of  the  higher  classes  of  fruits  of  Mr.  Rivers. 

Fertilizing  by  artificial  means  is  like  the  opening 
of  a mine  of  some  precious  and  previously  unknown 
product,  which  is  inexhaustible,  but  of  which  only 
a few7  straggling  veins  have  as  yet  been  laid  bare. 
How7  much  pleasure  and  unalloyed  gratification  and 
satisfaction  may  be  derived  from  the  practice  of  an 
exquisite  art,  by  means  of  which  wre  may  change 
the  face  of  nature  itself,  making  it  at  once  more 
beautiful  and  more  useful  to  our  race  ; by  the  pro- 
duction of  new  and  more  robust  developments  of 
our  grandest  forest  trees,  of  nobler  forms  among  our 
fruit  trees,  bearing  more  abundantly,  richer  and 
more  delicious  fruit,  and  of  forms  of  culinary  vege- 
tables of  such  improved  grow7th  and  succulence, 
that  the  present  varieties  will  drop  out  of  cultivation 
and  be  no  more  heard  of  in  the  annals  of  horticul- 
ture, except  as  “ pre-historic  ” developments,  as  it 
were,  destined  to  be  eventually  forgotten. 

The  results  of  artificial  fertilization  in  England 
and  Belgium  appear  so  remarkable  to  those  who 
thoughtfully  consider  the  powers  of  this  astonishing 
art,  that  they  have  been  deemed  hv  M.  Lambin, 
“nothing  less  than  prodigious.”  The  l>est  works 
that  have  been  published  on  this  deeply  interesting 
subject  should  be  carefully  read  and  studied  by 
both  amateurs  and  commercial  practitioners  in 
horticultural  pursuits.  M.  Henri  Lecoq’s  work, 

“ De  la  fecondation  naturelle  et  artiJieieUe  den  vegetaux,  et 
de  V hybridation, ” is  full  of  instructive  matter,  and 
imparts  in  an  agreeable  and  practical  form  almost 
all  that  is  at  present  know  n on  the  subject,  accom- 
panied by  careful  descriptions  of  the  best  methods 
of  operating.  Furnished  with  the  knowledge  thus 
acquired,  the  manipulator  may  fearlessly  engage  in 
the  enterprise  of  raising  newr  varieties  in  every  class 
of  the  vegetable  kingdom,  and  need  not  be  troubled 
with  doubts  that  nature  may  get  tired  by  his  in- 
satiate demands  upon  her  ever  prolific  powers,  for 
they  are  inexhaustible. 

FARMERS  SHOULD  LOOK  AHEAD. 

6Jfg§0  branch  of  industrial  business  demands 
a w iser  foresight  than  farming.  The  far- 
mer  who  is  always  looking  at  the  present, 

' regardless  of  future  results,  is  sure  to  lose. 

A dollar  in  the  eves  of  some  men  is  an  “ almighty  ” 
big  thing,  and  they  would  regard  it  as  suicidal  to 
expend  it  for  such  a thing  as  manure.  A friend  of 
ours  gives  his  experience  as  follows : I don’t  know 

of  any  farmer  in  my  neighborhood  who  ever  ex- 
pended a single  dollar  for  farm  fertilizers.  The  prin- 
ciple adopted  is  “get  all  you  can  and  keep  all  you 
get” — and  whenever  and  wherever  this  principle 
is  applied  to  land,  the  owner  is  cheating  himself. 
This  miserlv,  mistaken,  suicidal  way  of  treating 
soil  was  forcibly  illustrated  to  me  in  my  ow  n neigh- 
borhood, a few  years  ago.  I and  a neighbor  bought 
a ten-acre  field  that  had  been  badly  run  down  by  its 
previous  owner.  This  field  was  originally  a rich 
clay  loam,  of  uniform  quality  throughout  as  far  as 
could  be  judged.  We  divided  it  in  the  middle,  one 
taking  the  east  and  the  other  the  west  half.  The 
course  I adopted  with  my  half  was  as  follow’s: — 
Sow7ed  buckwheat  in  the  latter  part  of  May,  apply- 
ing all  the  manure  I could  spare.  Plow  ed  the  buck- 
wheat under,  top-dressed  with  manure  heavily,  and 
sowed  w7heat  the  last  of  August.  Seeded  to  clover 
in  the  spring,  which  caught  well.  Plowed  the 
clover  under  in  July.  There  was  a splendid  grow  th 
and  my  neighbor  declared  it  was  wicked  to  plow7  it 
under— “ perfectly  wasteful.”  The  land  remained 
undisturbed  till  September,  when  it  w7as  manured 
again,  and  cross-plow7ed — very  shallow,  howrever — 
and  again  sowed  to  w7heat.  It  produced  one  of  the 
best  crops  I ever  raised,  and,  being  seeded  to  clover 
and  timothy,  it  stood  for  several  years  the  most  gen- 
erous soil  I owned  and  a standing  witness  to  the 
wisdom  of  generous  treatment. 

My  neighbor  adopted  a different  policy.  He 
manured,  it  is  true,  but  he  plowed  nothing  under. 
He  had  determined  to  make  the  field  pay  for  itself, 
and  he  continued  to  crop  it  as  it  had  been  before,  • 
only  supplying  more  manure,  perhaps ; and  at  the 
end  of  three  years  his  land  was  in  no  better  condi- 
tion than  he  found  it,  if  as  good.  The  one  wheat 
crop  I got  the  third  year  brought  me  more  money 
than  he  got  from  his  three  years’  croppings.  The 
crop  of  clover  I plowed  under  was  w'orth,  in  hay, 
about  seventy-five  dollars,  at  that  time.  It  looked 
like  a waste  to  plow  it  under,  and  but  few  would 
have  had  the  courage  to  do  it ; but  I am  convinced 
that  it  brought  me  double  as  much,  as  manure,  as  it 
was  worth  in  hay.” 

WHAT  ORATORS  WANT  IN  DEPTH  THEY  GIVE  YOU  IN  LENGTH. 


69 


FARMERS  AND  THEIR  FARMS. 

?HE  late  census  of  the  United  States  furnishes 
a vast  amount  of  food  for  reflection.  Be- 
low  we  give  a page  of  figures,  that  are  in- 
< teresting  of  themselves,  as  showing  ‘the 

proportion  of  cultivated  to  uncultivated  land  in 
different  States;  the  number  of  persons  in  each 
State  engaged  in  farming,  including  the  women, 
most  of  whom,  as  will  be  seen  by  their  being  in  the 
late  slave  States,  are  colored  ; the  total  value  of  the 
farms  in  each  State ; and  finally  the  value  of  imple- 
ments and  machinery  employed. 

But,  in  addition  to  the  foregoing,  if  the  reflecting 
farmer  will  set  his  boys  to  work  with  their  slates 
and  pencils,  these  long  winter  evenings,  they  can 
keep  fresh  their  knowledge  of  arithmetic  by  figuring 
out  the  average  number  of  farming  persons  in  each 
State  to  the  acre  of  farm  lands  owned  or  cultivated  ; 
the  average  value  to  each  person.  They  can  also 
determine  which  States  are  the  most  enterprising 
and  progressive,  by  the  greater  proportionate  invest- 
ment of  money  in  improved  implements  and 
machinery.  And,  if  they  will  turn  to  page  71  of  the 
Hand-Book,  they  will  find  a table  giving  the 
average  value  of  farm  products  per  acre,  in  the 
different  States ; and  with  those  figures,  and  these 
in  the  table  below,  they  can  determine  which  pays 
the  most  per  acre,  according  to  the  money  invested, 
the  more  valuable  farms,  and  those  on  which  the 
most  improved  machinery  is  used,  or  the  poorer 
farms,  and  those  where  manual  or  hard  work  does 


nearly  all  of  it.  It  will  be  proved  that  those  who 
own  the  smallest  farms  cultivate  the  largest  pro- 
portion of  what  they  own,  and  employ  the  most 
machinery  and  make  the  most  money.  So  that, 
instead  of  spending  money  to  buy  more  acres,  it  is 
better  policy  for  farmers  to  spend  their  money 
in  cultivating  what  they  have  more  thoroughly. 

In  this  connection  it  will  not  be  out  cf  place  to 
mention  that,  in  the  Southern  States,  not  over  one- 
tenth  of  the  area  of  land  is  under  cultivation,  as 
the  following  figures  will  show : 

Acres  cul- 

States.  Area — Acres.  tivated. 

Virginia 26,240,000 8,165,040 

North  Carolina 32,450,500 5,258,742 

South  Carolina 21,700,000 3,010,539 

Georgia 37,120,000  6,331,806 

Florida 37,931,520 736,171 

Alabama 32,462,080 5,062,204 

Mississippi 30,179,840 4,209,146 

Tennessee 29,184,000 6,843,278 

Arkansas 33,406,720 1,859,821 

Louisiana 26,303,200 2,045,640 

Texas 75,587,840 2,964,836 

Kentucky 24,115,200 8,013,859 

Total 


.506,740,960 


55,001,124 

And  yet  the  raising  of  cotton,  if  skillfully  managed, 
is  perhaps  the  most  profitable  branch  of  agriculture 
in  the  United  States.  The  annual  exportation  of 
cotton  reaches  $215,527,420,  and  is  constantly  in- 
creasing. With  greater  skill  in  cultivation,  and 
improved  machinery  for  picking,  cleaning,  baling 
and  shipping,  the  profits  might  be  much  increased. 
The  South  is  an  inviting  field  for  enterprise. 


States  and  Territories. 


Alabama 

Arizona 

Arkansas 

California 

Colorado 

Connecticut 

Dakota 

Delaware 

District  of  Columbia 

Florida 

Georgia 

Idaho 

Illinois 

Indiana 

Iowa 

Kansas 

Kentucky... 

Louisiana 

Maine 

Maryland 

Massachusetts 

Michigan 

Minnesota 

Mississippi 

Missouri 

Montana 

Nebraska 

Nevada 

New  Hampshire 

New  Jersey 

New  Mexico 

New  York 

North  Carolina 

Ohio 

Oregon 

Pennsylvania  

Rhode  Island 

South  Carolina 

Tennessee 

Texas 

Utah 

Vermont 

Virginia 

Washington 

West  Virginia 

Wisconsin 

Wyoming 

Total 


Number  of  Persons  en- 
gaged in  Agriculture. 

Acreage  of  Lands  in  Farms. 

Value  of 
Farms. 

Value  of  Im- 
plements and 
Machinery. 

Males. 

Females. 

Total. 

Improved. 

226,768 

64,860 

14,961,178 

5,062,204 

§67,739,036 

$3,286,924 

1,284 

1 

21,807 

14.585 

161,340 

20,105 

100,669 

8,641 

7,597,296 

1,859,821 

40,029,698 

2,237,409 

47,580 

283 

11,427,105 

6,218,133 

14  r, 240, 028 

5,316,690 

6,462 

320,340 

95,594 

3,385,748 

272,604 

43,523 

130 

2,364,416 

1,646,752 

124,241,382 

3,246,599 

2,522 

302,376 

42,645 

2,085,265 

142,612 

15,907 

66 

1,052,322 

698,115 

46,712,870 

1,201.644 

1,350 

15 

11,677 

8,266 

3.800,230 

39,4.50 

36,944 

5,548 

2,373,541 

736,172 

9,947,920 

505,074 

262,152 

73,993 

23,647,941 

6,831,856 

94,559,468 

4,614,701 

1,462 

77,139 

26,603 

492,860 

59,295 

375,407 

1,034 

25,882,861 

19,329,952 

920,506,346 

34, 576, .587 

266,349 

428 

18,119.648 

10,104,279 

634,804,189 

17,676,591 

209,907 

356 

15,541,793 

9,396,467 

392,662,441 

20,-509,582 

72,918 

310 

5,656,879 

1,971,003 

90,327,040 

4,053,312 

257,426 

3,654 

18,660,106 

8,103,850 

311,238,916 

8,572,896 

114,530 

26,937 

7,025,817 

2,045,640 

68,215,421 

7,159,333 

81,956 

55 

5,838,058 

2,917,793 

102,961,951 

4,809,113 

79,197 

1,252 

4,512,579 

2,914,007 

170,369,684 

5,268,676 

72,756 

54 

2,730,283 

1,736,221 

116,432,784 

5,000,879 

187,036 

175 

10,019,142 

5,096,939 

398,240,578 

13,711,979 

74,663 

494 

6,483,828 

2,322,102 

97,847,442 

6,721,120 

193,725 

65,474 

13,121,113 

4,209,146 

81,716,576 

4,456,633 

262,595 

1,323 

21,707,220 

9,130,615 

392,908,047 

15,596,426 

2,110- 

1 

139,537 

84,674 

729,193 

145,438 

23,083 

32 

2,073,781 

647,031 

30,242,186 

1,549,716 

2,063 

7 

208,510 

92,644 

1,485,505 

163,718 

46,562 

11 

3,605,994 

2,334,487 

80,589,313 

3,459,943 

62,943 

185 

2,989,511 

1,976,474 

257,523,376 

7,887,991 

18,432 

236 

833,549 

143,007 

2,260,139 

121,114 

373,455 

868 

22,190,810 

15,627,206 

,272,857,766 

45,997,712 

241,010 

28,228 

19,835,410 

5,258,742 

78,211,083 

4,082,111 

396,267 

757 

21,712,420 

14,469,133 

1,054,465,226 

25,692,787 

13,232 

16 

2,389,252 

1,116,290 

22,352,989 

1,293,717 

258,772 

1,279 

17,994,200 

11,515,965 

1,043,481,582 

35,658,196 

11,767 

13 

502,308 

289,030 

21,574,968 

786,246 

147,708 

58,946 

12,105,280 

3,010,539 

44,808,763 

2,282,946 

247,953 

19,067 

19,581,214 

6,843,278 

218,743,747 

8,199,487 

152,722 

14,031 

18,396,523 

2,964,836 

60,149,950 

3,396,793 

10,417 

11 

148,361 

118,755 

2,297,922 

291,390 

57,889 

94 

4,528,804 

3,073,257 

139,367,075 

5,250,279 

228,082 

16,468 

18,145,911 

8,165,040 

213,020,845 

4,924,036 

3,759 

12 

649,139 

192,016 

3,978,341 

280,-551 

73,725 

235 

8,528,394 

2,580,254 

101,604,381 

2,112,937 

158,300 

1,387 

11,715,321 

5,899,343 

300,414,064 

14,239,364 

164 

1 

4,341 

338 

18,187 

5,723 

5,525,503 

396,968 

407,735,041 

188,921,099 

9,262,800,861 

336,878,429 

70  AN  EVENING  RED  AND  A MORNING  GREY  IS  A SIGN  OF  A FAIR  DAY. 


TREATMENT  OF  SICK  ANIMALS. 


THE  PRESERVATION  OF  TIMBER. 


HE  crying  evil  of  the  agriculturist  of  this 
country  is  that  we  have  no  good  system 
of  veterinary  instruction,  except  in  the 
large  cities,  and,  indeed,  in  most  of  those 
it  is  impossible  to  find  a well  educated  veterinary 
surgeon.  Throughout  the  whole  length  and  breadth 
of  the  land,  our  poor  dumb  brutes,  condemned  to 
suffer  from  diseases  generally  brought  about  by  our 
own  carelessness  or  neglect,  are  obliged  to  bear  the 
still  greater  suffering  of  the  barbarous  treatment  of 
common  farriers  and  quacks  who  know  nothing  of 
the  organization  of  their  bodies.  As  a natural  con- 
sequence, violent  purgings,  frightful  blood-letting, 
blisters  and  firings,  applied  without  thought  and 
without  reason,  entailing  untold  agony  to  the  ani- 
mal and  generally  much  loss  to  the  owners. 

Of  course,  when  an  animal  is  sick,  any  farmer 
who  is  ignorant  of  what  should  be  done  ought  to 
secure  the  best  advice  within  his  reach.  But  he 
should  always  retain  so  much  control  over  the 
treatment  as'  to  avoid  a resort  to  barbarous  reme- 
dies, unless  the  unskilled  practitioner  can  convince 
him  that  there  is  good  reason  for  it ; for,  as  a general 
rule,  an  animal  left  to  the  unguided  curative  process 
of  nature  would  come  better  out  of  its  troubles  than 
if  subjected  to  the  operations  of  brutal  means  for 
the  restoration  of  its  health.  With  animals,  as 
with  men,  there  is  far  too  much  medicine  given,  or 
too  much  bleeding,  and  probably  more  are  killed  or 
permanently  injured  by  these  practices  than  are 
cured  by  them.  Of  course  in  some  desperate  cases 
they  are  necessary,  but  they  should  always  be  re- 
sorted to  with  caution,  and  with  much  hesitation. 

In  all  minor  diseases,  which  result  almost  inva- 
riably from  bad  air,  food,  filth  and  neglect,  the  | 
wisest  treatment  is  the  removal  of  the  cause  and 
the  restoration  of  those  simple,  natural  conditions 
upon  which  the  return,  no  less  than  the  mainte- 
nance, of  health  is  based.  The  purging  ball  may 
often  be  with  advantage  supplanted  by  a loosening 
diet ; bleeding,  almost  invariable,  by  such  and  by 
pure  air.  Warm  clothing  and  thorough  grooming 
will  usually  do  the  work  of  a blister,  and  do  it  much 
better.  In  all  cases  of  strains,  bruises  and  wounds, 
water  is  an  almost  sovereign  remedy  ; and  in  nine- 
tenths  of  the  cases  in  which  it  is  thought  necessary 
to  send  for  the  local  cow  doctor  or  horse  doctor,  the 
simple  treatment  above  indicated  will  be  found  not 
only  cheaper,  but  far  better  in  its  applications  and 
its  effects,  and  is  al  ways  near  at  hand. 


Farmers’  Education. — It  is  a common  opinion 
that  no  degree  of  intelligence  is  requisite  to  success- 
ful farm  management.  It  is  also  supposed  that  an 
education  which  embraces  more  than  the  simplest 
rules  of  arithmetic,  with  a fair  ability  to  read  and 
write,  is  quite  superfluous.  Of  course,  this  is  not 
the  general  opinion,  but  unfortunately  it  is  very 
common.  There  would  be  nothing  serious  in  this 
if  farmers  themselves  did  not  accept  this  error  as 
truth.  It  is  impossible  to  say  how  much  education  is 
needed  in  the  business  to  insure  the  greatest  measure 
of  success,  but  it  is  quite  certain  that  farmers  as  a 
class  have  too  little  knowledge  of  books — too  little 
of  that  which  many  of  them  denominate  “book 
learning.”  They  sneer  visibly  when  they  use  the 
phrase,  and  they  speak  with  derision  of  book  farm- 
ing. Agricultural  papers  have  no  value  for  such 
men — in  fact,  they  are  not  read  by  them.  Let  any 
farmer,  in  a good  neighborhood,  ask  himself  the 
question  : How  many  farmers  in  my  acquaintance 

are  there  who  take  no  agricultural  paper?  And  if 
he  obtains  a correct  answer,  he  will  find  a sur- 
prising number. 


U^r.VERY  thinking  person  in  the  United 
™ States,  who  has  paid  any  attention  to  the 
matter,  has  been  astonished  and  pained 
at  the  rapid  decrease  of  our  forests  of  fine 
timber,  which  once  adorned  our  valleys  and  hill 
sides.  The  time  has  come  when  we  sfiould  have 
laws  passed  for  the  protection  of  the  timber  inter- 
ests of  the  country.  Forest  laws  exist  in  the  ma- 
jority of  European  countries,  laws  by  which  the 
felling  of  timber  is  kept  within  due  bounds,  and 
which  also  make  it  obligatory  upon  all  owners  of 
woods  or  forests  to  plant  a tree  in  the  place  of  every 
tree  that  is  felled.  By  the  latter  simple  and 
far  from  burdensome  requirement,  provision  is  con- 
stantly being  made  for  the  future,  and,  on  an 
average,  once  in  about  seventy  years,  a fresh  crop 
of  timber  is  ready  for  the  axe. 

This  may  seem  to  many  persons  a long  time  to 
wait  for  a return  for  labor  and  time  expended,  but 
many  of  the  quicker  growth  of  trees  will  be  fit  for 
cutting  in  one-third  or  one-half  the  time.  We  have 
known  chestnut  rail  timber  to  be  cut  over  every 
twenty-five  years,  while  oaks  and  other  hard  woods 
take  a longer  time  to  mature,  and  it  will  be  ob- 
served that  the  first  plantation  once  grown,  with 
each  succeeding  year  a new  plantation  will  be 
ready  for  cutting,  and  thereafter  no  intermission 
will  occur  in  the  profit;  while  furthermore  the 
cullings,  or  inferior  trees  felled  every  year  to  admit 
of  the  better  growth  of  the  more  healthy  and  vig- 
orous, will  yield,  in  a comparatively  short  time,  a 
regular  income  that  will  repay  the  original  outlay. 

We  have  hundreds  of  acres  of  comparatively 
waste  land  in  every  Eastern  State  that  could  be 
made  to  vield  a handsome  return  if  planted  in 
timber — where,  as  at  present,  it  not  only  yields  no 
profit,  but  is  an  eyesore  in  the  beauty  of  the  land- 
scape, and  a burden  to  the  owners  in  the  way  of 
taxes.  Every  hundred  acres  of  timber  in  a neigh- 
borhood is  an  advantage  to  the  surrounding  country 
in  helping  to  attract  the  rainfall,  and  in  assisting  to 
retain  moisture  in  the  earth  and  increase  the  flow 
of  streams. 

The  character  of  the  present  season  will  probably 
have  the  effect  of  modifying  the  views  of  those  per- 
sons who  have  been  led  into  the  error  of  supposing 
that  the  quantity  of  rain-fall  depends  upon  the  ex- 
istence of  forests.  The  past  summer  has  been  one 
of  extraordinary  moisture  in  parts  of  the  country 
where  there  are  no  forests,  as  in  Kansas,  Nebraska, 
and  Eastern  Colorado,  and  of  drouth  in  places 
where  forests  abound,  as  in  Northern  Minnesota 
and  Canada.  The  truth  probably  is  that  the  de- 
velopment of  meteorological  effects,  such  as  the  fall 
of  rain,  the  course  of  the  winds,  etc.,  depends  upon 
causes  which  are  not  bounded  by  small  areas,  or 
even  such  a large  area  as  that  of  our  own  continent. 
The  destruction  of  a thousand  or  two  square  miles 
of  woods  is  but  a small  thing  in  comparison  to  the 
other  influences  which  effect  the  rain-fall  of  the 
whole  world.  Forests  act  as  reservoirs  of  moisture, 
holding  it  until  it  is  distributed  gradually  by  means 
of  springs,  streams,  and  slow  evaporation,  and  thus 
prevent  floods,  wThich  never  occur  disastrously  in 
wooded  localities.  They  also  moderate  the  heats 
and  colds  of  the  season,  just  as  they  moderate  the 
distribution  of  water.  They  also  act  as  a barrier 
against  the  excessive  force  of  the  winds.  They  are, 
therefore,  indispensable  to  our  comfort,  and  where 
they  do  not  exist  naturally,  should  be  planted  as 
rapidly  as  possible.  The  w hole  surface  of  the  earth 
cannot  be  given  up  to  cultivation,  any  more  than  a 
man’s  whole  life  can  be  given  up  to  work ; some 
portion  must  be  left  fallow  and  to  rest. 


GIVE  A MAN  LUCK,  AND  THROW  HIM  INTO  THE  SEA. 


71 


A GREAT  FARMER’S  MAXIMS. 

jfgiHE  successful  life  of  Mr.  Jacob  Straw,  the 
tlHIIll  prince  of  American  farmers,  is  attributed 
to  the  close  observance  of  the  following 

\ maxims,  originated  by  himself: 

When  you  wake  up,  do  not  roll  over  but  roll  out. 
It  will  give  you  time  to  ditch  your  sloughs,  break 
them,  harrow  them,  and  sow  them. 

Make  your  fencing  high,  strong  and  tight,  so  that 
it  will  keep  the  cattle  and  pigs  out. 

If  you  have  brush  make  your  lot  secure,  and 
keep  your  hogs  from  the  corn ; for,  if  the  corn  is 
kept  clean,  they  will  eat  it  better  than  if  it  is  not. 

Be  sure  to  get  your  hands  to  bed  by  seven 
o’clock— they  will  rise  early  by  force  of  circum- 
stance. Pay  a hand,  if  he  is  a poor  hand,  all  you 
promise  him  ; if  he  is  a good  hand,  pay  him  a little 
more ; it  will  encourage  him  to  do  still  better. 

Always  feed  your  hands  as  well  as  you  do  your- 
self, for  the  laboring  men  are  the  bone  and  sinew  of 
the  land,  and  ought  to  be  well  treated. 

I am  satisfied  that  early  rising,  industry  and 
regular  habits,  are  the  best  medicine  ever  pre- 
scribed for  health. 

When  rainy  weather  comes,  so  that  you  can’t 
work  at  other  things,  cut,  split,  and  haul  your  wood, 
make  your  racks,  fix  your  fence  or  gate  that  is  off 
its  hinges,  or  weatherboard  your  barn  where  the 
wind  has  blown  the  siding  off,  or  patch  the  roof  of 
your  house. 

Study  your  interests  closely,  and  do  not  spend 
your  time  in  eleoting  Presidents,  Senators,  and 
other  small  officers,  or  talking  of  hard  times  when 
spending  vour  time  whittling  store  boxes,  etc. 

Take  vour  time  and  make  calculations.  Don’t  do 
things  in  a hurry,  but  do  them  at  the  right  time, 
and  keep  your  mind  as  well  as  your  body  employed. 


Shade-Trees. — When  a farmer  is  planting  shade- 
trees  around  his  house,  he  might  as  well  plant 
walnut  and  chestnut  trees  for  beauty  as  any 
others,  and  have  all  the  nuts  they  produce  besides. 
There  are  no  finer  trees  than  these,  except  where 
evergreens  are  preferred.  It  is  commonly  said  that 
nut  trees  grow  best  from  seed,  and  do  not  bear 
transplanting  well.  It  might  therefore  be  best  to 
fence  in  a strip  of  land  on  the  windy  side  of  the 
house,  and,  after  preparing  it  well,  plant  it  with 
nuts  of  the  kind  wanted.  An  hour  or  two  would 
suffice  at  any  time  to  clear  it  of  weeds,  and  as  the 
trees  grew  the  poorest  might  be  cut  down,  only 
leaving  a sufficient  number  of  the  best  to  form  a 
grove.  This  would  be  a thing  of  beauty,  and  also 
of  great  utility,  for  many  generations.  The  fence 
would,  however,  have  to  be  kept  in  good  repair  till 
the  trees  attained  a fair  size. 


Hentown. — An  American  paper  gives  an  account 
of  a “ Mammoth  Hennery,”  which  has  been  estab- 
lished by  two  brothers  in  Colorado,  a few  miles 
from  Denver.  “ It  covers  four  acres,  which  are  laid 
out  like  a village,  with  streets  and  avenues,  along 
wffiich  are  built  long  rows  of  houses  of  varions  de- 
signs. Regular  families  of  hens  are  assigned  to 
these  houses,  and  it  is  found  that  they  quickly 
domesticate  themselves,  without  troubling  their 
neighbors.  The  population  of  the  village  is  about 
2,000,  divided  closely  into  social  cliques  of  Brah- 
mas, Cochins,  Shanghais,  and  Dorkings,  and  the 
chief  products  are  eggs  and  spring  chickens.  Sun- 
days included,  the  industrious  matrons  of  the  vil- 
lage turn  out  daily  from  forty  to  fifty  dozens  of  eggs, 
which  are  sold  in  Denver  for  from  thirty  to  fifty 
cents  per  dozen.” 


VALUE  OF  FARM  PRODUCTS. 


The  last  volume  of  the  Agricultural  Report  con- 
tains the  following  table,  which  shows  the  average 
cash  value  of  farm  products : 


States. 

Avei'age 
value 
per  acre. 

Maine 

$14  16 

New  Hampshire.. 

19  50 

Vermont 

17  87 

Massachusetts 

31  10 

Rhode  Island 

34  00 

Connecticut 

33  94 

New  York 

22  94 

New  Jersey 

27  96 

Pennsylvania 

20  80 

Delaware 

13  24 

Maryland 

15  42 

Virginia 

North  Carolina..... 

11  38 

South  Carolina.... 

10  45 

Georgia 

11  68 

Florida 

11  47 

Alabama 

13  78 

Mississippi 

Louisiana 

Average 

value 

States.  per  acre . 

Texas $12  84 

Arkansas 17  60 

Tennessee 12  70 

West  Virginia 15  04 

Kentucky  15  54 

Ohio 14  57 

Michigan 15  65 

Indiana 13  51 

Illinois 11  13 

Wisconsin 14  18 

Minnesota 11  38 

Iowa 8 40 

Missouri 11  99 

Kansas 8 92 

Nebraska 7 73 

California 15  10 

Oregon  ....: 16  70 

Nevada 44  30 

The  Territories 26  10 


Counting  out  Nevada,  whose  exceptionally  high 
rate  is*  explainable,  probably,  by  local  and  tem- 
porary reasons,  the  highest  value  in  the  above  list 
is  Rhode  Island ; the  next  highest  Connecticut,  and 
the  next  Massachusetts.  These  figures,  of  course, 
represent  the  gross  products,  and  show  a meagre  in- 
come for  farmers  who  cultivate  as  much  as  a 
hundred  acres  each  year.  For,  out  of  the  sums 
thus  reported,  they  must  pay  taxes,  incidental  ex- 
penses, some  wages  for  hired  help,  and  store  bills. 
There  is  surely  great  need  of  improvement  in  the 
modes  of  managing  a farm,  and  in  getting  full  value 
for  the  crops  produced.  If  the  organization  of 
Granges,  and  the  self-improvement  therein  pro- 
posed, accomplish  this  result,  it  will  be  a great 
blessing  to  the  country;  for  on  the  prosperity  of 
farmers,  more  than  any  thing  else,  depends  the 
prosperity  of  our  whole  nation. 


Bees  in  the  United  States. — There  are  2,000,- 
000  bee  hives  in  the  United  States.  Every  hive 
yields,  on  an  average,  a little  over  twenty-two 
pounds  of  honey.  The  average  price  at  which 
honey  is  sold  is*  twenty-five  cents  a pound.  So 
that,  after  paying  their  own  board,  our  bees  present 
us  with  a revenue  of  over  $8,800,000.  To  reckon  it 
another  way,  they  make  a clear  gift  of  over  a 
pound  of  pure  honey  to  every  man,  woman  and 
child  in  the  vast  domain  of  the  United  States. 
Over  twenty-three  and  one-third  million  pounds  of 
wax  are  made  and  given  to  us  by  these  industrious 
workers.  The  keeping  of  bees  is  one  of  the  most 
profitable  investments  that  our  people  can  make  off 
their  money.  The  profits  arising  from  the  sale  of 
surplus  honey  average  from  50  to  200  per  cent,  of 
the  capital  invested. 


A Beautiful  Floral  Ornament. — Take  a soup 
plate  or  a pickle  dish,  and  fill  it  with  sand.  Moisten 
the  sand  with  water,  and  heap  it  to  a cone* 
and  then  thrust  into  the  wet  sand  flowers  and 
foliage  enough  to  cover  the  whole  surface,  and  you 
will  have,  if  you  arrange  it  well,  the  most  beautiful 
floral  ornament  that  can  be  imagined.  This  is  an 
excellent  way  for  arranging  short-stemmed  flowers* 
or  those  the  petals  of  which  are  too  soft  to  be  tied 
without  injury  among  stiffer  ones.  Or  place  in  the 
center  of  your  soup  plate  a teacup,  a child’s  mug* 
or  a wine  glass,  in  which  insert  a made  bouquet, 
and  then,  filling  the  plate  around  it  with  sand,  pro- 
ceed as  above.  This  will  give  a better  cone  than 
the  first  method. 


72 


PARDON  ALL  MEN,  BUT  NEVER  THYSELF. 


Scientific  and  Statistical. 


( 


FACTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  CENSUS. 


Whore  Our  People  Live-Center  of  Population- 
Proportion  of  JtlaleN  to  Female**— Occupa- 
tions—Education  and  Ignorance- 
Ills  of  liife— When  People  I>ie. 


u A Statistical  Atlas,”  embodying  the  most  important 
facts  and  generalities  of  the  Ninth  Census,  taken  in  1870, 
has  been  published  by  Francis  A.  Walker,  the  superin- 
tendent of  the  Census  and  Professor  of  Political  Economy 
at  Yale.  By  meansof  mapsand  diagrams,  some  of  which 
are  of  remarkable  ingenuity,  the  Atlas  gives  most  valu- 
able ideas  concerning  the  elements  of  our  population,  its 
density,  the  occupation  of  the  people,  their  advantages 
as  to  social  and  moral  education,  and  the  taxation  rates 
of  the  different  sections,  so  that  even  a casual  observer 
will  be  enlightened  as  to  how  the  different  parts  of  the 
country  compare  w'ith  each  other  in  these  points. 

The  line  of  population  in  1870,  inclosed  1,272,239  square 
miles,  and  the  aggregate  was  38,558,371,  being  an  average 
of  about  30  inhabitants  to  the  square  mile.  This  calcula- 
tion omits  the  deserts  of  the  west,  which  are  unpeopled, 
the  lakes,  and  any  considerable  uninhabited  tracts  of 
country  in  the  population  limits.  Theswampsof  Florida 
and  the  vast  forests  of  Michigan  are  examples  of  omit- 
ted territory. 

Density  of  Population. 

Five  degrees  of  density  are  adopted  in  averaging  the 
inhabitants  of  the  United  States.  The  first  comprises 
those  districts  which  have  from  two  to  six  persons  to  the 
square  mile.  This  class  represents  a very  sparse  and  scat- 
tered population,  such  as  in  our  western  countries  might 
be  supported  by  pastoral  pursuits,  grazing  or  herding,  and 
we  will  find  this  to  be  the  case  along  the  frontiers  of  Iowa, 
Minnesota,  Nebraska,  Kansas,  Arkansas  and  Texas.  It 
also  denotes  a rural  district  of  very  poor  land,  rough  and 
ill-adapted  to  farming  purposes,  and  is  thus  found  in 
several  of  the  older  settled  states. 

The  second  degree,  of  six  to  eighteen,  generally  includes 
such  portions  of  country  as  have  well  defined  farms  and 
those  under  a good  degree  of  cultivation.  The  soil  of  this 
class  of  land  is,  nevertheless,  somewhat  rugged,  and  the 
cultivation  not  so  scientific  as  elsewhere;  we  hence  find 
that  this  class  prevails  extensively  over  many  of  the  Wes- 
tern and  Southwestern  States,  and  along  the  mountain 
slopes  of  the  Atlantic  ranges. 

The  third  degree,  eighteen  to  forty-five  to  the  square 
mile,  indicates  a high  degree  of  successful  agriculture, 
and  is  found  in  Alabama,  Georgia,  Delaware,  Illinois, 
Iowa,  Kentucky,  Missouri,  and  a number  of  other  well- 
cultivated  States.  In  general,  the  agriculture  of  the 
United  States  is  not  so  well  developed  as  to  support  a 
population  of  more  than  forty-five  to  the  square  mile. 
Whatever  it  may  be  in  the  future,  it  is  found  at  present 
that  this  number  is  about  the  highest  that  any  strictly 
agricultural  community  will  average,  and  when  we  go 
above  this,  the  manufacturing,  trading  and  commercial 
classes  appear  in  force. 

The  fourth  degree,  forty-five  to  ninety  inhabitants  to 
the  square  mile,  indicates  manufacturing  and  commer- 
cial industry,  and  an  abundance  of  personal  and  profes- 
sional services.  This  class  is  most  abundant  in  New  York, 
New  Jersey,  Pennsylvania,  Ohio  and  Indiana. 

The  fifth  degree,  of  ninety  and  more,  represents  most 
advanced  states  of  agricultural,  manufacturing  and  com- 
mercial enterprise.  When  the  first  census  was  taken,  in 
1790,  a very  few  counties  only  were  listed  at  this  rate,  and 
even  in  1870  less  than  20,000  square  miles  were  found  peo- 


pled to  this  extent.'  In  Massachusetts,  Rhode  Island  and 
Connecticut,  this  degree  of  population  is  found  in  excess 
of  every  other  group,  and  these  are  the  only  States  in  the 
Union  in  which  this  excess  does  exist.  Small  sections  of 
country  under  this  class  are  also  found  in  New  York,  and 
New  Jersey,  while  the  fourth  degree  comprises  almost 
the  whole  of  New  York,  New  Jersey,  Pennsylvania,  Ohio 
and  Indiana,  and  considerable  portions  of  Illinois,  Mis- 
souri, Louisiana,  and  Virginia. 

As  an  example  of  the  tendency  of  our  people  to  flock 
into  cities,  it  is  stated  that,  in  1790,  the  cities  contained 
one-thirtieth  of  the  gross  population ; in  1800,  one- 
twenty-fltli ; in  1810,  and  also  in  1820,  one-twentieth;  in 
1830,  one-sixteenth  ; in  1840,  one-twelfth ; in  1850,  one- 
eighth ; in  1800,  one-sixth;  and  in  1870,  more  than  one- 
fifth. 

Center  of  Population. 

This  has  been  a favorite  subject  for  speculation,  and  so 
much  has  been  said  about  it  that  the  phrase  expressive  of 
the  idea  has  passed  into  a proverb.  The  method  taken  to 
determine  the  “ center  of  population,”  is  to  suppose  the 
whole  country  a plane  surface,  without  weight,  but  ca- 
pable of  supporting  weight,  and  the  population  to  be 
placed  upon  it  as  they  are  now  grouped  in  their  respec- 
tive localities,  each  individual  being  of  the  same  weight. 
Now,  when  the  center  of  gravity  of  this  plane  is  found, 
and  the  whole  surface  supported  by  it,  it  is  also  the  cen- 
ter of  population.  The  laborious  efforts  of  the  gentlemen 
whose  accurate  calculations  have  determined  the  con- 
tinuous westward  movement  of  this  star  of  empire  can- 
not be  too  much  commended,  when  we  consider  that  the 
calculations  involved  the  population  not  only  of  every 
State,  but  of  every  county,  in  the  United  States.  Several 
methods  have  been  pursued,  but  the  most  successful  were 
those  of  the  Messrs.  Highland  and  Walker,  who  by  very 
different  means  arrived  at  nearly  the  same  result. 

The  center  was  calculated  first  from  the  census  returns 
of  1790,  and  was  then  located  in  the  Chesapeake  Bay, 
twenty-three  miles  east  of  Baltimore.  By  the  year  1800,  I 
it  had  moved  due  west  forty-one  miles,  and  w as  eighteen  I 
miles  west  of  the  same  city.  In  1810,  it  had  moved  in  a ! 
southwest  direction  thirty-six  miles,  and  was  about  forty 
miles  northwest  from  Washington.  In  1820,  it  was  found  I 
sixteen  miles  north  of  Woodstock,  Va.,  having  traveled 
fifty  miles.  In  1830,  having  continued  to  move  south  and  ; 
westward,  it  was  found  nineteen  miles  from  Moorefield, 
passing  in  that  decade  over  thirty-nine  miles.  In  1840, 
it  had  turned  northward,  and  after  passing  over  fifty-five 
miles,  was  found  sixteen  miles  south  of  Clarksburg,  W. 
Va.,  while  in  1850,  it  was  found  twenty-three  miles  south 
of  Parkersburg,  W.  Va.,  after  a journey  of  fifty-five  miles,  j 
The  year  I860  found  it  twenty  miles  south  of  Chillicothe,  j 
O.,  after  a journey  of  eighty-one  miles,  and  in  1870,  it  i 
turned  north  and  westward,  and  rested  forty-eight  miles 
northeast  of  Cincinnati,  having  passed  over  forty-two 
miles  in  the  interval. 

This  shows  a total  Western  movement  since  1790,  of 
399  miles,  while  in  the  same  time  it  has  not  moved  to  the 
North  or  South,  at  any  time,  more  than  ten  or  fifteen 
miles,  clinging  closely  to  the  39th  parallel.  The  cause  of 
the  sudden  change  between  1850  and  1860  was  the  large 
emigration  to  California,  on  account  of  the  gold  fever,  j 
This  exerted  a greater  proportional  influence  on  the  i 
imaginary  pivot  than  was  its  just  due.  If  the  rate  of  j 
Western  motion  continues,  it  will  not  be  more  than  eighty  I 
years  before  St.  Louis  is  the  center  of  population,  as  it  is 
now  the  geographical  center  of  this  country.  The  center 
is  now  only  about  four  hundred  miles  distant,  and  con- 
stantly moving  West  at  the  rate  of  more  than  fifty  miles 
in  ten  years,  so  it  should  be  there  in  about  that  time. 


HE  IS  PROPER  THAT  HATH  PROPER  CONDITIONS. 


73 


Foreigners  ami  Negroes. 

The  distribution  of  colored  and  foreign  elements  over 
the  States  is,  in  some  respects,  general ; in  others,  the  out- 
side element  is  limited  to  certain  districts,  beyond  which 
it'  does  not  appear  to  extend.  The  negroes  are  found  in 
the  South,  of  course,  in  some  places  twenty-five  and  more 
to  the  square  mile,  making  sixty  per  cent,  of  the  popula- 
tion, but  they  are  also  found  over  the  most  of  New  En- 
gland and  in  large  districts  in  Michigan  at  the  rate  of 
from  one  to  four  to  the  square  mile.  The  foreign  emigra- 
tion has  settled  almost  altogether  in  the  North  and  West, 
there  being  few  inducements  held  out  for  emigrants  in 
the  South,  except  some  parts  of  Texas.  Around  New 
Orleans,  Mobile,  and  a few  of  the  larger  interior  cities, 
they  have  settled  at  the  rate  of  two  to  ten  to  the  square 
mile ; but  in  the  country  there  are  very  few.  The  Irish 
have  come  to  the  Northern  and  Western  States,  congre- 
gating chiefly  in  Massachusetts,  New  York,  New  Jersey, 
Missouri,  Illinois  and  Kansas,  while  the  Germans  are 
thickly  distributed  in  spots  over  the  Eastern  States,  Ohio, 
Illinois,  Iowa,  Missouri  and  Wisconsin.  The  Canadians 
are  numerous  in  New  England,  along  the  lakes  in  Ne- 
braska, Iowa  and  Kansas,  while  the  Swedes  and  Nor- 
wegians have  located  themselves  in  Illinois,  Michigan, 
Minnesota  and  Iowa.  In  California,  the  foreigners  and 
those  of  foreign  parentage,  compose  more  than  sixty  per 
cent,  of  the  population,  while  the  Chinese  are  at  least 
twenty-five  per  cent.  As  a natural  consequence  of  the 
sudden  immigration,  the  male  sex  predominates  far 
more  than  twenty  per  cent,  throughout  the  State. 

Occupations. 

In  the  exhibit  of  occupations,  it  appears  that  the  people 
of  this  country  are  almost  equally  divided  into  four 
classes,  the  first  of  which  comprises  the  agriculturists, 
the  second  the  manufacturers,  traders  and  professional 
men,  the  third  the  scholars,  and  the  fourth  those  mostly 
under  ten  year’s  of  age,  of  whom  no  account  is  taken. 
The  statistics  show  that  the  number  of  boys  and  girls 
attending  school  are  nearly  equal,  while  a wonderful  dis- 
proportion exists  between  the  sexes  in  all  the  other  occu- 
pations, except  the  one  of  personal  and  professional 
services.  Here,  as  many  women  are  engaged  as  servants 
as  men,  and  in  some  States  more,  and  the  proportion  is 
more  nearly  equal.  The  agricultural  interest  is  not  near- 
ly so  well  represented  as  many  persons  suppose.  In 
North  and  South  Carolina,  Mississippi,  Georgia  and  Ala- 
bama from  two-thirds  to  three-fourths  of  the  male  and 
female  population  are  engaged  in  farming,  while  in  Ten- 
nessee, Virginia,  Texas,  Louisiana,  Kentucky,  Kansas, 
Florida  and  Arkansas  agricultural  pursuits  engross  about 
one-half  of  the  adult  population.  Alabama,  Georgia, 
Louisiana,  Mississippi,  South  Carolina  and  the  Southern 
States  generally  show  a very  small  proportion  of  the 
classes  engaged  in  manufactures  and  professional  life, 
while  the  Northern  and  Eastern  States  are  replete  with 
these  classes. 

Education  and  Ignorance. 

In  school  statistics,  the  Northern,  Eastern  and  Western 
States  are  far  in  advance  of  the  South,  but  this  is  easily 
accounted  for,  when  we  remember  the  large  colored  pop- 
ulation there,  and  the  poor  facilities  th'ey  possess  for  any 
education.  Of  the  older  States,  Alabama,  Georgia,  Louis- 
iana, Mississippi,  North  Carolina,  South  Carolina,  Tennes- 
see, and  Virginia  have  the  smallest  proportion  of  school 
population,  while  Iowa,  Michigan,  Illinois;  Indiana 
Minnesota  and  Ohio  are  well  provided  in  this  respect, 
having  each  as  large  or  larger  proportion  of  school  chil- 
dren than  several  of  the  New  England  States.  West 
Virginia  and  Wisconsin  are  also  among  the  first  educa- 
tionally, more  than  a third  of  the  population  over  ten 
years  old  being  in  attendance  on  schools. 

In  the  formation  of  illiterate  returns,  the  total  number 
of  persons  over  ten  years  of  age  is  compared  with  the 
number  of  such  persons  who  are  unable  to  read,  and  the 
percentages  formed  on  this  basis.  The  estimate  shows 


some  facts  not  heretofore  generally  known.  In  Missouri 
no  section  has  less  than  from  five  to  twelve  per  cent,  of 
illiterates.  A section  of  country  around  St.  Louis,  and 
extending  up  the  Missouri  river  almost  to  Jefferson  City, 
together  with  a large  district  in  the  western  part  of  the 
State,  displays  the  best  returns.  The  central -southern 
part  of  the  State  contains  from  twenty  to  forty  per  cent, 
of  illiterates,  and  compares  with  the  southern  parts  of 
Illinois,  Indiana  and  Ohio,  which  have  the  same  per 
centage.  The  illiteracy  of  the  country  is,  of  course, 
mainly  found  in  the  South  among  the  blacks,  though 
there  are  parts  of  Georgia,  North  Carolina,  Tennessee 
and  Texas  where  the  ignorance  is  not  more  great  than  in 
the  lower  part  of  Missouri.  In  Vermont,  parts  of  Maine, 
New  Hampshire,  the  northern  portion  of  New  York  and 
Ohio,  and  a few  districts  in  Michigan,  Wisconsin,  Illi- 
nois and  Iowa,  the  illiterates  form  less  than  five  per  cent 
of  the  population.  The  western  part  of  Texas  is  tolera- 
bly free  from  them,  but  in  a large  district  around  Gal- 
veston they  form  more  than  sixty  per  cent,  of  the  whole 
population. 

Proportion  of  Males  to  Females. 

The  numerical  relation  of  the  sexes  receives  an  amount 
of  attention  which  the  public  interest  on  the  subject  has 
long  demanded.  The  tabular  reports  of  the  native  pop- 
ulation show  that  the  respective  numbers  of  the  sexes 
are  almost  evenly  balanced,  a slight  superiority  being  in 
favor  of  the  females.  In  the  aggregate,  foreigners,  white 
and  colored  people  included,  the  males  are  in  excess.  In 
the  total  of  whites,  there  are  more  males  than  females, 
while  the  colored  population  shows  a predominance  of 
the  latter.  Foreign  males  are  largely  in  excess  of  the  fe- 
males, and  foreign  children  are  very  scarce.  The 
Chinese  are  almost  exclusively  males. 

In  general,  the  oldest  and  best  settled  States  show  a 
large  majority  of  females  of  every  age,  while  the  recent- 
ly peopled  States  and  Territories  have  a large  share  of 
middle-aged  males,  and  remarkably  few  old  people  of 
either  sex.  In  Arizona,  Wyoming,  Idaho,  Dakota,  Mon- 
tana and  Colorado,  there  are  hardly  any  women,  and  a 
very  small  proportion  of  children,  while  in  Utah  the 
sexes  are  about  equal,  and  the  children  very  numerous. 
In  Missouri  the  males  are  in  excess,  both  foreigners  and 
natives,  while  in  Connecticut,  Georgia,  Maryland,  New 
Hampshire,  Tennessee,  and  numbers  of  other  old  settled 
States,  females  are  very  largely  in  excess. 

Location  of  Longevity. 

The  New  England  States  show  a much  larger  pi’opor- 
tion  of  persons  who  attain  old  age  than  is  seen  in  any 
other  part  of  the  country,  which  is  easily  accounted  for 
by  the  more  quiet,  contented  lives  of  the  people  in  that 
section.  As  might  be  expected,  very  few  persons  of  ad- 
vanced ages  are  found  in  the  new  territories.  Old  people 
either  do  not  go  to  these  countries  in  any  number,  or  do 
not  live  after  they  get  there— the  majority  of  the  inhabi- 
tants of  both  sexes  being  from  twenty  to  forty  years  old. 
A surprising  circumstance  is  revealed  by  the  New  Eng- 
land returns.  It  would  appear  that  the  mortality 
among  the  children  from  birth  to  the  age  of  ten  years  is 
much  less  than  in  any  other  section  of  the  country,  thus 
revealing  the  better  care  of  children  by  the  Yankee 
mothers.  At  the  same  time,  the  birth-rate  is  smaller  in 
New  England  than  in  any  other  part  of  the  country. 

The  Blind,  the  Deaf,  and  Insane. 

In  the  numbers  of  blind  persons,  the  males  predomin- 
ate in  every  State  but  Delaware  and  Arkansas.  In  the 
census  of  1860  the  females  were  in  excess  in  New  Hamp- 
shire, Kentucky,  Georgia  and  Florida,  but  during  the 
following  decade,  the  relative  proportions  were  changed. 
It  is  curious  to  notice  the  small  proportion  of  blind  who 
were  born  thus,  not  more  than  fifty-five  in  a thousand 
being  so  afflicted  from  birth.  Asa  rule,  in  every  State  the 
number  of  blind  is  greatest  past  middle  life.  Omitting 
the  blind  of  unknown  age,  the  total  number  of  males  is 


74  THE  mill  can  not  grind  with  the  water  that  is  past. 


11,341;  females,  8,972,  not  less  than  189  being  one  hundred 
years  of  age. 

The  number  of  deaf  mute  males  In  this  country  is 
8,895,  females,  7,255,  the  males  predominating  in  every 
State  and  Territory  but  Nebraska.  The  greatest  number 
of  these  unfortunates  is  not  found  in  the  first  decade  of 
life,  but  in  the  second.  The  Southern  States  generally 
show  a larger  proportion  of  young  deaf  mutes  than  any 
other  sections,  while  In  Connecticut  the  proportion  is 
very  large  between  one  and  twenty  years. 

Of  Insane  people  the  reports  show  the  following  facts: 
Male  Insane,  18,033;  female, 19, 136.  The  number  of  female 
insane  exceeds  that  of  the  males  in  every  state  but  Dela- 
ware, Iowa,  Kansas,  Nebraska,  Minnesota,  Oregon,  Cali- 
fornia, Kentucky,  the  two  Virginias,  Maryland  and 
Florida.  From  the  returns  it  would  seem  that  in  those 
States  in  which  the  proportions  of  the  sexes  are  nearly 
equal,  and  where  normal  conditions  of  society  prevail, 
the  proportion  of  male  and  female  insane  are  about 
alike,  females  slightly  predominating.  In  Oregon,  Cali- 
fornia and  Nebraska,  the  proportion  of  male  insane, 
from  twenty  to  fifty  years  of  age,  is  remarkably  suggest- 
ive of  gold  speculations  and  stock  failures.  The  same 
state  of  things  appeared  in  the  census  of  1860  in  Califor- 
nia and  Oregon,  and  Kansas  had,  also,  an  astonishing 
number  of  male  insane,  between  the  ages  of  twenty  and 
fifty  years.  The  number  of  insane  children,  or  those 
who  develope  insanity  during  the  first  ten  years  of  life, 
is  very  small. 

As  idiots,  the  men  of  this  country  have  no  equals,  for 
the  male  members  of  this  class  of  unfortunates  number 
14,472,  while  the  females  are  but  10,036.  They  surpass  the 
females  in  every  State  and  Territory  in  the  census  of  1870, 
as  well  as  that  of  1860.  According  to  the  statistics,  the 
period  of  greatest  development  of  idiocy  is  between  the 
ages  of  five  and  thirty  years. 

The  Death  Rate. 

From  infirmities  which  are  not  necessarily  fatal,  the 
transition  to  dangerous  diseases  and  death  is  easy.  The 
time  we  have  already  lived,  and  that  which  under  ordi- 
nary circumstances  we  may  yet  expect  to  survive,  are 
matters  of  no  ordinary  interest,  and  concerns  all  alike. 
The  given  statistics  show  that  at  birth  the  mean  future 
duration  of  life  is  39%  years;  at  20,  38%  years;  at  40,  26% 
years ; at  60, 15  years,  and  at  80,  6 .veal's.  Of  100,000  persons 
born  alive,  nearly  70,000  survive  ten  years,  about  65,000 
live  twenty  years,  nearly  43,000  pass  fifty  years,  9,500  out- 
live eighty,  and  about  50  live  to  complete  the  century. 
Although  the  absolute  number  of  foreign  deaths  in  this 
country  is  not  so  very  large,  yet  the  relative  number, 
when  the  comparison  of  foreign  and  native  population 
is  made,  is  rather  larger  than  might  be  expected,  show- 
ing that  the  change  of  climate,  of  diet  and  of  surround- 
ings to  which  foreigners  are  exposed  on  leaving  their  na- 
tive lands,  operate  unfavorably  on  their  general  health. 
As  far  as  special  diseases  or  groups  of  diseases  are  con- 
cerned, the  different  nationalities  which  come  to  our 
shores  seem  to  have  each  a constitutional  tendency  to 
certain  classes  of  ailments,  by  which  they  are  unfavora- 
bly affected,  and  which  cause  an  unusually  high  death- 
rate  among  them. 

The  Irish,  while  they  are  generally  exempt  from  fe- 
brile diseases,  have  a marked  tendency  to  all  constitu- 
tional diseases,  and  to  affections  of  the  organs  of  locomo- 
tion. The  Germans  have  exactly  the  reverse  of  the  Irish, 
a reduced  mortality  of  the  constitutional  group,  and  a 
predisposition  to  the  febrile  class,  especially  to  small- 
pox. The  English  and  Welsh  have  a marked  tendency 
to  diseases  of  the  nervous,  circulatory,  digestive  and  in- 
tegumentary systems.  The  Sweeds,  Danes  and  Norwe- 
gians are  especially  prone  to  affections  of  the  digestive 
system,  and  to  an  extroardinary  mortality  from  the 
group  of  febrile  diseases.  The  Scotch  are  not  specially  lia- 
ble to  any  peculiar  disease  except  cancer,  paralysis  and 
whooping  cough.  The  French  suffer  less  from  special ' 


diseases  than  any  other  nation  whose  people  come  large- 
ly to  our  country. 

The  statistics  of  death  contain  many  facts  which  most 
people  will  be  surprised  to  learn,  but  which  a moment’s 
reflection  will  assure  them  are  in  perfect  accordance 
with  the  natural  order  of  things.  Thus,  when  we  ascer- 
tain that  more  men  than  women  die  in  a given  year  in 
this  country,  it  seems  strange,  but  we  have  only  to 
remember  that  more  men  than  women  live  in  any 
given  year,  and  the  phenomenon  Is  explained.  The 
proportions  of  male  and  female  children  who  die  are 
about  equal,  and  the  births  are  in  the  same  ratio.  Affec- 
tions of  the  nervous,  circulatory,  digestive,  and  integu- 
mentary systems  are  more  fatal  to  men  than  to  women, 
while  cancers  and  measles  are  more  to  be  dreaded  by 
women  than  by  men.  Accidents,  paralysis,  apoplexy, 
and  pleurisy  kill  more  men  than  women,  while  con- 
sumption is  the  more  fatal  to  the  latter.  More  boys  than 
girls  are  killed  by  accidental  Injuries,  and  it  might  be 
supposed  that  in  the  patriotic  month  of  July  we  should 
have  the  greatest  fatality  under  this  head ; but  this  is 
not  so,  for  the  boys  kill  themselves  in  various  ways  dur- 
ing May  and  June  more  than  in  other  mouths  of  the 
year. 


IRON  IN  STOVES  AND  FURNACES. 


There  are  in  the  United  States  about  three  hundred  and 
fifty  foundries  engaged  in  the  manufacture  of  stoves  and 
furnaces,  using  annually  600,000  tons  of  iron.  Of  stoves 
alone  it  is  estimated  by  Mr.  Perry,  of  Albany,  who  is 
regarded  as  the  best  authority  upon  this  subject,  that  the 
two  hundred  and  seventy-five  foundries  engaged  in  the 
business  in  1871  produced  2,200,000  stoves.  This,  of  course, 
does  not  include  heating  furnaces.  In  1830  the  estimated 
number  of  stoves  made  in  this  country  was  25,000 ; in  1840, 
100,000;  in  1850,  375,000;  in  1860,  1,000,000;  in  1870,  2, 100, 000- 
valued  at  837 *,600,000.  The  value  of  heating  furnaces  annu- 
ally made  in  the  country  will  amount  to  $20,000,000. 
Forty  years  ago  the  amount  of  cast  iron  used  in  the  con- 
struction of  a house  in  Boston  did  not  usually  exceed  in 
value  ten  dollars,  nor  in  weight  100  pounds.  Now  the 
cost  of  the  heating  and  cooking  apparatus  in  a first  class 
house  frequently  reaches  $3,000,  and  in  weight  of  material 
several  tons.  And  if  you  build  a country  house  costing 
$6,000  or  $8,000,  the  stove  dealer’s  bill  will  often  amount  to 
from  $500  to  $1,000  for  what  is  deemed  only  necessary 
heating  and  cooking  apparatus.  Since  the  period  first 
named  this  branch  of  the  iron  trade  may  be  almost  said 
to  have  been  created,  rising  in  value  from  a few  hundred 
thousand  dollars  to  more  than  $60,000,000  per  annum,  and 
in  its  consumption  of  iron  from  a few  hundred  tons  to  an 
amount  equal  to  one-fourtli  of  the  production  of  all  the 
furnaces  in  the  country.  The  number  of  stoves  produced 
in  1874  is  estimated  at  2,695,168,  valued  at  $46,063,000. 


OUR  COUNTRY’S  DEVELOPMENT. 


The  steady  expansion  and  substantial  developments 
of  the  country  in  the  ninety-nine  years  past,  says  a writer 
in  Potter’s  American  Monthly , has  fully  demonstrated  the 
wisdom  of  the  severance  of  the  Colonial  ties  and  the 
founding  of  the  Republic.  We  have  not  space  here  to  note 
the  development  and  progress  of  the  nation  in  wealth, 
in  commerce,  etc.,  but  the  following  brief  table  shows 
the  expansion  of  the  territorial  limits : 

Square  Miles. 


Original  area  of  the  Thirteen  States 820,680 

Louisiana,  purchased  in  1803,  cost,  $15,000,000  899,579 

Florida,  pur-chased  in  1809,  cost  $3,000,000  66,900 

Territory  acquired  by  the  Oregon  Treaty,  in  1842 

and  1846  308,052 

Texas,  1846,  cost  payment  of  Texas  debt,  $7,500,000..  318,000 
California  and  New  Mexico,  1847,  cost  expense  of 

war,  $15,000,000  522,955 

Arizona,  purchased  in  1854,  cost  $10,000,000 30,000 

Alaska,  purchased  in  1867,  cost  $7,200,000 500,000 


Aggregate  area  in  1875 3,466,166 


1IE  THAT  HATH  MANY  IRONS  IN  THE  FIRE,  SOME  OF  THEM  WILL  COOL.  75 


PORK  PACKING-  IN  THE  WEST.  j BUTTER  AS  A FARM  PRODUCT. 


F om.  the  annual  report  of  the  Superintendent  of  the 
Cincinnati  Chamber  of  Commerce,  for  the  year  ending 
March  1st,  1875,  we  extract  the  following  tables  in  regard 
to  the  pork  business  of  the  West. 

The  first  table  shows  the  number  of  hogs  slaughtered 
in  the  States  named,  their  aggregate  weight,  and  the 
average  price  paid,  during  the  past  season. 


STATES. 

No.  of 
Hogs. 

Aggregate 

Weight. 

Average 

1874-5 

Price. 

1873-4 

Ohio 

871,976 

241,737,547 

$6 

86.591 

$4 

45.909 

Illinois 

2,104,730 

662,509,899 

6 

70.144 

4 

43.664 

Indiana 

661,770 

171,419,197 

6 

47.974 

4 

23.591 

Iowa 

409,249 

104,823,208 

6 

23.480 

4 

09  719 

Kansas 

48,594 

10,620,062 

5 

94.93 

3 

80.211 

Kentucky 

305,794 

80,2:32,476 

7 

03.611 

4 

44.669 

Michigan 

54,082 

15,930,911 

6 

49.9:38 

4 

45.785 

Minnesota 

24,248 

7,144,085 

5 

79.809 

4 

46.263 

Missouri 

708,690 

168,282,357 

6 

70.14 

4 

31.351 

Nebraska 

26,727 

6,175,640 

5 

85.118 

3 

65.889 

Tennessee 

23,522 

5,724,521 

7 

10.889 

4 

63.649  i 

West  Virginia... 

8,820 

2,216,500 

6 

69.853 

4 

47.630  1 

Wisconsin 

( 280,721 

74,599,507 

6 

36.928 

4 

77.009 

Pittsburgh,  Pa... 

1 4,000 

944,000 

6 

80 

5 

25 

Atlanta,  Ga 

4,000 

1,000,000 

7 

60 

5 

37 

Total 

5,-587,124 

1,453,359,910 

$6 

65.693 

$4 

38.758 

The  following  table  shows  the  number  of  hogs  packed 
in  the  West,  according  to  the  best  information  attain- 
able, for  the  past  twenty -six  years. 


Years. 

1849- 50 

1850- 51 

No.  of 
Hogs. 

1,232,867 

1851-52 

1,182,846 

1852-53 

2,201,110 

1853-54 

2,542,770 

1854-55 

2,124,404 

1855-56 

2,489,502 

1856-57 

1,818,468 

1857-58 

2,210,778 

1858-59 

1859-60 

2,350,822 

1860-61 

2,155,702 

1861-62 

No.  of 

Years.  Hogs. 

1862- 63 4,069,520 

1863- 64 3,261,105 

1864- 65 2,422,779 

1865- 66 2,785,955 

1866- 67 2,490,791 

1867- 68 2,781,084 

1868- 69 2,499,873 

1869- 70  2,635,312 

1870- 71 3,623,404 

1871- 72 4,782,403 

1872- 73 5,456,004 

1873- 74  5,383,810 

1874- 75  5,537,124 


The  following  table  shows  the  number  of  hogs  packed 
at  the  principal  points  in  the  West  during  the  past  year : 


Chicago,  111, 1,690,348 

Cincinnati,  O 560,164 

St.  Louis,  Mo 462,246 

Indianapolis,  Ind 278,339 

Louisville,  Ky 273,118 

Milwaukee,  Wis 248,197 

St.  Joe& vicin’y,  Mo.  117,050 

Peoria,  III 112,7.50 

Cleveland,  O 80,266 

Des  Moines,  Iowa 74,017 

Kansas  City,  Mo 73,500 

Keokuk,  Iowa 72,000 

Quincy,  111 65,808 

Cedar  Rapids,  Iowa  54,620 

Dubuque,  Iowa 53,500 

Detroit,  Mich 38,376 

Sabula,  Iowa 37,318 

Ottumwa,  Iowa 35,000 

Terre  Haute,  Ind 32,000 

Richmond,  Ind 27,700 

Franklin,  Ind 27,406 

Gosport,  Ind 25,571 

Galena,  Ills 24,000 

Circleville,  O 23,486 

Council  Bluffs,  la....  20,000 

Xenia,  O 18,842 

Muncie,  Ind 18,100 

Charleston,  Ills 17,202 


Pekin,  Ills 17,068 

Lawrence,  Kansas  ..  17,000 

Washingt’n  C.  H.,  O.  16,335 

Greensburg,  Ind 15,907 

Lacon,  Ills 15,286 

Evansville,  Ind 15,160 

Delphi,  Ind 15,140 

Columbus,  Ind 15,077 

St.  Paul,  Minn 15,000 

Toledo,  O 14,474 

Wilmington,  O 14,286 

Hagerstown,  Ind 14,250 

Martinsville,  Ind 13,960 

Leavenworth,  Kas...  13,751 

Canton,  Mo...: 13,000 

Omaha,  Neb 13,000 

Lafayette,  Ind 12,830 

Nashville,  Tenn 12,300 

Chillicothe,  O 12,235 

New  Castle,  Ind 11,685 

W abash,  Ind 11 ,640 

Sioux  City,  Iowa 1 1,296 

Marion,  Ind 11,000 

Ripley,  O 11,000 

Springfield,  111 10,500 

Burlington,  Iowa 10,150 

Barry,  111 10,000 

Davenport,  Iowa 10,000 


Great  Gun  Factories— Some  idea  of  the  vast  business 
done  in  manufacturing  firearms  may  be  obtained,  when 
it  is  stated  that  the  Remington  Gun  Works  at  Illion,  N. 
Y.,  are  employing  2,000  men,  night  and  day,  upon  a con- 
tract for  3,000,000  breech -loading  rifles  for  the  Spanish 
Government.  Between  4,000  and  5,000  finished  rifles  are 
shipped  per  week.  The  Providence  Tool  Company,  of 
Providence,  R.  I.,  are  now  at  work  on  a contract  for  600,- 
000  Peabody-Marsini  rifles  for  the  Turkish  Government, 
and  are  turning  out  about  600  of  them  daily. 


The  majority  of  farmers  look  upon  the  production  of 
butter  as  a thing  of  minor  importance,  which  may  be 
the  fact  in  regions  remote  from  market ; but  when  they 
reflect  that  unlike  other  farm  products,  butter  brings  in 
a weekly  revenue,  which,  though  small  each  week,  is 
considerable  in  the  year’s  aggregate,  they  will  more  fully 
appreciate  this  unconsidered  source  of  income.  And 
while  on  this  subject,  we  republish  from  an  exchange 
the  following  statistics  which  go  to  show  that  the  amount 
of  butter  consumed  is  simply  startling: 

The’ President  of  the  Butter  and  Cheese  Exchange  of 
New  York  has  prepared  some  statistics  which  show  that 
if  corn  is  king,  cow  is,  at  least,  royal  consort.  The  con- 
sumption of  butter  in  the  United  States  is  1,040,000,000 
pounds  per  annum,  for  table  use,  alone.  Adding  about 
one-third  more  for  the  culinary  consumption,  the  total  is 
1,387,000,000  pounds.  The  exports  from  the  States  and 
Canada  are  about  15,000,000,  making  the  total  annual  pro- 
duct about  1,402,000,000,  worth,  at  an  average  of  thirty 
cents  a pound  $420,600,000.  The  product  in  cheese  is  sup- 
posed to  be  53,000,000  pounds.  The  exports  from  the  United 
States  ports  for  the  fiscal  year  ending  June  30,  1874,  were 
90,611,057  pounds,  and  the  exports  from  the  dominion  of 
Canada  were  28,183,223  pounds,  exclusive  of  exports  to  the 
United  States,  making  a total  of  American  exports  of  113,- 
794,280  pounds. 


WHERE  THE  MONEY  GOES. 


Some  light  is  shed  on  the  way  the  money  goes  oy  the 
annual  report  of  the  Bureau  of  Statistics  and  Commerce. 
During  the  fiscal  year  ending  June  30, 1874,  America  paid 
for  hats,  bonnets  and  hoods,  and  for  trimmings  for  these 
articles,  a sum  which,  including  the  duties,  amounted  to 
more  than  $2,000,000.  Feathers  and  artificial  flowers  cost 
$3,315,098.  Then  there  were  wigs,  curls,  ringlets,  hair  pins, 
gloves,  mits,  fans,  handkerchiefs,  hemmed  and  hem- 
stitched, perfumery,  cosmetics,  dentrifices,  combs,  um- 
brellas, parasols,  sunshades,  pocket  knives,  corsets, 
hosiery,  lace,  tassels,  embroideries,  velvets,  furs,  braids, 
fringes,  ribbons,  silk  goods,  shawls, 'diamonds,  jewelry, 
carpets,  wines,  liquors,  tobacco,  musical  instruments, 
tooth  picks,  toilet  soap,  fruits,  oils,  leather,  medicines, 
toys,  and  a largo  schedule  of  other  articles  which  we 
need  not  recapitulate.  The  item  of  corsets  footed  up  $1,- 
255,589 ; silk  ribbons,  $6,695,218 ; false  hair,  $1,117,045  ; braids, 
fringes,  &c.,  $2,678,274.  The  whole  sum  amounted  to  near- 
ly $800,000,000,  a large  part  of  which  was  for  articles  of  per- 
sonal dress  and  ornament.  Wines,  spirits  and  tobacco 
rolled  up  a little  over  $30,000,000,  and  we  presume  the  men 
will  stand  charged  with  this  item.  Very  many  of  the  arti- 
cles bought  abroad  could  be  purchased  even  more 
cheaply  at  home.  We  are  recklessly  extravagant  and  un- 
wise in  giving  our  spare  cash  to  foreign  nations,  enriching 
them  at  our  expense.  It  is  prodigious  folly. 


The  Greatest  Crop  in  the  World— The  hay  crop  of 
the  United  States  for  the  last  year  is  reported  at  over  27,- 
000,000  tons  cured.  This  at  $20  per  ton  is  about  $500,000,000, 
and  does  not  include  what  was  eaten  but  not  cured.  The 
live  stock  of  the  United  States  was  worth  $1,525,000,000. 
These  had  to  get  their  living  out  of  grass.  The  value  of 
animals  slaughtered  for  food  in  that  year  was  $309,000,000. 
The  butter  crop  was  $421,000,000.  This  all  came  from  grass. 
There  were  produced  2:35,000,000 gallons  of  milk,  worth  $25,- 
000,000.  This,  too,  came  from  grass.  Next,  100,000,000 
pounds  of  wool,  at  $25,000,000.  This  got  its  living  from 
grass.  Next,  53,000,000  pounds  of  cheese,  worth  $5,000,000. 
Add  all  these  items  together,  and  the  grass  product  of  1874 
of  the  United  States  was  no  less  than  $1,285,000,000.  The 
total  value  of  all  agricultural  products  in  the  United 
States  was  $2,447,538,658.  In  other  words,  the  grass  crop 
of  the  United  States  can  pay  off  the  national  debt  in  two 


76 


HE  THAT  CONVERSES  NOT,  KNOWS  NOTHING. 


EXPORT  TRADE  OF  TIIE  UNITED  STATES. 


RIPE  OLD  AGES. 


Of  American  goods,  the  value  of  $440,955,870  were  sent  j A curious  and  interesting  statistical  statement  has  just 
to  British  markets  during  the  last  year.  Our  exports  in-  been  computed  in  the  city  of  New  York.  It  exhibits 
eluded  cotton,  breadstuff's,  bacon,  beef,  butter  and  other  the  number  of  persons  who  have  died  there  within  the 
provisions,  dried  and  green  fruits,  iron,  steel,  machinery  j past  ten  years,  of  one  hundred  years  of  age  and  upwards, 
and  tools,  agricultural  implements,  books,  tobacco,  bil-  J and  is  made  a part  of  the  annual  report  of  the  health  de- 
liard  tables,  brooms  and  brushes,  oil,  guns,  pistols,  etc.  partment. 


The  following  figures  are  of  statistical  value  to  those  in- 
terested in  this  subject. 

As  the  United  States  furnish  the  principal  market  for 
the  sale  of  British  merchandise,  so  Great  Britain  and  her 
dependencies  offer  the  principal  markets  for  our  exported 
productions.  We  sent  to  the  markets  of  that  nation  dur- 
ing the  fiscal  year  merchandise  to  the  value  of  $440,935,870, 
which  is  nearly  two-thirds  of  the  entire  value  of  our  ex- 
ports for  that  period.  Of  that  amount  we  shipped  direct 
to  England  $308,870,292,  and  to  Ireland  and  Scotland,  $04,- 
090,216.  The  value  of  the  merchandise  received  last  year 
from  Great  Britain  was $255,180,597  in  gold. 

Next  to  Great  Britain,  Germany  is  our  best  customer, 
$04,344,022  being  our  receipts  for  her  purchases.  To  France 
and  her  dependencies  we  shipped  $50,485,045  worth  of 
merchandise,  of  which  France  received  directly  over 
$50,000,000  worth.  Spain  and  her  colonies  paid  us  $33,505,- 
540,  of  which  there  was  from  the  mother  country  $11,643,- 
715,  and  from  Cuba,  19,597,981.  To  Belgium  we  sent 
merchandise  valued  at  $20,197,515;  to  the  Netherlands, 
$15,156,309;  Russia,  $10,284,803;  Italy,  $8,378,006;  Turkey, 
$2,549,493;  Denmark,  $2,430,791 ; Norway  and  Sweden,  $2,- 
385, 0S8;  China,  $1,029,165 ; Japan,  $1,808*107 ; Brazil,  7,562,815; 
United  States  of  Columbia,  $5,123,845,  Mexico,  $4,073,676; 
Hay ti,  $4,265,686;  Chili,  $2,730,617;  Peru,  $2,518,494;  Argen- 
tine Republic,  $2,478,513 ; Venezuela,  $2,384,139.  The  coun- 
tries named  are  the  largest  markets  for  the  sale  and 
consumption  of  our  productions.  The  countries  which 
purchased  least  from  us  are  Greece,  $35,668 ; Liberia,  $123,- 
463;  San  Dominga,  $514,633,  and  the  Sandwich  Islands, 
$623,280. 

WHAT  THE  PEOPLE  DRINK. 


The  imported  brandies,  wines,  cordials,  gin  and  other 
spirits  for  the  year  ending  June  30,  1874,  had  a value,  duty 
included,  in  all,  of  nearly  $6,300,000.  They  amounted,  in 
all,  to  nearly  2,000,000  gallons.  The  domestic  distilleries 
furnished  in  the  same  year  65,000,000  gallons  to  the  trade. 
The  brewers  added  9,000,000  barrels  or  270,000,000  gallons  of 
malt  liquors.  The  imported  liquors  cost  the  consumer 
about  $12,000,000 ; the  native  liquors  cost  him  about$200, 000,- 
000,  and  the  malt  liquors  $200,000,000  more,  a total  of  a little 
more  than  $400,000,000,  or  $10  to  the  head  of  the  population. 
But  as  the  number  of  those  who  drink  is  probably  not 
more  than  5,000,000,  the  amount  for  each  is  $80  per  annum, 
$1.50  a week,  25  cents  a day  as  the  average.  The  sum  looks 
large,  but  a “nation  of  drunkards”  cannot  be  made  on 
twenty-five  cents  a day.  Consequently  some  drinkers 
must  get  more  than  their  share;  a fact  which  suggests 
co-operative  and  uniformity  legislation  to  equalize  the 
imbibings  of  the  community.  Besides,  a large  portion  of 
the  domestic  spirits  is  used  in  the  arts,  which  reduces  the 
quantity  for  “ eleven  o’clockers  ” and  “ night  caps  ” very 
materially.  The  malt  liquor  manufactured  gives  six  gal- 
lons to  the  population,  or  if  only  5,000,000  drink,  forty- 
eight  gallons  to  each  per  annum,  or  768  hal  f pints— two  half 
pints  a day— which  is  a very  moderate  average,  and 
which  would  never  invite  a “crusade.”  The  product  of 
the  domestic  distilleries  is  65,000,000  gallons,  and  nearly 
half  of  this  is  used  in  the  arts.  Say  40,000,000  gallons  are 
left.  That  makes  2,560,000,000  drinks,  64  to  the  gallon— the 
army  ration.  Divide  these  among  5,000,000  people,  and 
the  average  is  512  a year,  less  than  two  drinks  a day. 
The  imported  liquors  give  about  one  drink  a fortnight  to 
the  aforesaid  5,000,000  tipplers. 


Of  these  centennarians  their  are  91 ; of  whom  72  were 
females  and  19  males.  Of  the  number  56  were  natives  of 
Ireland,  25of  the  United  States,  2 of  Germany,  2 of  France, 
2 of  the  W est  Indies,  1 of  Scotland,  1 of  Africa,  1 at  sea  and  1 
unknown.  Of  colored  there  were  23  and  of  white  68. 
The  list  shows  2 single,  43  widows,  7 married  and  only  5 
widowers,  leaving  34,  the  conditions  of  which  are  unac- 
counted for.  Of  these  37  were  100  years  old,  5 were  101,  9 
were  102,  14  were  103,  5 were  104,  7 were  105,  5 were  106, 3 
were  108, 3 were  109, 2 were  113,  and  1 was  118  years.  Their 
occupations  are  given  in  only  fifteen  Instances,  in  which 
there  are  only  2 merchants,  3 cooks,  the  others  being  la- 
borers and  house-servants. 

The  cause  of  death  in  two-thirds  of  these  cases  was 
senile  asthenia,  or  gradual  decay  from  the  infirmities 
of  old  age.  There  were  three  cases  of  apoplexy,  others  of 
pneumonia,  paralysis,  dropsy,  etc.,  but  In  the  large  ma- 
jority of  cases,  as  is  seen,  the  old  people  fell  off  from  life 
as  the  leaves  from  the  trees  in  autumn,  when  there  is  no 
more  active  life  to  support  them. 

The  statements  of  many  of  these  were  contradictory  as 
to  the  methods  by  which  they  retained  life  so  long.  Very 
few  drank  alcoholic  liquors,  and  most  of  them  were  hard- 
working people,  who  lived  on  simple  fare,  and  by  the 
nature  of  their  employment  took  plenty  of  out-door  ex- 
ercise, thereby  training  the  muscular  system  and  inhaling 
oxygen,  which  is  the  principle  of  life. 


The  Government  Statistics  for  1*71  may  well  cause 
every  honorable  man  to  hang  his  head  in  shame  and 
may  well  fill  every  patriot’s  heart  with  alarm.  They  are 
as  follows ; let  them  be  pondered  by  every  lover  of  his 
country: 

Salaries  of  all  ministers  of  the  Gospel $6,000,000 

Cost  of  dogs 10,000,000 

Support  of  criminals 12,000,000 

Fees  of  litigation ; 35,000,000 

Cost  of  tobacco  and  cigars. 610,000,000 

Importation  of  liquor 50,000,000 

Support  of  grog-shops 1,500,000,000 

Whole  cost  of  liquor 2,200,000,000 

And  these  are  the  facts  in  this  enlightened  nineteenth 
century,  and  in  these  United  States!  One  might  infer 
from  them  that  we  are  fast  becoming,  if  we  are  not  al- 
ready a nation  of  drunkards.  And  then  consider  this 
country’s  estimate  of  the  Gospel  ministry ; the  ministers 
of  all  denominations  costing  a sum  less  by  millions  than 
the  very  dogs  of  the  land. 


Population  of  the  World— The  largest  and  best  au- 
thority gives  the  population  of  the  globe  as  follows : 

In  America 72,800,000 

In  Europe 587,000,000 

In  Asia 789,000,000 

In  Africa :. 188,000,000 

In  Austria  and  Polynesia 5,300,000 

Total 1,642,100,000 

Estimates  made  from  the  best  data  known,  give  the  fol- 
lowing classification  as  to  the  religion  nominally  professed 
by  the  population  of  the  several  countries : 

Roman  Catholics 195,000,000 

Protestants 57,130,000 

Mohammedans 400,000,000 

Buddhists 340,000,000 

And  six  oriental  churches 6.500,000 

Other  Asiatic  religions 260,000,000 

Pagans 200,000,000 

Jews 6,000,000 


EXPECT  NOTHING  FROM  HIM  WHO  PROMISES  A GREAT  DEAL. 


77 


WHY  LAMPS  EXPLODE. 


All  explosions  of  coal  oil  lamps  are  caused  by  the  vapor 
or  gas  that  collects  in  the  space  above  the  oil.  When 
full  of  oil  of  course  a lamp  contains  no  gas,  but  immedi- 
ately on  lighting  the  lamp  consumption  begins,  soon 
leaving  a space  for  gas,  which  commences  as  the  lamp 
warms  up,  and  after  burning  a short  time  sufficient  gas 
will  accumulate  to  form  an  explosion.  The  gas  in  a lamp 
will  explode  only  when  ignited.  In  this  respect  it  is  like 
gunpowder.  Cheap  or  inferior  oil  is  always  dangerous. 

The  flame  is  communicated  to  the  gas  in  the  following 
manner:  The  wick  tube  in  all  lamp  burners  is  made 
larger  than  the  wick  which  is  to  pass  through  it.  It 
would  not  do  to  have  the  wick  work  tightly  in  the  burner; 
on  the  contrary  it  is  essential  that  it  moves  up  and  down 
with  perfect  ease.  In  this  way  it  is  unavoidable  that 
space  in  the  tube  is  left  along  the  sides  of  the  wick  suffi- 
cient for  the  flame  from  the  burner  to  pass  down  into  the 
lamp  and  explode  the  gas.  Many  things  may  occur  to 
cause  the  flame  to  pass  down  the  wick  tube  and  explode. 

First— A lamp  may  be  standing  on  a table  or  mantel, 
and  a slight  puff  of  air  from  the  open  window,  or  the 
sudden  opening  of  a door,  causes  an  explosion. 

Second— A lamp  may  be  taken  up  quickly  from  a table 
or  mantel,  and  instantly  explode. 

Third— A lamp  is  taken  into  an  entry  where  there  is  a 
draft,  or  out  of  doors,  and  an  explosion  ensues. 

Fourth— A lighted  lamp  is  taken  up  a flight  of  stairs, 
or  is.  raised  quickly  to  place  it  on  the  mantel,  resulting  in 
an  explosion.  In  all  these  cases  the  mischief  is  done  by 
the  air  movement — either  by  suddenly  checking  the  draft 
or  forcing  air  down  the  chimney  against  the  flame. 

Fifth— Blowing  down  the  chimney  to  extingush  the 
light  is  a frequent  cause  of  explosion. 

Sixth— Lamp  explosions  have  been  caused  by  using  a 
chimney  broken  off  at  the  top,  or  one  that  has  a piece 
broken  out,  rendering  the  draft  variable  and  unsteady. 

Seventh— Sometimes  a thoughtless  person  puts  a small 
sized  wick  in  a large  burner,  thus  leaving  considerable 
space  in  the  tube  along  the  edges  of  the  wick. 

Eighth— An  old  burner  with  its  air  drafts  clogged  up, 
which  rightly  should  be  thrown  away,  is  sometimes  con- 
tinued in  use,  and  the  final  result  is  an  explosion. 


OCEAN  CABLES  NOW  IN  USE. 


There  are  now  no  less  than  five  lines  of  telegraphic 
communication  between  Europe  and  America.  The 
following  list  of  the  principal  ocean  cables  now  in  use, 
besides  those  referred  to  above,  is  from  an  article  in  the 


Journal  of  the  Telegraph,  written  by  George  B.  Prescott: 


Date.  From 

1867— Malta  to  Alexandria,  Egypt 

1869—  Bushire,  Persia,  to  Jack,  Beloochistan. 

St.  Pierre  to  Duxbury 

1870—  Suez  to  Aden,  Arabia 

Aden  to  Bombay,  India 

Porthcurno,  England,  to  Lisbon 

Gibralta  to  Malta 

Madras  to  Penang 

Singapore  to  Batavia 

Malta  to  Alexandria,  Egypt 

Batsbano,  Cuba,  to  Santiago,  Cuba 

Java  to  Australia 

1871 —  Singapore  to  Cochin  China 

Saigon  to  Hong  Kong 

Hong  Kong  to  Shanghai 

Shanghai  to  Japan,  thence  to  Siberia.. 

Antigua  to  Demerara,  West  Indies 

Porto  Rico  to  Jamaica  

1873—  Falmouth,  England,  to  Lisbon 

France  to  Denmark 

Pernambuco  to  Para,  Brazil 

Alexandria,  Egypt,  to  Brindisi,  Italy.. 

1874—  Lisbon  to  Madeira 

Madeira  to  St.  Vincent 

St.  Vincent  to  Brazil 

Jamaica  to  Colon,  S.  A 

Brazil  to  Rio  Janeiro 

Jamaica  to  Porto  Rico '. 

Rio  Janeiro  to  Rio  Grande  del  Sui 


Length 
in  miles. 

925 

505 

749 

1,460 

1,818 

823 

1,120 

1,408 

557 

904 

520 

1,082 

620 

975 

1,100 

1,200 

1,028 

582 

1,150 

550 

1,332 

930 

633 

1,360 

1,953 


1,240 

582 

840 


INFLUENCE  OF  IMMIGRATION  ON  NATIONAL  WEALTH, 


In  1856  the  Commissioners  of  Immigration  in  New  York 
examined  every  immigrant  as  to  the  amount  of  his 
means,  and  it  was  ascertained  that  the  average  cash  of 
each  of  the  142,342  arriving  that  year  was  868.08.  But  it 
subsequently  appeared  that  many  immigrants,  not  un- 
derstanding the  object  of  this  inquiry,  were  careful  not  to 
report  the  full  amount  of  their  means.  Mr.  Kapp  there- 
fore estimated  the  average  amount  of  money  brought  by 
each  immigrant  at  8100,  and  other  personal  property  at 
850 ; total,  $150.  This  estimate  is  believed  by  many  to  be 
beyond  the  facts,  and  Dr.  Young  estimates  the  average 
amount  brought  by  each  at  880.  Assuming  that  the  422,- 
545  aliens  who  arrived  in  the  United  States  in  1873,  with 
the  intention  of  remaining,  brought  an  average  of  880 
each,  it  will  be  seen  that  the  immigration  of  that  year 
added  833,803,600  to  the  wealth  of  the  country.  Applying 
the  same  calculation  to  the  total  number  of  aliens  arriv- 
ing, with  the  intention  of  remaining,  from  the  formation 
of  the  government  to  the  beginning  of  1874,  and  the  result 
is  about  8712,000,000  as  the  total  amount  contributed  by 
immigration  to  the  wealth  of  the  country  since  its  origin. 
But  the  economic  value  of  the  immigrant,  arising  from 
the  addition  to  the  industrial  and  intellectual  resources 
of  the  country,  is  still  greater.  Dr.  Young  makes  the 
average  capital  of  each  immigrant  8800.  At  this  rate, 
the  immigration  to  tjie  United  States  in  1873  added  about 
8338,000,000  to  the  national  wealth,  while  the  increase  from 
this  source  since  the  formation  of  the  government  is 
about  87,125,700,000. 


PUBLIC  LIBRARIES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


There  are  in  the  United  States  more  than  seventy  pub- 
lic libraries  which  contain  over  25,000  volumes  each.  Of 
these  nine  possess  more  than  100,000  volumes,  seven  more 
than  50,000  and  less  than  100,000,  and  seventeen  more  than 
35,000  and  less  than  50,000.  The  largest  collection  is  the 
Congress  Library , which  has  261,000  volumes.  The  Public 
Library  of  Boston  contains  nearly  the  same  number,  and 
increases  at  the  rate  of  15,000  volumes  a year.  Harvard 
College  has  200,000;  the  Astor  and  the  Mercantile  of  New 
York,  148,000  each  ; the  Mercantile  and  the  Library  Com- 
pany of  Philadelphia,  105,000  and  101,000  respectively ; the 
Athenaeum  of  Boston,  103,000;  and  Yale  College,  100,000. 
The  New  York  State  Library,  at  Albany,  has  67,000  vol- 
umes, not  including  the  Law  Library,  which  has  25,500. 
The  Society  Library  of  New  York  possesses  64 ,000  volumes  ; 
the  Public,  of  Cincinnati,  62,000 ; the  Peabody  Institute,  of 
Baltimore,  56,600;  the  Antiquarian  Society,  of  Worcester, 
55,000,  and  the  Apprentices,  of  New  York,  and  Dartmouth 
College,  50,000  each.  Those  which  contain  more  than 
35,000  are  as  follows  : the  Mercantile,  of  Brooklyn  ; Wat- 
kinson,  of  Hartford;  Mercantile,  of  St.  Louis;  Cornell 
University;  Historical  Society,  of  New  York;  State  of 
Maryland ; State  of  Michigan ; Public,  of  Chicago  ; State 
of  Ohio ; Mercantile,  of  San  Francisco ; Surgeon-General's  ’ 
Office  at  Washington  ; University  of  Virginia;  City  of 
Springfield  ; State  of  Massachusetts  ; Public  School,  of  St. 
Louis ; Bowdoin  College,  and  the  Mercantile,  of  Cin-  \ 
cinnati. 


Steam  Power— Figures  are  nice  things  to  work  at  . 
when  they  are  all  your  own  way.  The  statisticians  have' 
found  out  something  else  to  the  advantage  of  the  United 
States,  to- wit : that  we  have  a great  deal  more  steam 
power  than  our  population  entitles  us  to.  The  nations 
which  use  steam  have  a total  population  of  350,000,000,  . 
and  their  total  steam  engines  have  a power  of  about  14,- 
000,000  horses.  The  United  States,  with  only  one-ninth  of. 
the  total  population,  has  fully  one-third  of  the  total  steam 
power— and  this  despite  the  fact  that  steam  has  but  little 
invaded  our  great  Western  domain. 


CHARITY  REGINS  AT  HOME,  BUT  SHOULD  NOT  END  THERE. 


FAMILIES  AND  DWELLINGS  IN  CITIES. 


An  estimate  has  been  made  from  the  census  of  1870  con- 
cerning fifty  cities  in  the  United  States,  in  the  orderof 
their  rank  by  population,  showing  the  number  of  fami- 
lies In  each,  the  number  of  dwellings,  and  the  number  of 
persons  to  each  dwelling.  The  following  table  is  the 
result : 


TEE  PUBLIC  DEBT. 


CITY. 

•se 

1 

0 

* 

j Families. 

Dwellings. 

I Persons  to 
1 dwelling  | 

1 

185,789 

64,944' 

14.72 

Philadelphia 

i 

127,7461 

80,066 

112,366 

45,834 

6.01  i 
8.64  1 

4 

59,481 
59,497 
49,929 
48,188 
42,037 
39, 139 1 
30,553 
22,325 
21,343 

39,675 

7.64 ; 

5| 

48,620 

6.70 

6 

40,350 

6.63  1 

7| 

29,623 

8.46  ; 

Hi 

24,550 

8.81 

9 

33,656 

25,905 

5.69  1 

I? 

5.77 

Buffi  in  

18,265 

6.44 

Washington 

12 

19,545 

5.59 

Npwnrlr  . . 

13 

21,631 

19,177 

18,411 

16,182 

15,687 

15,616 

14,226 

14,105 

14,775 

14,350 

7.38 

I^ouisvilJ0..  

14 

14,670 

7.87 

Cleveland 

15 

16,693 

5.56 

Pittsburg 

16 

14,224 

6.05 

Jersey  City 

Detroit,  

17 

18 

9,867 

14,658 

8.37 

5.42 

Milwaukee  

J»| 

13,048 
8,748 ! 

5.48 

A iba  ny 

20 

7.94 

Providence  

21 

6,227 

7.46 

Ttoc  li  ester  

22 

12,213 
10,147 
9,7961 
10,482 1 
9,008 
9,200 
9,362 
8,677 
8,658 
7,649 

14,649 

5.3(1 

Alleghany 

28 

8,347 

6.37 

Richmond ....... 

24 

8,661 

6.35 

New  Haven 

Charleston 

25 

26 

8,100 

6,861 

6.28 

7.14 

I nd  i a n a pol  U 

27 

7,820 

6.17 

Trov 

28 

5,893 

7.88 

Syracuse  

Worcester  

29| 

30 

7,088 

4,922 

6.07 

8.35 

Lowell  -m 

31 

6,362 

6.43 

Mein  phis 

32 

7,824 

6,408 

6,348 

6.28 

Cam  bridge 

33 

7,897 

6.24 

Hartford 

34 

7,427 

6,6421 

6,932! 

7,048 

6,688 

5,646 

5.56 

Sc  rati  ton  

35 

6.31 

Read  in0" 

361 

6,294 

5.39 

Paterson  ,,, 

37 

4,603 
5,424 
1 5,734 

7.22 

Kansas  City,  Mo 

38 

5,585 

6,304 

6,457 

6,612 

5,790 

5.95 

Mobile 

39 

5.58 

Toledo  

40 

6,096 

5.20 

Portland,  Me... 

Columbus.  Ohio 

41 

42 

4,836 

5,001 

5,398 

6.50 
6 24 

'Wilmington,  Del 

43 

5,808 

5.71  1 

Dayton 

44 

6,109 

5,601 

5.43  I 

Ljtwrouce*  Mrss 

45 

5,287 

5,793 

6,055 

5,013 

6,100 

5,216 

3,443 

4,799 

8.40 

Utica 

46 

6.00 

Charlestown  Ma-ss 

47 

! 4,896 

4,561 

6.44 

Savannah 

48 

6.19 

T.vnn  

49 

4,625 

6.10 

Fall  River 

50 

2,687 

9.96  j 

1 

The  policy  of  the  Administration  party  has  been  to 
decrease  the  amount  of  the  public  debt  and  at  the  same 
time  lessen  the  tax  burdens  of  the  people.  How  well  this 
policy  has  been  carried  out,  the  following  table  will  in- 
dicate. It  shows  the  public  debt  at  the  close  of  each 
fiscal  year  (June  30th),  from  1860  to  1875.  It  should  be 
borne  in  mind  that  the  Internal  revenue  tax  in  1866 
amounted  to  8309,226,813.42,  and  in  1874  it  was  only  $102,- 
409,784.90 


Years.  Public  Debt. 

1860  $04, 842,287  88 

1861  90,580,873  72 

1862  524,170,412  13 

1863  1,1 19,772,138  63 

1864  1,815,784,370  57 

1865  2,680,647,869  74 


Years.  Public  Debt. 

1868  2,611,687,851  19 

1869  2,588,452,213  94 

1870  2,480,672,427  81 

1871  2,353,211,332  32 

1872  2,253,251,328  78 

1873  2,202,752,993  20 


1866  .. 


2,773,236,173  69  1874  2,192,930,468  43 


1867  2,678,126,103  87  j 1875 2,125,808,789  00 

From  the  above  statement,  which  is  taken  from  the 
official  records,  it  will  be  seen  that  the  public  debt  reached 
its  highest  point  in  1866,  being  at  that  time  $2,773,236,173.69. 
In  1874  it  had  been  reduced  to  $2,192,930,468,  showing  a re- 
duction in  eight  years  of  $580,305,705.26. 

It  needs  no  comment  to  enforce  the  lesson  which  these 
tables  teach.  They  show  the  exercise  of  good  judgment, 
careful  management,  economy  and  official  honesty  in  the 
administration  of  our  national  finances. 

The  nation  has  good  reason  to  point  with  pride  to  the 
financial  record  of  the  party  that  lias  brought  it  through 
perils  greater  than  any  before  encountered.  That  it  will 
stand  by  itnow,  in  its  resistance  to  Democratic  encroach- 
ments, we  firmly  believe.  To  believe  otherwise  would  be 
to  acknowledge  that  the  American  people  are  insensible 
to  public  virtue  and  ungrateful  to  the  party  to  whose 
services  they  owe  the  existence  of  tlieir  government. 


CURRENCY  CIRCULATION. 


It  will  be  seen  that  Philadelphia,  though  having  a j 
much  smaller  population  than  New  York,  has  nearly 
twice  as  many  dwelling  houses.  As  shown  by  other 
tables,  Philadelphia  averages  almost  a house  to  a family  ; 
New  York  averages  5.07  persons  to  a family,  14.72  persons 
to  a dwelling ; Philadelphia  5.28  persons  to  a family,  and 
6.01  persons  to  a dwelling.  The  reasons  for  this  difference 
are  well  understood.  New  York  is  crowded  with  large 
residences,  and  Philadelphia  has  miles  in  three  directions 
to  expand  within  her  city  limits.  Land  being  cheap, 
buildings  are  small,  and  rents  within  a mechanic’s  reach. 
Brooklyn  has  about  an  even  race  with  Chicago  in  the 
number  of  dwellings,  but  Brooklyn  residences  average 
greater  value  and  much  larger  size. 

It  is  somewhat  strange  that  the  cities  of  Brooklyn  and 
Chicago  should  each  be  ahead  of  St.  Louis  in  the  number 
of  dwellings.  Land  is  very  much  cheaper  in  St.  Louis 
than  in  Brooklyn.  These  figures  were  taken  before  the 
Chicago  fire ; but  Chicago  has  more  dwellings  than  she 
had  then,  and  the  comparison  still  holds  good. 

The  crowded  cities  are  New  York,  Cincinnati,  Brook- 
lyn, Boston,  Lawrence,  Jersey  City  and  Worcester. 


the  entire  currency  circula- 
the  years  named.  As  far  as 
date,  amounts  given  are  for 

1858  $155,208,000 

1859  193,306,000 

1860  207,102,000 

1861  202,205,000 

1862  183,794,000 

1865  523,769,000 

1866  688,000,000 

1867  706,000,000 

1868  688,000,000 

1869  687,000,000 

1870  690,000,000 

1871  700,000,000 

1872  718,000,000 

1873  736, 000, <K  0 

1874  717,000,000 

1875  726,184,573 


The  annexed  table  shows 
tion  in  the  United  States  for 
it  was  possible  to  obtain  the 
January  of  each  year: 

1811 $28,100,000 

1815  45,-500,000 

1816  68,000,000 

1820 45,863,000 

1830  61,323,000 

1834  94,389,000 

1835  103,692,000 

1836  140,301,000 

1837  149,185,000 

1838  116,138,000 

1839  135,171,160 

1840  106,968,000 

1854  204,689,000 

1855  186,952,000 

1856  19-5,747,000 

1857  214,778,000 

Of  this  last  sum  the  greenbacks  amount  to 374,315,565 

National  Bank  bills 351,869,008 


INDEBTEDNESS  OF  CITIES. 


Below  is  a statement  of  the  municipal  debts  of  some  of 
the  largest  cities,  as  near  as  can  now  be  given  : 

New  York $150,000,000 

Philadelphia 42,000,000 

Boston 22,000,000 

New  Orleans 27’°99'?99 

Baltimore - 

Chicago 

Washington  City 15»000,000 

St.  Louis 14,000,000 

Atlanta 

Louisville - 

Jersey  City . 5,000,000 

Pittsburg 4 000,000 

Charleston  5,000,000 

Mobile - 2,000,000 

Cincinnati  (part  Southern  road),  about 10,000,000 


ENVY  SHOOTS  AT  OTHERS,  AND  WOUNDS  HERSELF. 


79 


WHAT  THE  NATIONS  OWE. 


WEALTH  OF  OXFORD  UNIVERSITY. 


The  official  statements  of  several  governments,  the 
year-books  for  1875,  published  in  different  countries,  and 
the  calculations  put  forth  by  the  financial  publications 
during  the  first  month  of  the  year,  enable  a reasonably 
correct  estimate  to  be  formed  of  the  outstanding  debts  of 
the  principal  nationsof  the  world.  Taking  tlielatestand 
most  trustworthy  figures  attainable,  we  find  the  follow- 
ing frightful  array  of  figures  representing  their  indebt- 
edness: 


COUNTRIES 

Debt. 

Interest. 

Rate. 

France  

$4,500,000,000 

$165,000,000 

3% 

England 

3,900,000,000 

133,500,000 

3 k\ 

4% 

United  States 

2,200,000,000 

103,000,000 

Italy 

1,9.50,000,000 

76,750,000 

4 

Spain 

1 ,875,000,000 

55,000,000 

3 

Austria 

1,750,000,000 

75,000,000 

4% 

Russia 

1,700,000,000 

67,250,000 

4 

Germany 

1,000,000,000 

45,000,000 

4% 

Turkey 

675,000,000 

47,500.000 

7 

India 

650,000,000 

29,500,000 

4 y3 

Brazil 

410,000,000 

15,500,000 

4 

Holland 

400,000,000 

11,250,000 

2% 

Rsypt 

375,000,000 

37,500,000 

10 

Portugal 

344,000,000 

10,750,000 

3 

Mexico 

317,500,000 

20,000,000 

6 

Australasia 

230,000,000 

13,500,000 

6 

Peru 

185,000,000 

13,000,000 

7 

Belgium 

180,000,000 

8,750,000 

5 

Hungary 

160,000,000 

7, .500, 000 

5 

Canada 

150,000,000 

7,500,000 

5 

Totals 

$22,950,000,000 

$942,750,000 

The  number  of  “ members  on  the  books  ” in  the  Uni- 
versity of  Oxford  in  1873-74  was  8,532,  and  of  undergradu- 
ates 2,392.  The  number  of  the  latter  in  actual  attendance 
was  about  2,000.  The  number  of  matriculations  in  1872, 
the  lust  year  reported,  was  632,  and  of  degrees  of  B.  A.  con- 
ferred, 396.  The  report  of  the  royal  commission  “to  in- 
quire into  the  property  and  income  of  the  Universities 
of  Oxford  and  Cambridge,  and  of  the  colleges  and  halls 
therein,”  etc.,  published  in  1874,  exhibits  the  condition  of 
affairs  as  it  existed  in  1871,  and  it  liasnotsince  been  essen- 
tially changed.  Besides  its  copyholds  of  inheritance,  the 
University  of  Oxford  owns  7,683  acres  of  land,  and  the 
colleges  and  halls  184,764  acres,  situated  in  different  parts 
of  England  and  Wales.  The  total  income  of  the  uni- 
versity proper,  in  1871,  was  £47,589,  and  of  the  colleges  ahd 
halls,  £366,254  ; total,  £413,843.  The  sources  of  this  income 
were  as  follows:  from  lands,  £183,074 ; from  houses,  £29,- 
996;  from  tithe  and  other  rent  charges,  £39,609;  from 
stocks,  shares,  etc.,  £37,201  ; from  other  property,  £15,070 ; 
and  from  members  of  the  university,  £110,893.  This  in- 
come was  expended  as  follows:  payments  to  heads  of 
colleges,  £30,544  ; to  professors,  £13,500;  to  fellows,  £101,171 
to  scholars  and  exhibitioners,  £26,226 ; all  other  expendi- 
tures, £242,402.  Besides  the  revenues  above  mentioned, 
the  university,  colleges  and  halls  have  in  their  gift  444 
benefices,  with  an  income  of  £188,695. 


THE  PRECIOUS  METALS. 


The  following  statement  exhibits  the  products  of  the 
precious  metals  throughout  the  world  in  1874  : 


The  debts  of  the  twenty  countries  embraced  in  the 
above  table  alone  impose  an  annual  interest  charge  of 
$942,750,000  upon  their  inhabitants,  to  which  about  $57,250,- 
000  must  be  added  for  the  unenumerated  debts,  making  a 
total  annual  charge  of  $1,000,000,000  on  the  tax-payers  of 
the  world,  or  of  twice  the  sum  which  France,  the  country 
with  the  largest  revenue  in  the  world,  is  annually 
raising. 

The  following  table  shows  the  growth,  or  decrease,  of 
the  public  debt  of  the  leading  nations  in  the  last  two 
years : 


COUNTRY. 

1873. 

1875. 

France 

$3,740,000,000 

3.950.000. 000 

2.165.000. 000 

1.800.000. 000 

1.305.000. 000 
1,530,(00,000 

1.775.000. 000 

1.040.000. 000 
620,000,000 
540,000,000 

$4,-500,000,000 

3.900.000. 000 

2.133.000. 000 

1.950. 000.  000 
U875, 000,000 

1.750.000. 000 
1,700^000,000 

1.000. 000.000 

675.000. 000 

650.000. 000 

Great  Britain 

United  States 

Italy 

Spain 

Austria 

Russia 

German  Emp.,  States  compos ’g 
Turkey 

India 

Total 

sis  non  non 

*9n  193  oon  non 

’ ’ ’ T’  ’ ’ 

The  Antiquity  of  Iron. — We  are  relieved  from  any 
doubt  as  to  whether  iron  was  known  in  the  time  of  Moses, 
3,400  years  ago,  by  the  discovery  of  a wedge,  or  plate  of 
iron,  embedded  in  the  masonry  of  the  great  pyramid  it- 
self. This  instructive  relic,  like  the  half-fused  magnify- 
ing lens  found  at  Pompeii,  throws  much  light  on  the 
question  of  early  workmanship.  It  has  been  a great 
puzzle  to  those  who  attributed  the  first  use  of  iron  to  a 
date  not  much  more  than  2,000  years  back,  how  such 
sharp  and  well-defined  hieroglyphics  could  have  been 
cut  by  the  Egyptians  on  porphyry,  granite  and  the  hard- 
est stone.  From  the  certain  proof  that  iron  had  been  pro- 
duced and  wrought  in  the  age  of  King  Cheops,  5,400  years 
ago,  we  can  better  understand  how  the  innumerable  and 
exquisitely  sunk  figures  were  wrought  on  tombs,  temples, 
and  sarcophagi. 


COUNTRIES. 

Gold. 

Silver. 

Total. 

America 

$57,000,000 
2 1 ,OOU,00() 
14,000,000 
56,00' 1,000 
9,090,000 

6.000. 900 

1.000. 009 

.0.8 

lilllii 

illlili 

$100,000,000 

26,000,000 

17.000. 000 
57,009,000 

10.000. 000 

7.000. 000 

2.000. 000 

Europe 

A nstrnlia 

New  Zealand 

Africa 

Other  countries 

Grand  total. I 

$164,000,000 

$55,000,000 

$219,000,000 

The  annual  product  in  1853  was  $285,000,000;  in  1850, 
$135  000,000  ; and  in  1843,  $73,000,000. 

Carbon  from  the  Earth.— M.  Gautier,  in  his  recent 

work  on  Chemistry,  estimates  that  there  are  annually 
extracted  from  the  bowels  of  the  earth  and  consumed 
130,000,000  tons  of  coal,  containing  on  an  average  75  per 
cent,  of  carbon  ; 98,000,000  tons  of  carbon  being  therefore 
annually  transformed  into  356,000,000  tons  of  carbonic 
acid  ; and  assuming,  as  a moderate  calculation,  that  the 
remaining  cases  of  combustion— wood,  oils,  etc.— repre- 
sent the  final  of  the  preceding  quantity,  it  follows  that 
manufactures,  navigation  and  domestic  economy  pour 
into  the  atmosphere  the  prodigious  quantity  of  427,000,000 
tons  of  carbonic  acid  a year.  In  the  volcanic  regions  of 
the  globe  carbonic  acid  escapes  from  the  craters  and  fis- 
sures in  actual  torrents,  producing  a mass  of  gas  ten  times 
greater  than  the  preceding. 


Nutrition  in  Food. — The  following  is“  Boussingault’s 
Scale  of  Nutritive  Equivalents,”  and  shows  how  many 
parts  of  the  various  articles  of  food  in  common  use  it 
takes  to  be  equal  in  nutrition  to  100  parts  of  w’heat  flour  j 


Wheat  Flour 100 

Wheat 107 

Barley  Meal 119 

Barley 130 

White  Haricots 56 

Lentis 57 

White  Garden  Cabbage  810 

Dried  do  at  212 83 

Oats 117 


Rye Ill 

Rice 177 

Buckwheat 108 

Maize 130 

Horse  Beans 44 

Peas 67 

Potatoes 313 

Carrots 777 

Turnips 1335 


80 


AS  THE  TOUCHSTONE  TRIES  GOLD,  SO  GOLD  TRIES  MEN 


CENSUS  OF  THE  STATES  AND  TERRITORIES  IN  1870. 


Tho  following  table  shows  the  census  of  the  several 
States  and  Territories  in  1870  (Alaska  and  Indian  Terri- 
tory not  enumerated),  with  date  of  their  admission  into 
the  Union : 


STATES. 

Date. 

Total 
Papula' n 

Whites. 

Free 

Colored. 

1819 

996,992 

484,471 

560,247 

537,454 

125,015 

187,748 

1,184,109 

2,539,891 

1,680,637 

1,191,792 

364,399 

1,321,011 

726.915 

626.915 
780,894 

1,457,351 

1,184,059 

521,384 

362,115 

494,424 

527,549 

102,221 

475,510 

122,169 

1836 

1850 

4,272 

9,668 

22,794 

1788 

1787 

1845 

96,057 

91,689 

1788 

638,926 

545,142 

1818 

2,511,096 

28,762 

1816 

1,655,837 

1,185,979 

346,377 

24,560 

5,762 

1846 

1861 

17,108 

1792 

1,098,692 

222,210 

1812 

362,065 

364,210 

1820 

624,809 

1,606 

1788 

605,497 

175,391 

1788 

1,443,156 

1,167.282 

13,947 

Michigan 

1837 

11,849 

JI  inn  esota 

1857 

439,706 

438,257 

759 

Mississippi 

1817 

827,922 

382,896 

444,201 

Missouri 

1821 

1,721,295 

122,993 

1,603,146 

118,071 

N ebraska 

1866 

122,117 

789 

Nevada 

1864 

42,491 

38,959 

357 

New  Hampshire 

1788 

318,300 

906,096 

4,382,759 

1,071,361 

2,665,260 

90,923 

317,697 

580 

New  Jersey 

1787 

875,407 

30,658 

New  York 

1788 

4, .*130,210 
678,470 

52,081 

North  Carolina 

1789 

391,650 

Oh  in 

1802 

2,601,946 

63,213 

Oregon 

1859 

86,929 

346 

Pennsylvania 

)787 

3,521,791 

217,353 

705,606 

3,456,449 

65,294 

Rhode  Islftnd 

1790 

212,219 

289,667 

4)36,119 

564,700 

4,980 

South  Carolina 

1788 

415,814 

Tennessee 

1796 

1,258,520 

818,579 

322,331 

Texas 

1845 

253,475 

Vermont 

1791 

330.551 

329,613 

924 

Virginia 

1788 

1,225,163 

712,089 

512,841 

West  Virginia 

1862 

442,014 

1,054,670 

424,033 

1,051,351 

17,980 

Wisconsin 

1848 

2,113 

To  till 

38,113,153 

30,934,740 

4,834,204 

TERRITORIES. 

Arizona 

Org'd 

1863 

9,658 

39,864 

131,700 

14,181 

14,999 

20,595 

91,874 

86,786 

9,581 

26 

Colorado 

1861 

39,221 

456 

Columbia 

1800 

88,278 

43,404 

94 

Dakota 

1861 

12,887 

Jriglift  

1863 

10,618 

60 

Montana. 

1864 

18,306 

183 

New  Mexico  

1850 

90,393 

172 

Utah 

1850 

86,044 

118 

"\Va>shingtf>n 

1853 

23,955 

9,118 

22,195 

207 

Wyoming 

1868 

8,726 

183 

Total  

442,730 

386,249 

44,903 

Grand  Total  

38,555,883 

31,320,989 

4,879,107 

APPORTIONMENT  OF  REPRESENTATIVES  IN  CON  CRESS. 


The  following  table  gives  the  apportionment  of  Repre- 
sentativss  in  Congress,  according  to  the  new  census 
of  1870: 


Maine 

5 

New  Hampshire 

2 

Vermont 

2 

Massachusetts 

11 

Rhode  Island 

2 

Connecticut 

4 

New  York 

32 

New  Jersey. 

Pennsylvania 

Delaware 

1 

Maryland 

6 

Virginia 

West  Virginia 

3 

North  Carolina 

8 

South1  Carolina 

5 

Georgia.^ 



1 

Alabama......... 

7 

Mississippi 

Louisiana 

Texas 

Arkansas... 

Tennessee.. 

Kentucky.. 

Ohio 

Indiana.... 

Illinois 

Michigan.., 

Missouri.... 

Iowa 

Wisconsin. 

Minnesota 

Kansas 

Nebraska.. 

Nevada 

California.. 
Oregon 


6 

4 

9 

10 

20 

12 

19 

9 

13 

9 

8 

3 

3 
1 
1 

4 
1 


Total  Representatives. . 283 
Territorial  Delegates 10 


POSTAL  STATISTICS. 

No  one  who  believes  that  the  United  States  have  a part 
assigned  them  to  act  in  the  great  prophetic  drama,  wiil 
be  at  a loss  what  use  to  make  of  the  following  statistics. 
Perhaps  no  better  index  could  be  given  of  the  rapid 
growth  of  this  Government  wlrile  it  has  been  “ coming 
up,”  than  the  Increase  of  its  postal  system,  as  herewith 
set  forth : 

In  1790  the  number  of  post  offices  in  the  United  States 
was  75;  the  length  of  post  roads  in  miles  was  1875;  the 
postal  reven ues  amounted  to $37, 935,  and  the  expenditures 
932,140.  That  was  the  day  of  small  things  in  our  postal 
system. 

In  1800  the  post  offices  had  risen  to  903  in  number,  and 
the  length  of  post  roads  to  20,817  miles.  The  revenues 
were  9280,804,  and  the  expenditures  9231,904.  This  shows  a 
remarkable  increase  in  ten  years. 

In  1810  the  number  of  post  offices  was  2,300;  the  length 
of  post  roads  was  86,070  miles;  the  postal  revenues  W'ere 
9551,684,  and  the  expenditures  were  9495,969. 

In  1820  the  number  of  post  offices  was  4,500;  the  length 
of  post  roads  was  72,492  miles;  the  postal  revenues  were 
91,111,927,  and  the  expenditures  were  91,160,926. 

In  1830  the  number  of  post  offices  was  8,450 ; the  length 
of  post  roads  was  115,176  miles ; the  postal  revenues  were 
91,919,300,  and  the  expenditures  were  91,959,109. 

In  1840  the  number  of  post  offices  was  13,486 ; the  length 
of  post  roads  was  155,739  miles;  the  postal  revenues  were 
94,543,422.92,  and  the  expenditures  were  94,718,325.64. 

In  1850  the  number  of  post  offices  was  18,417  ; the  length 
of  post  roads  was  178,672  miles;  the  postal  revenues  were 
95,499,986.86,  and  the  expenditures  were  95,212,953.43. 

In  1860  the  number  of  post  offices  was  28,498 ; the  length 
of  post  roads  was  240,594  miles ; the  postal  revenues  were 
99,218,067.40,  and  the  expenditures  were  914,874,772.89. 

In  1870  the  number  of  post  offices  was  28,492 ; the  length 
of  post  roads  was 251,232  miles;  the  postal  revenues  were 
919,772,220.65,  and  the  expenditures  were  923,998,837.63. 

In  1873  the  number  of  post  offices  was  33,244 ; the  length 
of  post  roads  was  256,210  miles ; the  postal  revenues  were 
922,996,741.57,  and  the  expenditures  were  929,084,945.67. 

During  1874  and  1875  the  postal  service  has  been  con- 
stantly increasing;  but  since  the  present  Post  Master 
General,  Mr.  Jewell,  assumed  the  control  of  affairs,  he 
has  been  reducing  expenses  to  such  an  extent  that  it  is 
believed  he  will  make  the  Department  self-sustaining. 


LEGAL  RATES  OF  INTEREST. 


STATES,  ETC.  Rate.  \ 

Alabama 8 per  cent. 

Arkansas 6 “ 

Arizona  Ter 10  “ 

California 10  “ 

Colorado  Ter 10  “ 

Connecticut 6 “ 

Dakota  Ter 7 “ 

Delaware 6 “ 

Dist.  of  Colum’ia  6 

CPlrwiH  Q R ^ 

| STATES,  ETC. 

Missouri* 6 

Montana  Ter 10 

Nebraska 10 

Nevada 10 

N.  Hampshire...  6 

New  Jersey, 7 

New  York 7 

North  Carolina!  6 

Ohio! 6 

Oregon 10 

Georgia* 7 

Illinois* 6 “ 

Indiana*..... 6 ‘ 

Tnxiro^  8 ^ 

Pennsylvania 6 

Rhode  Island 6 

South  Carolina ...  7 
Tennessee* 6 

Kansas! 7 “ 

TT O lr  XT'!-  8 •* 

Texas 8 

Utah  Ter* 7 

Louisiana!: 5 

\f oinn  ..  8 

Vermont 6 

Virginia! . 6 

Maryland 6 

Massachusetts....  6 

Michigan* 7 “ 

Minnesota! 7 

Mississippi* 6 

W.  Virginia 6 

Washington  Ter  10 

Wisconsin* 7 

Wyoming  Ter.g..l2 

Rate. 


*A  contract  to  pay  10  per  cent,  is  valid, 
f A contract  to  pay  12  per  cent,  is  valid. 

JA  contract  to  pay  8 per  cent,  is  valid, 
g Any  rate  agreed  upon  is  lawful. 

Note.— The  legal  rate  of  interest  in  the  United  States 
may  be  said  to  range  from  6 to  12  per  cent.,  while  in 
England  it  usually  varies  from  3 to  6 per  cent. 


WISDOM  PROVIDES  THINGS  NECESSARY,  NOT  SUPERFLUOUS. 


81 


WAGES  OF  FARM  LABOR. 

Table  showing;  the  Average  Wages  paid  for  Farm  and  other  Labor  in  the  several  States  and 
Sections  in  the  respective  Years  1860,  1870,  and  1874. 


STATES. 


Daily  Wages  of  ordinary  hands  in 
Summer. 


With  Board. 


NEW  ENGLAND  STATES. 
Maine 


New  Hampshire 

Vermont 

Massachusetts 

Rhode  Island 

Connecticut 


MIDDLE  STATES. 

New  York 

New  Jersey 

Pennsylvania 

Delaware 

Maryland 

West  Virginia 


WESTERN  STATES. 

Ohio 

Indiana 

Illinois 

Michigan 

Wisconsin 

Minnesota 

Iowa 

Kansas  

Nebraska  

Missouri 

Kentucky 


SOUTHERN  STATES. 

Virginia 

North  Carolina 

South  Carolina 

Georgia 

Florida 

Alabama 

Mississippi 

Louisiana 

Texas 

Arkansas 

Tennessee 


PACIFIC  STATES. 

California 

Nevada 

Oregon . 

TERRITORIES. 

Washington 

Colorado  

Dakota 

Idaho 

Arizona 

Montana 

New  Mexico 


AVERAGES. 

New  England  States 

Middle  State  s 

Western  States 

Southern  States 

General  average.. 

Pacific  States 

Territories . 

Avetage 


Without  Board. 


Monthly  Wages  of 
ordinary  hands 
in  Summer. 


With  Board. 


Daily  Wages  of  j 
common  labor 


Without  Board 


1860. 

1870. 

| 1874. 

1860. 

1870. 

j 1874. 

1860. 

1870. 

1874. 

1860. 

1870. 

1874. 

1860. 

1870. 

1874. 

. $0  94 

SI  18 

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SI  4 44 

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1 58 

13  79 

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1 61 

6 73 

10  87 

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95 

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1 36 

1 30 

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16  75 

16  93 

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1 47 

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1 44 

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9 23 

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1 16 

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6 12 

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8 48 

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93 

87 

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1 35 

11  46 

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32  93 

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27  99 

30  00 

1 46 

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1 25 

2 00 

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39  95 

35  62 

2 33 

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22  04 

29  58 

21  50 

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1 77 

1 21 

2 34 

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39  58 

36  44 

37  81 

2 53 

2 83 

1 83 

29  29 

28  78 

25  75 

Monthly  Wages  of 
Female  servants. 


With  Board. 


Remarks— This  table,  and  the  two  following,  have  been  compiled  from  the  recent  work  of  Edward  Young,  Chief 
of  the  United  States  Bureau  of  Statistics,  on  “ Labor  in  America.”  The  many  blanks,  showing  the  wan  t of  reliable 
information  from  different  States,  at  different  times,  render  any  accurate  conclusions  to  be  drawn  from  this  table 
rather  unsatisfactory.  Still  the  fact  is  shown,  and  it  accords  with  general  observation,  that  wages  are  on  the  decline 
in  most  branches  of  industry.  But  it  is  equally  true  that  they  have  in  very  few  localities  reached  as  low  rates  as  in 
1800,  before  the  war.  In  a few  of  the  Western  and  Southern  States,  where  the  population  is  growing  by  immigration, 
and  transient  labor' is  scarce,  wages  are  even  higher  now  than  ever  before.  By  comparing  these  tables  of  wages, 
with  the  table  on  page  83,  showing  the  cost  of  living,  it  may  be  seen  whether  a man’s  wages  will  now  buy  as  much 
of  the  necessaries  of  life  as  when  he  received  less  for  his  services. 


AS  THE  TOUCHSTONE  TRIES  GOLD,  SO  GOLD  TRIES  MEN. 


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Kansas 

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Maine 

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Massachusetts 

Michigan 

Minnesota 

Mississippi 

Missouri 

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THOSE  WHO  COMPLAIN  MOST  ARE  MOST  TO  BE  COMPLAINED  OF. 


83 


EXPENSES  OF  LIVING. 

Table  showing  tbe  Average  Retail  Prices  of  Provisions,  Groceries,  and  other  Leading  Articles 
of  Consumption,  with  Prices  of  House  Rent  and  Board. 


Articles. 


provisions. 


Flour,  wheat,  superfine 

Flour,  wheat,  extra  family 

Flour,  rve  

u 

Corn  meal “ 

Beef,  fresh,  roasting  pieces 

Beef,  fresh,  soup  pieces 

Beef,  fresh,  rump  steaks 

Beef,  corned 

Veal,  fore  quarters 

Veal,  hind  quarters 

Veal  cutlets 

u 

a 

a 

u 

u 

Mutton,  fore  quarters “ 

Mutton,  leg “ 

Mutton  chops “ 

Pork,  fresh “ 

Pork,  corned  or  salted “ 

Pork,  bacon “ 

Pork,  hams,  smoked “ 

Pork,  shoulders “ 

Pork,  sausages “ 

Lard  “ 

Cod-fish,  dry 

Mackerel,  pickled 

Butter 

Cheese 

Potatoes 

Rice 

Beans 

Milk 

ttggs 

<4 

44 

44 

GROCERIES,  ETC. 


Tea,  Oolong  or  other  good  black per  lb 

Coffee,  Rio,  green “ 


Sugar,  yellow  C “ 

Sugar,  Coffee  B “ 

Molasses,  New  Orleans per  gal 

Molasses,  Porto  Rico “ 

Syrup “ 

§oap,  common per  lb 

Starch « 

Fuel,  coal per  ton 

Fuel,  wood,  hard per  cord 

Fuel,  wood,  pine “ 

Oil,  coal per  gal 


DOMESTIC  DRY  GOODS,  ETC. 

Shirtings,  brown,  4-4,  stand’d  quality  ...per  yd 
Shirtings,  bleached, 4-4,  stand’d  quality,  “ 
Sheetings,  brown,  9-8,  stand’d  quality..  “ 
Sheetings,  bleached, 9-8, st’d’rd  quality,  “ 

Cottou-flannel,  medium  quality “ 

Tickings,  good  quality “ 

Prints,  Merrimae “ 

Mousseline  de  laines “ 

Satinets,  medium  quality “ 

Boots,  men’s  heavy per  pr 


HOUSE  RENT. 

Four-roomed  tenements per  mo 

Six-roomed  tenements “ 


' BOARD. 

For  men  (mechanics,  &c.) per  wk 

For  women  in  factories “ 


Average  of  the  Middle 
States. 

Average  for  Western 
States. 

Average  for  the  United 
Slates. 

1867 

1869 

1874 

1867 

1869 

1874 

1867 

1869 

1874 

$12  80 

$7  60 

$6  87 

$10  14 

$5  83 

$5  90 

$12  90 

$9  09 

$6  83 

13  42 

8 11 

8 35 

10  92 

6 43 

6 91 

13  66 

9 56 

7 93 

7 86 

5 98 

5 38 

7 23 

5 21 

5 42 

11  33 

8 03 

6 24 

4 99 

4 29 

4 07 

4 46 

3 89 

3 58 

8 07 

6 55 

5 25 

18 

13 

17 

13 

14 

10 

14 

09 

12% 

08 

11% 

08 

16 

11 

1 $ 

13% 

08% 

18 

18 

16 

14% 

; 13% 

; 11% 

17 

16 

13% 

15 

14% 

12 

12 

10% 

10% 

; 10 

; 09% 

08^1 

10% 

14 

14 

13 

12% 

10% 

11% 

16 

16 

13 

13 

n% 

12  >4 

16 

15 

13% 

19 

19% 

18 

14% 

14 

12 

18% 

17% 

4 

14 

|% 

13% 

14% 

; 08% 

09 

13% 

12 

16 

15 

15% 

13% 

; n% 

11% 

15 

14% 

14 

17% 

17 

17 

13 

n% 

12 

16% 

16 

15 

16% 

17% 

15 

13 

13% 

11% 

17 

16% 

14 

19% 

20% 

13 

16% 

; 17 

11% 

20% 

21% 

14% 

21 

21 

14% 

19 

19% 

13% 

23 

22% 

15% 

22 

22% 

17 

21% 

14% 

15% 

26% 

24% 

17% 

19% 

19 

12% 

16% 

16% 

13% 

21% 

20 

14  2 

2|% 

22 

16 

17% 

17% 

13% 

26% 

23% 

16% 

20 

23 

16% 

19% 

21 

15% 

24% 

25 

17% 

10% 

11 

09% 

11% 

11 

09% 

17% 

16 

11  2 

13% 

14 

13% 

15 

14% 

10% 

20% 

17% 

13% 

39% 

42 

36 

33% 

31% 

24% 

49% 

44% 

35% 

23 

IW* 

20% 

21% 

22% 

17 

29 

27% 

22% 

1 00 

79 

93 

89 

51 

78 

1 62% 

i.  09% 

99% 

14 

12% 

11 

15 

13% 

11 

17% 

16% 

11% 

12 

10% 

10 

13% 

09% 

09% 

16% 

13 

10% 

08  % 

08% 

08% 

07% 

07 

06% 

12 

11 

09% 

28 

29 

28 

24% 

24 

19 

49 

40% 

30/8 

1 41 

1 28 

91 

1 66 

1 52 

1 15 

1 60 

1 43 

99 

32 

29 

28 

33 

28  . 

27% 

31% 

31 

28% 

36 

34 

33 

37% 

33% 

33 

43 

38% 

34% 

16 

16% 

15% 

16% 

10% 

17 

18 

15% 

16% 

10 

09% 

20% 

20% 

. 17% 

18% 

8* 

17 

17 

11% 

19 

18 

11% 

22 

20% 

13% 

1 02 

95 

95% 

1 17 

95 

89 

1 57 

1 31 

98/8 

87 

86 

1 03 

85% 

71 

1 43 

1 22 

84 

1 26 

1 32 

92 

1 47 

1 28 

95 

1 80% 

1 58% 

1 08% 

16 

09 

08 

H% 

10% 

08 

16 

13% 

09% 

13 

13 

H% 

15 

14 

10% 

22 

18% 

13% 

6 65 

7 02 

5 43 

9 50 

8 30 

6 30 

10  83 

10  03 

9 11  2 

4 89 

4 60 

5 69 

5 48 

4 74 

4 50 

5 71 

5 44 

5 30 

4 25 

4 17 

4 90 

3 70 

3 24 

3 64 

5 00 

4 53 

5 42 

63 

52 

24 

70 

53 

26 

1 20 

90 

38% 

23% 

21% 

12% 

22% 

18% 

12% 

23% 

20 

12% 

28% 

23% 

15r 

28 

22 

15 

27% 

23 

15 

8* 

25 

30% 

P 

31 

37 

25 

30% 

34 

40% 

28% 

33% 

20 

22% 

29 

25% 

34% 

29 

18 

35% 

30% 

19% 

f7% 

38 

26 

45 

37% 

26% 

45% 

39% 

27% 

19  % 
26 

15% 

11 

17 

14 

10% 

18% 

17 

10% 

23 

21% 

27% 

22 

19 

31% 

27 

23% 

1 09 

72 

69 

1 00 

84 

72 

96% 

79% 

73*| 

5 61 

5 21 

4 20 

5 70 

5 20 

5 40 

6 22  3 

5 56 

5 05 

6 59 

6 70 

10  22 

13  97 

12  42 

9 12 

14  92 

13  52 

11  93 

9 66 

10  12 

14  52 

21  40 

17  10 

18  90 

22  09 

11  80 

16  27 

4 66 

4 46 

4 45 

4 81 

4 50 

4 14 

6 79 

5 65 

5 01 

3 59 

3 63 

3 43 

4 35 

3 97 

3 25 

6 06 

5 00 

3 53 

Remarks.  It  will  be  seen  from  the  above  table  that  prices  of  the  usual  commodities  consumed  in  the  household, 
including  clothing,  have  been  largely  reduced  since  the  close  of  the  war,  when  prices  and  wages  were  at  their 
highest.  Flour,  until  the  recent  rise  on  account  of  the  unfavorable  season,  was  only  about  half  what  it  was  in 
1867  ; corn  meal,  one-fourth  less;  beef,  about  one-sixth  less;  pork,  three-eighths  less;  butter,  two-sevenths  less; 
potatoes,  three-eighths  less  (now  only  one-third  as  much  as  in  1867);  sugar,  only  a little  more  than  one-half- 
and  dry  goods  will  average  one-third  less. 

By  referring  to  the  tables  of  wages  paid  farm  hands  and  mechanics  (pages  81  and  82),  and  making  similar  com- 
parisons, it  will  be  seen  that  there  have  been  no  such  large  reductions  in  the  wages  of  labor.  There  is  generally 
a slight  reduction  from  \Miat  wages  were  in  1870,  but  they  are  still  much  higher  than  they  were  in  1860,  while 
many  of  the  standard  articles  of  consumption  are  getting  back  to  very  near  ante-war  prices. 


84 


HE 


IS  NOT  POOR  THAT  HATH  NOT  MUCH,  BUT  HE  THAT  CRAVES  MUCI 


PATRONS  OF  HUSBANDRY. 


OFFICERS  OF  THE  NATIONAL  GRANCE. 

Master. Dudley  W.  Adams,  Waukon,  Iowa, 

Overseer Tiiomas  Taylor,  Columbia,  S.  C. 

Lecturer J.  A.  Thompson,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Steward A.  J.  Vaughan,  Memphis,  Tenn. 

AtM  Steward G.W.  Thompson,  Now  Brunswick,  N.  J. 

Chaplain REV.  A.  B.  Ghosh,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Treasurer F.  M.  McDowell,  Wayne,  N.  Y. 

Secretary O.  H.  Kelley,  Louis\  ille,  Ky. 

Gatekeeper O.  Dinwiddie,  Orchard  Grove,  Lake  Co., 

Indiana. 

Ceres MRS.  D.  W.  Adams,  Waukon,  Iowa. 

Pomona Mrs.  Thomas  Taylor,  Columbia,  S.  C. 

piQra  Mrs.  Joseph  T.  Moore,  Sandy  Sp’ng,  Md. 

LadyAss'tSte'd.Miss  C.  A.  Hall,  Washington,  D.  C. 

EXECUTIVE  COMMITTEE. 

William  Saunders,  Washington,  D.  C. 

Dudley  T.  Chase,  Claremont,  N.H. 

D.  Wyatt  Aiken,  Cokesbury,  Abbeville  Co.,  S.  C. 

E.  R.  Siiankland,  Dubuque,  Iowa. 

John  T.  Jones,  Helena,  Ark. 

The  Ninth  Session  of  the  National  Grange  will  be  held 
in  November,  1875,  in  the  city  of  Louisville,  Ky.,  the 
preselit  location  of  the  offices  of  said  Grange. 


THE  STATE  GRANGES. 


Alabama ( Master 

Meets  Nov. 30,  ’754  Sec  y 
Sub.  Gr’s,  673  (Treas. 


-W.  H.  ChambersOswichee. 

E.  M.  Law Tuskegee. 

John  T.  Harris. ..Opelika. 


W.  H.  Baxter S.  Francisco. 

J.  B.  Carrington, Denverton. 


( Master John  T.  Jones Helena. 

Meets  Jan  24, *’76-1  Sec  y J no.  S.  WilliamsDuvall’sBluff 
Sub.  Gr’s,  ’oS  (Treas.  L.  B.  Mitchell.  ...Austin. 

California ( Master— J._M.  Hami lton.G uenoc. 

Meets  Oct.  12,  ’754  Sec’y 
Sub.  Gr’s,  262  (Treas 

Connecticut ( Master— Harvey  Godard  .N.  Granby. 

mSs  ^ Sec’y  E.  G.  Seeley Roxbury. 

Sub.  Gr’s,  16  (Treas.  C.  H.  Mason Washington. 

Colorado ( Master— R.  Q,.  Tenney Fort  Collins. 

Meets  4 Sec’y  P.  M.  Hinman..  Modoc. 

Sub.  Gr’s,  69  (.Treas.  John  Cliurches-.Golden. 

Dpt  aware  ..( Master— John  J.  Rosa Milford. 

Meets  ' ^ Sec’y  W.C.Weer Wilmington. 

Sub.  Gr’s,  22  (.Treas.  Jas.M.  Bracken.. Wilmington. 

Dakota (Master— E.  B.  Crew Lodi. 

4 Sec’y  N . C.  Nash Canton. 

Sub  Gr’s,  56 1 Treas.  D.  P.  Hopkins....  J efferson. 

Florida (Master-B.  F.  Wardlaw-Madison. 

Me?ts  Dec.  8,  ’75-|  Sec’y  W.  A.  Brinson  Live  Oak, 


Sub.  Gr’s,  . 147  (.Treas. 

Georgia ( Master 

Meets  Dec.  8,  '75 4 Sec  y 
Sub.  Gr’s,  705  (.Treas. 


Wm.  T.  Bacon... Lake  City. 

-T.  J.  Smith Oconee 

E.  Taylor Macon. 

J.  S.  Lawton Macon. 

Rock  Falls. 


Ttlinois  (Master— Alonzo  Golder...Rock  Tali 

Meets  Dec.  14,  'lo\  Sec’y  O.  E.  Fanning Sterling. 

S„h  ,vs  1589  (Treas.  J.S.  Armstrong-Shendan. 


Sub.  Gr’s,  1589  ( 

Indiana ( Master 

Meets  Dec.  8,  ’754  Sec’y 
"33  (Tret 


Sub.  Gr’s,  2033  (Treas. 


Maryland (Master-Jos.  T.  Moore Sandy  Spring 

Meets  Mar.  14,  ’764  Sec’y  Ed.  Hull  of  B...  Millersville. 
Sub.  Gr's,  157  (Treas.  Jos.  N.  Cluswell,Buckeysto  n. 

M ass  a ch  usetts  ( Master— Jos.  P.  Felton Greenfield. 

Meets  Dec.  14,  ’75  J Sec’y  Benj’min  Davis.. Ware. 

Sub.  Gr’s,  99  (Treas.  Clias.  Jones Deerfield. 

Master— J.  J.  Woodman..  Paw  Paw. 


Michigan. 


, 75 1 he 
604  (Treas. 
(MaSter- 

77^  J < 


S.  F.  Brown Schoolcraft. 

-Sam.  E.  Adams  . Monticello. 

T.  Tunis  Smith... St.  Paul. 

Lorenzo  Hoyt St.  Paul. 

-W.L.Heming’ay  Carrollton. 
W.  L.  Williams  . Rienzi. 

H.O.  Dixon Jackson. 

-T.  R.  Allen Allenton. 

A.  M.  Coffey Knob  Noster. 


Henley  James.-Marion. 

M.  M.  Moody Muncie. 

Geo.  H.  Brown....Rensselear. 

low  \ ..  (Master— A.  B.  Smedley.-.Cresco. 

Meets  Dec.  14,  '75 \ Sec’y  W.  L.Car penter.-DesMoines. 

Sub.  Gr’s,  2004  (Treas.  M.L.  Devin DesMoines. 

Kansas ( Master— M.  E.  Hudson Mapleton. 

Dec.  14,  75]  Sec’y  P.  B.  Maxon B™pona 

Sub.  Gr’s,  1391  (Treas.  John  Boyd... ......lndepencte  ce 

Kentucky  ( Master— M.  D.  Davie Beverly. 

5SS  Dec.  7,  Sec’y  J.  B.  Barnes Georgetown- 

Sub.  Gr’s,  1608  (Treas.  J.  M.  Clark Hopkinsville 

Louisiana ( Master-H.  W.  L.  Lewis  .Osy ka. 

MeetsDec  14,  ’754  Sec’y  W.  H.  Harris New  Orleans. 

Sub.  Gr’s,  314  (Treas.  H.  C.  Newson Greensburgli. 

Maine (Master— Nelson  Ham Lewiston. 

Meets  Dec  14. ’754  Sec’y  Jno.M.  Jackson.. Lewiston. 
Sub^Gr’l  183  (Treas.  Chas.  H.  Cobb East  Poland. 


Sub.  Gr’s,  . 

Minnesota... 

Meets  Dec.  14,  ’75-  Sec’y 
Sub.  Gr’s,  546  (Treas. 

Mississippi piaster 

Meets  Sept.  14,  ’754  Sec’y 
Sub.  Gr’s,  666  (Treas. 

Missouri (Master 

Meets  Dec.  14,  ’754  Sec’y 

Sub.  Gr’s,  2032  (Treas 

Montana  ( Master— Brigham  Reed. ..Bozeman. 

Meets  4 Sec’y  J.I).  McCamman Bozeman. 

Sub.  Gr’s,  26  (Treas.  H.  II.  Mood 

Nebraska (Master-Wm.  B.  Porter.-Plattsmouth . 

Meets  Dec.  21,  ’75  4 Sec’y  E.  H . Cl  a rk Blair. 

Sub.Gr’s,  620  (Treas.  H.  N.  Taylor Rock  Creek. 

New  Hamp ( Master— Dudley  T.Chase..Claremont 

Meets  Dec.  21,  ’754  Sec’y  C.  C.  Shaw.  Milford. 

Sub.Gr’s,  64  (Treas.  D.  M.  Clough Canterbury. 

New  Jersey (Master-M.  Whitehead. ..Middlebush. 

Meets  Dec.  14,  ’754  Sec’y  R.  W.  Pratt Newfield. 

Sub.  Gr’s,  93  (Treas.  C.  A.  Rulon Swedesboro. 

New  York (Master— G.  D.  Hinckley  ..Fredonia. 

Meets  Jan.  11,  ’76  4 Sec’y  W.A.Armstro’g..Elmira. 
Sub.Gr’s,  348  (Treas.  Junau  Wmue...  Bethlehem. 

N Carolina (Master— Columbus  Mills.  Concord. 

Meets  Feb.  15,  ’76  4 Sec’y  G.W.  Lawrence.-Fayetteville. 

Sub.  Gr’s,  535  (Treas.  P.  C.  Carlton Charlotte. 

Ohio  (Master— S.  H.  Ellis Springboro. 

Meets  Mar.  14,  ’76  Sec’y  W W.  Miller Custaiia. 

Sub.  Gr’s,  1205  (Treas.  R.  Stevenson Xenia. 

Oregon  ( Master— Daniel  Clark Salem. 

Meets  4 Sec’y  J.  H.  Smith Harrisburg. 

Sub.  Gr’s,  185  (Treas.  B.  A.  Witzel Turner. 

Pennsylvania..  ( Master-D.  B.  Mauger Douglassville 

Meets  Dec.  14,  ’754  Sec  y R-  H.  Thomas Meehan icsbg 

Sub  Gr’s,  591  (Treas.  Wm.  locum Douglassville 

S.  Carolina (Master— D. Wyatt  Aiken..Cok^ury. 

Meets  Dec.  8,  ’754  Sec’y  Win.  llood Due  West. 

Sub.Gr’s.  350  (Treas.  A.  M.  Aiken. Greenwood. 

Tennessee (Master— Wm.  Maxwell. ..Humboldt. 

Meets  Feb.  16,  ’764  Sec’y  J.  H.  Curiey. ••- 
Sub.  Gr’s,  1091  (Treas.  J.  A.  Harwood 
Tfxas  • ~ (Master— Wm.  W.  Lang... .Marlin. 

Meets  Jan."  10,  ’76 4 Sec’y  R.  A.  Binlord Austin. 

Sub.Gr’s,  1196  (Treas.  J.  R.  Henry Groesbeck 

Vermont (Master— E.  P.  Colton irasburg. 

Meets  Dec.  14, ’754  Sec’y  Jus.  K.  Tobey ......Calais 

Sub  Gr’s,  20/ (Treas.  C.  J.  Bell E.  Haidwick. 

Virginia (Master— J.  W.  White EurekaMills. 

mTwC  4 Sec’y  M W.Hazlewood  Richmond. 

Sub.  Gr’s,  665  (Treas.  ' W.  B.WestbrookPetersburg. 

W Virginia (Master— B.  M.  Kitchen...  Shanghai. 

Meets  Nov.  3,  ’754  Sec’y  Jas.  E.  Hall Elk  City. 

Sub.  Gr’s,  293  (Treas.  B.  Cushwa Martiusburg. 

Wisconsin ( Master— John  Coehrane-Wanpon. 

Meets  Jan.  4,  ’764  Sec’y  H.  E.  Huxley Neenah. 

Sub.  Gr’s,  513  (Treas.  J.Cory Footville. 

WASHINGTON f ^u Red  with  Ore^m 

Sub.  Gr’s,  66  (Treas.  J 

1 J Sec’y  (state  Grange  not  organized. 

Sub.  Gr’s,  26  (Treas.  J 

Idaho...  i Sec,y  f Uuited  with  Oregon. 

Sub.  Gr’s,  16  (Treas.  J • 

Indian j ^J^er  j United  w^tii  Texas. 

Sub.Gr’s,  14  (Treas.  J 

Nevada 1 United" with  California. 

Sub.Gr’s,  15  (Treas.  J - 

Total  number  of  Subordinate  Granges  int^Unlted  ^ 

Increase  of " Granges  in  the  past  year 

Total  membership,  about ’ 


.Nashville. 

.Nashville. 


WHAT  THE  EYE  SEES  NOT,  THE  HEART  RUES  NOT. 


85 


The  United  States  Government. 

DECE31BER  1st,  1875. 


THE  EXECUTIVE. 

ULYSSES  S.  GRANT,  of  Illinois,  President  of  the  United  States Salary,  550,000 

Vacant  by  death  of  Henry  Wilson,  Vice-President  of  the  United  States  and  President  of  Senate... Salary,  8,000 


THE  JUDICIARY. 

THE  SUPREME  COURT  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 

Morrison  R.  Waite,  of  Ohio,  Chief  Justice.  Salary,  56,500 


THE  CABIHET. 

HAMILTON  FISH,  of  New  York,  Secretary  of  State. 

B.  H.  BRISTOW,  of  Kentucky,  Secretary  of  Treasury. 

WM.  W.  BELKNAP,  of  Iowa,  Secretary  of  War. 

GEO.  M.  ROBESON,  of  New  Jersey,  Secretary  of  the  Navy. 

ZACHARIAH  CHANDLER,  of  Mich.,  Sec'y  of  Inlei~ior. 

EDWARDS  PIERREPONT,  ol  N.  \ Attorney -General.  | Joseph  P.  Bradley,  of  N.  J.,  Associate  Justice. 
MARSHALL  JEWELL,  of  Conn.,  Postmaster-General-.  ' 

[The  Secretaries  each  receive  a salary  of  58,000  p.  annum.] 

O 


Nathan  Clifford,  of  Me.,  Associate  Justice.. 
Ward  Hunt,  of  New  York,  Associate  Justice.. 
Wm.  Strong,  of  Penn.,  Associate  Justice. 


FREDERICK  WATTS,  Department  of  Agriculture. 
JOHN  EATON,  Jr.,  Department  of  Education. 


David  Davis,  of  Illinois,  Associate  Justice 

Noah  H.  Swayne,  of  Ohio,  Associate  Justice.. 
Samuel  F.  Miller,  of  Iowa,  Associate  Justice. 
Stephen  J.  Field,  of  Cal.,  Associate  Justice... 


6,000 

6,000 

6,000 

6,000 

6,000 

6,000 

6,000 

6,000 


[Court  meets  first  Monday  in  December,  at  Washington.] 


MINISTERS  TO  FOREIG-H  COUNTRIES. 

ENVOYS  EXTRAORDINARY  «&  MINISTERS  PLENIPOTENTIARY. 


Country.  Capital. 

Great  Britain London 

Russia St.  Petersburg.... 

France Paris 

Spain..... Madrid  ...., 

German  Empire Berlin 

Austria Vienna 

Italy Rome 

China Pekin 

Mexico City  of  Mexico.. 

Brazil Rio  Janeiro 

Chili Santiago 

Peru Lima 

Japan Yeddo 


Portugal 

Belgium 

Netherlands 

Den  mane 

Sweden  and  Norway... 

Switzerland 

Turkey 

Greece 

Hawaiian  Islands 

Central  Am'er’n  States 

IT.  S.  of  Colombia 

Venezuela 

Ecuador 

Argentine  Republic 

Bolivia 

Uruguay  & Paraguay.. 


Lisbon 

Brussels 

Hague 

Copenhagen 

Stockholm 

Berne 

Constantinople. 

Athens 

Honolulu 


Bogota 

Caraccas 

Quito 

Buenos  Ayres... 

La  Paz 

Montevideo 


Ministers. 

Gen.  Robert  C.  Schenck... 

George  H.  Bokeh 

Eliiiu  B.  Washburne 

Caleb  Cushing 

J.  C.  Bancroft  Davis 

Godlove  S.  Orth 

Geo.  P.  Marsh 

Benj.  P.  Avery,  deceased. 

John  W.  Foster 

James  R.  Partridge 

Cornelius  A.  Logan 

Richard  Gibbs 

John  A.  Bingham 


State  app'd  from. 

Ohio.. 

Pennsylvania 

Illinois 

Virginia 

New  York 

Indiana 

Vermont 

California 

Indiana 

Maryland 

Kansas 

New  York 

Ohio 


MINISTERS  RESIDENT. 

Benjamin  Moran Pennsylvania. 


Salary.  When  appointed. 

517 ,500  Dec.  22,  1870 

Jan.  13,  1875 

17,500  March  17,  1869 

12,000  ...  January  6,  1874 

17.500  June  1!,  1874 

12,000  March  9,  1875 

12,000  March  20,  1861 

12,000'  April  10,  1874 

12,000  March  17,  1873 

12.000  May  23,  1871 

10.000  March  17,  1874 

10,000  April  9,  1875 

7.500  May  31,  1873 


7,500  Dec.  15,  1874 


Francis  B.  Stockbridge.. 

M.  J.  Cramer 

C.  C.  Andrews 

Horace  Rublee 

Horace  Maynard 

John  M.  Read,  Jr 

Henry  A.  Pierce 

George  Williamson 

Wm.  L.  Scruggs 

Thos.  Russell 

Christian  Wullweber... 

Thomas  Osborne 

Rob’t  M.  Reynolds 

John  C.  Caldwell 


Michigan 

Kentucky 

Minnesota 

Wisconsin 

Tennessee 

New  York 

Massachusetts.. 

Louisiana.. 

Georgia 

Massachusetts . 

Iowa 

Illinois 

Alabama 

Louisiana 


MINISTERS  RESIDENT  AND  CONSULS  GENERAL. 


7,500  July 

7,500  Sept. 

7,500  June 

7,500  April 

7,500  March 

7,500  Dec. 

7,500  May 

10,000  May 

7,500  April 

7,500  April 

7,500  July 

7,500  Feb. 

7,500  June 

10,000  Jan. 


12,  1875 
9,  1870 
3,  1869 
20,  1869 
9,  1875 
10,  1873 
10,  1869 
17,  1873 

9,  1873 
20,  1874 
12,  1875 

10,  1874 
17,  1874 

8,  1874 


Hayti Port-au-Prince...  E.  D.  Bassett Pennsylvania. 

Liberia Monrovia J.  M.  Turner r.  Missouri 


7,500  April  16,  1869 

7,000  March  1,  1871 


THE  FORTY-FOURTH  CONGRESS. 

The  First  Session  of  the  Forty-fourth  Congress  met  December  6tli,  1875.  The  following  is  a complete  list  of  the 
members  of  both  Houses— the  names  of  Republicans  in  Roman,  Democrats  in  Italics,  Independents  in  small  caps: 


Kansas.  Term  Ex. 

MICHIGAN. 

Term  Ex. 

THE  SENATE. 

James  M.  Harvey 

...1877 

Thomas  W.  Ferry.. 

1877 

John  J.  Ingalls 

...1879 

I.  P.  Christiaucy  .... 

1881 

alabama.  Term  Ex. 

Florida.  Term  Ex. 

KENTUCKY. 

MINNESOTA. 

George  Goldthwaite 

....1877 

Simon  B.  Conover 

....1879 

John  W.  Stevenson 

....1877 

Wm.  Windom 

1877 

George  E.  Spencer 

....1879 

Charles  W.  Jones 

....1881 

Tlws.  C.  Me  Cr eery 

....1879 

S.  J.  R.  McMillan  ... 

1881 

, ARKANSAS. 

GEORGIA. 

LOUISIANA. 

MISSISSIPPI. 

Powell  Clayton 

....1877 

T.  Manson  Norwood.... 

....1877 

J.  Rodman  West 

...1877 

James  L.  Alcorn 

1877 

Stephen  W.  Dorsey 

,...1879 

John  B.  Gordon 

....1879 

Contested 

...1879 

Branch  K.  Bruce.... 

1881 

CALIFORNIA. 

ILLINOIS. 

MAINE. 

MISSOURI. 

Aaron  A.  Sargent 

....1879 

John  A.  Logan 

....1877 

Lot  M.  Morrill 

...1877 

Louis  Vital  Bogy 

1879 

N ewton  Booth 

,...1881 

Richard  J.  Oglesby.... 

....1879 

H.  Hamlin 

...1881 

F.  M.  Cockrell 

CONNECTICUT. 

INDIANA. 

MARYLAND. 

NEBRASKA. 

Jas.  E.  English «... 

...1879 

Oliver  P.  Morton 

....1879 

( -rPnvfjp  7? 

1879 

p W TTitoh  popIt 

|K77 

William  W.  Eaton 

....1881 

Jos.  E.  McDonald 

....1881 

William  P.  Whyte 

...1881 

A.  S.  Paddock 

1881 

DELAWARE. 

IOWA. 

MASSACHUSETTS. 

NEVADA. 

Eli  Saulsbury 

....1879 

George  G.  Wright 

....1877 

Geo.  S.  Bout  well 

...1877 

John  P.  Jones 

1879 

Thomas  F.  Bayard 

....1881 

William  B.  Allison.... 

....1879 

H.  L.  Dawes 

...1881 

William  Sharon  .... 

1881 

86 


EVERY  FOX  MUST  PAY  HIS  OWN  SKIN  TO  TI1E  FLAYER. 


NEW  HAMPSHIRE.  Tm  f.X. 

TENNESSEE. 

Tm  ex. 

Aaron  H.  Cragin 

..1877 

Henry  Cooper 

1877 

B.  Wadleigh 

..1879 

David  M.  Key 

NEW  JERSEY. 

TEXAS. 

F.  T.  Frelinghuysen  .... 

..1877 

M.  C.  Hamilton 

1877 

T.  E1.  Randolph  

..1881 

Samuel  B.  Maxey 

1881 

NEW  YORK. 

VERMONT. 

Itoscoe  Conkling 

..1879 

Justin  S.  Morrill  

1879 

Francis  Kernan  

..1881 

George  F.  Edmunds  . 

....  1881 

NORTH  CAROLINA. 

VIRGINIA. 

M.  W.  Ransom 

..1877 

John  W.  Johnston 

1877 

A.  S.  Merrimon 

..1879 

Robert  E.  Withers 

1881 

OHIO. 

WEST  VIRGINIA. 

J-olin  Sherman 

..1879 

Henry  G.  Davis 

1877 

Allen  G.  Thurman 

..1881 

Allen  T.  ('aperlon 

1881 

OREGON. 

WISCONSIN. 

John  IT.  Kelly 

..1877 

Timothy  O.  Howe 

1877 

John  H.  Mitchell 

..1879 

Angus  Cameron 

1881 

PENNSYLVANIA. 

RECAPITULATION. 

Simon  Cameron 

..1879 

Democrats  

28 

William  A.  Wallace 

..1881 

Republicans 

43 

RHODE  ISLAND. 

Independents 

2 

Henry  B.  Anthony 

...1877 

Contested  

A.  E.  Burnside 

..1881 

Total 

74 

SOUTH  CAROLINA. 

Republican  plurality,  12 

T.  J.  Roberts 

...1877 

John  J.  Patterson 

...1879 

HOUSE  OP  REPKESENTATIVES. 


ALABAMA. 

At  Large— IF.  H.  Forney. 
At  Large — B.  B.  Lewis. 

1.  Jere  Haralson. 

2.  Jere  N.  Williams. 

3.  Paul  Bradford. 

4.  Burwell  B.  Lewis. 

5.  Charles  Hays. 

6.  John  H.  Caldwell. 

7.  Goldsmith  W.  Heivitt. 

ARKANSAS. 

1.  Lucien  C.  Gause. 

2.  IF.  F.  Slemons. 

3.  Wm.  W.  Wilshire. 

4.  Thomas  M.  Gunter. 

CALIFORNIA. 

1.  W.  A.  Piper. 

2.  Horace  F.  Page. 

3.  J.  IT.  Luttrell. 

4.  D.  P.  Wiggington. 

CONNECTICUT. 

1.  G.  M.  Landers. 

2.  James  Phelps. 

3.  H.  H.  Starkweather. 

4.  Wm.  H.  Barnum. 

DELAWARE. 

James  Williams. 

FLORIDA. 

1.  William  J.  Purnam. 

2.  Josiah  T.  Walls. 

GEORGIA. 

1.  Julian  Hartridge. 

2.  William  E.  Smith. 

3.  Philip  Cook. 

4.  H.  R.  Harris. 

5.  Milton  A.  Chandler. 

6.  James  II.  Blount. 

7.  TFm.  IL.  Felton. 

8.  A.  H.  Stevens. 

9.  B.  H.  Hill. 

ILLINOIS. 

1.  B.  G.  Gaulfield. 

2.  C.  H.  Harrison. 

3.  Charles  B.  Farwell. 

4.  S.  A.  Hurl  but. 

5.  Horatio  C.  Burchard. 

6.  Thos.  J.  Henderson. 

7.  Alex.  Campbell. 

8.  Greenbury  L.  Fort. 

9.  Richard  H.  Whiting. 

10.  John  C.  Bagby. 

11.  Scott  Wike. 

12.  Wm.  M.  Springer. 

13.  A.  E.  Stevenson. 

14.  J.  G.  Cannon. 

15.  John  R.  Eden. 

16.  Wm.  A.  J.  Sparks. 

17.  Wm.  R.  Morrison. 

18.  Wm.  Hartzetl. 

19.  Wm.  B.  Anderson. 


10. 

1. 

2. 

3. 

4. 

5. 

6. 

1. 

2. 

3. 

4. 

5. 


INDIANA. 

B.  S.  Fuller. 

J.  J).  Williams. 
Michael  C.  Kerr. 
Jeptha  D.  New. 

Wm.  S.  Holman. 

M.  S.  Robinson. 
Franklin  Landers. 
Morton  C.  Hunter. 
Thos.  J.  Cason. 
Wm.  S.  Haymond. 
James  L.  Evans. 

A.  H.  Hamilton. 
John  11.  Baker. 

IOWA. 

G.  W.  McCrary. 
John  Q,.  Tufts. 

/>.  L.  Ainsworth. 
Henry  O.  Piatt. 
James  Wilson. 

E.  S.  Sampson. 

J.  A.  Kasson. 
James  W.  McDill. 
Addison  Oiiver. 

KANSAS. 

Wm.  A.  Phillips. 
John  R.  Goodin. 
Wm.  R.  Brown. 

KENTUCKY. 

A.  R.  Boon. 

John  Y.  Brown. 

C.  W.  Miliken. 

J.  P.  Knott. 

E.  Y.  Parsons. 

Thos.  L.  Jones. 

J.  C.  S.  Blackburn. 
M.  J.  Durham. 
John  D.  White. 
John  B.  Clarke. 

LOUISIANA. 

R.  L.  Gibson. 

E.  John  Ellis. 

C.  B.  Darrell. 

Wm.  L.  Levy. 
Frank  Morey. 
Charles  E.  Nash. 

MAINE. 

J.  N.  Burleigh. 
William  P.  Frye. 
Jameg  G.  Blaine. 
Harris  M.  Plaisted. 
Eugene  Hale. 

MARYLAND. 

P.  F.  Thomas. 

C.  B.  Roberts. 
William  J.  O'Brien. 
Thomas  Swann. 

Eli  J.  Henkle. 
William  Walsh. 


MASSACHUSETTS. 

W.  W.  Crapo. 
Benjamin  W.  Harris. 
Henry  L.  Pierce. 

Rufus  S.  Frost. 
Nathaniel  P.  Banks. 
C.  P.  Thompson. 

John  K.  Tarbox. 

William  W.  Warren. 
George  F.  Hoar. 
Julius  H.  Skelye. 
Chester  W.  Chapin. 

MICHIGAN. 

A.  S.  Williams. 

Henry  Waldron. 
George  Willard. 

Allen  Potter. 

Wm.  B.  Williams. 
George  H.  Durand. 
Omar  D.  Conger. 

N.  B.  Bradley. 

Jay  A.  Hubbell. 

MINNESOTA. 

Mark  H.  Dunnell. 
Horace  B.  Straight. 
William  S.  King. 

MISSISSIPPI. 

L.  Q.  C.  Lamar. 

G.  W.  Wells. 

H.  D.  Money. 

O.  R.  Singleton. 

Charles  E.  Hooker. 
Roderick  Seat. 

MISSOURI. 

Edward  C.  Kehr. 
Erastus  Welles. 

Wm.  H.  Stone. 

Robert  A . Hatcher. 
Richard  P.  Brand. 
Charles  H.  Morgan. 
John  F.  Philips. 

Benj.  J.  Franklin. 

David  Rea. 

R.  A.  De  Boll. 

John  B.  Clark , Jr 
John  M.  Glover. 

A.  H.  Buckner. 

NEBRASKA. 

Lorenzo  Crounse. 

NEVADA. 

Wm.  Woodburn. 

NEW  HAMPSHIRE. 

Frank  Jones. 

S.  N.  Bell. 

H.  W.  Blair. 

NEW  JERSEY. 

C.  H.  Sinnickson. 
Samuel  A.  Dobbins. 
Miles  Ross. 

Robert  Hamilton. 
Augustus  IF.  Cutler. 
Frederick  H.  Tesse. 

A.  A.  Hardenburgh. 

NEW  YORK. 

Henry  B.  Metcalfe. 

John  G.  Schumaker. 

S.  B.  Chittenden. 
Archibald  M.  Bliss. 
Edwin  R.  Meade. 

Samuel  S.  Cox. 

Smith  Ely,  Jr. 

Elijah  Ward. 

F'ernando  Wood. 

Abram  S.  Hewitt. 

Benj.  A.  Willis. 

N.  Holmes  Odell. 

J.  O.  Whitehouse 
George  M.  Beebe. 

John  H.  Bagley,  Jr. 
Charles  H.  Adams. 
Martin  I.  Townsend. 
Andrew  Williams. 

Wm.  A.  Wheeler. 

H.  H.  Hathorn. 

Samuel  F.  Miller. 
George  A.  Bagley. 

Scott  Lord. 

William  H.  Baker. 

E.  W.  Leavenworth. 

C.  D.  McDougall. 
Elbridge  G.  Lapham. 
Thomas  G.  Platt. 

Charles  C.  B.  Walker. 
John  M.  Davy. 

George  G.  Hoskins. 
Lyman  K.  Bass. 

Nelson  1.  Norton. 


NORTH  CAROLINA. 

1.  Jesse  J.  Y cates. 

2.  John  A.  Hyman. 

3.  Alfred  M.  Waddell. 

4.  • Joseph  G.  Davis. 

5.  Alfred  M . Scales. 

6.  Thomas  S.  Ashe. 

7.  William  M.  Robbins. 

8.  Robert  V.  Vance. 

OHIO. 

1.  Milton  Sayler. 

2.  11.  B.  Banning. 

3.  John  S.  Savage. 

4.  John  A.  McMahon. 

5.  Americas  V.  Rice. 

6.  Frank  H.  Hurd. 

7.  Lawrence  T.  Neal. 

8.  William  Lawrence. 

9.  Early  F.  Poppleton. 

10.  Charles  Foster. 

11.  John  L.  Vance. 

12.  Ansel  T.  Walling. 

13.  Milton  J.  Southard. 

14.  John  P.  Cowan. 

15.  N.  H.  Van  Vorlios. 

16.  Lorenzo  Danfoid. 

17.  L.  D.  Woodworth. 

18.  James  Monroe. 

19.  James  A.  Garfield. 

20.  Henry  B.  Payne. 

OREGON. 

Lafayette  Lane. 

PEN  NS  YLV A N I A . 

1.  Chapman  Freeman. 

2.  Charles  O’Neill. 

3.  Samuel  J.  Randall. 

4.  William  D.  Kelly. 

5.  John  Robbins. 

6.  Wash  Townsend. 

7.  Allan  Wood. 

8.  Heister  Clymer. 

9.  A.  Herr  Smith. 

10.  William  MutChter. 

11.  Frank  D.  CoUins. 

12.  W.  W.  Ketcliain. 

13.  James  B.  Reilly. 

14.  John  B.  Packer. 

15.  Joseph  i owell. 

16.  Sobieski  Ross. 

17.  John  Reilly. 

18.  William  S.  Slenger. 

19.  Levi  Marsh. 

20.  Louis  A.  Mackey. 

21.  Jacob  Turney. 

22.  James  11.  Hopkins. 

23.  Alex.  G.  Cochran. 

24.  John  W.  Wallace. 

25.  George  A . Jenks. 

26.  James  Sheakley. 

27.  Albert  G.  Egbert. 

RHODE  ISLAND. 

1.  Benjamin  T.  Earnes. 

2.  Latimer  W.  Ballou. 

SOUTH  CAROLINA. 

1.  Joseph  H.  Rainey. 

2.  E.  W.  M.  Mackey. 

3.  Solomon  L.  Hoge. 

4.  Alex.  S.  Wallace. 

5.  Robert  Smalls. 

TENNESSEE. 

1.  William  McFarland. 

2.  J.  M.  Thornburgh. 

3.  George  G.  Dibrell. 

4 

5.  John  M.  Bright. 

6.  John  F.  House. 

7.  W.  C.  Whitlhorne. 

8.  John  D.  C.  Atkins. 

9.  William  P.  Caldivell. 

10.  H.  Casey  Young. 

TEXAS. 

1.  John  H.  Regan. 

2.  David  B.  Culberson. 

3.  J.  W.  Throckmorton.  . 

4.  Roger  Q.  Mills. 

5.  John  Hancock. 

6.  Gustave  Schleicker. 

VIRGINIA. 

1.  Beverly  B.  Douglas. 

2.  John  Goode , Jr. 

3.  Gilbert  C.  Walker. 

4.  Wm.  H.  H.  Stowell. 

5.  George  C.  Cabell. 

6.  JohnR.  Tuckei'. 

7.  John  T.  Harris. 

8.  Eppa  Hunton. 

9.  William  Terry. 


GREAT  PAIN  AND  LITTLE  GAIN  MAKE  A MAN  SOON  WEARY. 


87 


VERMONT. 

1.  Charles  H.  Joyce. 

2.  Dudley  C.  Denison. 

3.  George  W.  Hendee. 

WEST  VIRGINIA. 

1.  Benjamin  Wilson. 

2.  Charles  G.  Faulkner. 

3.  Frank  Hereford. 


WISCONSIN. 

1.  Charles  G.  Williams. 

2.  Lucien  B.  Caswell. 

3.  Henry  S.  Magoon. 

4.  William  P.  Lynde. 

5.  Samuel  J).  Burchard. 

6.  Alanson  M.  Kimball. 

7.  Jeremiah  M.  Rusk. 

8.  George  W.  Cate. 


TERRITORIAL.  DELEGATES. 

Arizona Hiram  S.  Stevens. 

Colorado Thomas  M.  Patterson. 

Dakota Jefferson  P.  Kidder. 

Idaho Thomas  W.  Bennett. 

Montana Martin  Maginnis. 

New  Mexico S.  B.  Elkins. 

Utah George  Q,.  Cannon. 

Washington Orange  Jacobs. 

Wyoming William  B.  Steele. 

RECAPITULATION. 

Democrats,  174;  Republicans,  107;  Independents,  10;  To  be  Elected,  1;  Total,  292;  Democratic  Plurality,  54. 


OFFICERS  OF  THE  HOUSE,  WITH  THE  SALARIES  ATTACHED. 


The  Speaker $8,000 

Clerk 4,90i 

Sergeant-at-Arms 4,320 

Chief  clerk 3,600 

Journal  clerk *3,600 

Doorkeeper 2,592 

Postmaster 2,592 

Assistant  journal  clerk 3,000 

Two  reading  clerks,  each 3,000 

Tally  clerk 3,000 

Four  assistant  clerks,  each 2,592 

One  assistant  clerk 2,520 

Six  assistant  clerks,  each 2,160 

Librarian  of  the  House 2,160 

Assist’t  Librarian  of  the  House..  2,160 
Supt.  document  room  of  House..  2,160 
Assistant  Superintendent  of  doc- 
ument room  of  House 2,160 

Superintendent  folding  room 2,160 

Doorkeeper  In  charge  of  hall 2^592 


Superintendent  document  room 

clerk’s  office $1,800 

Assistant  postmaster 2,088 

File  clerk  document  room 1,800 

Clerk  to  Speaker 2,102 

Private  secretary  to  Speaker 2,102 

Five  official  reporters,  each 5,000 

Two  stenographers  for  commit’e  4,290 

Chaplain 900 

Engineer  of  ventilator 1,800 

Three  assistant  engineers  of  ven- 
tilator, each 1,440 

Six  firpmen  of  ventilator,  each..  1,095 

Chief  Messenger  of  House 2,098 

Three  ass’t  messengers  of  House,  1,440 

Clerk  to  Sergeant-at-arms 2,000 

Paying  teller  toSergeant-at-ar’s,  1,800 
Messenger  to  Sergeant-at-arms  ..  2,500 

Seven  messengers  for  P.  O 1,500 

Seven  messengers  for  P.  0 1,440 


Five  messengers  for  D.  K $1,800 

Six  messengers  for  D.  K 1,440 

Twelve  messengers  (during  ses- 
sion) for  doorkeeper 1,440 

One  telegraph  operator 1,200 

Clerk  to  Appropriations  Court...  2,592 

Clerk  to  Ways  and  Means 2,592 

Clerk  to  Claims  Court 2,160 

Clerk  to  War  Claims  Court 2,160 

Clerk  to  Public  Lands  Court 2,160 

Messenger  to  Ways  and  Means. 
Messengers. to  Appropriations  . 

Fifteen  laborers,  each 

Seven  laborers  (during  the  ses- 
sion), each 720 

One  laborer 820 

One  laborer 920 

One  female  attendant,  ladies  re- 
tiring room 600 

*Only  when  filled  by  present  officer. 


1,314 

1,314 

720 


THE  STATE  GOVERNMENTS— 1876. 


Stales. 

Capitals. 

Governors. 

Salary 

| State  Elections. 

j Legislatures. 

Ain Hu  m n 

Montgomery  

George  S.  Houston 

$4,000 

Tu.  aft.  1 M.  Nov. 

! 3 M.  Nov. 

ilLUlOdllid 

Arkansas 

California 

Connecticut 

Delaware  

Augustus  H.  Garland.... 

5,000 

Tu.  aft.  1 M.  Nov. 

1 M.  Jan. 

Sacramento 

Trwin  - 

7.000 

2.000 
2,000 

1 Tu.  Sept 

1 INI.  Dec. 

Hartford 

Dover 

Charles  R.  Ingersoll  

John  P.  Cochran 

1 M.  April 

Tu.aft.  1 M.Nov. 

1 W.  May 

1 Tu.  Jan. 

Florida 

Tallahassee 

Marcellus  L.  Stearns 

5,000 

Tu.  aft.  1 M.  Nov. 

Th.  a.  1 M.  Jan. 

Georgia 

Atlanta 

James  M.  Smith 

4,000 

1 Tu.  Aug 

2 W.  Jan. 

Illinois 

Springfield 

John  L.  Beverage 

1,500 

Tu.  aft.  1 M.  Nov. 

1M.  Jan. 

Indiana 

Indianapolis  

pps  Moines 

Thomas  A.  Hendricks 

Samuel  J.  Kirkwood 

3.000 
2,500 

2.000 
5,000 

2Tu.  Oct 

1 W.  Jan. 

2 Tu.Oct 

2M.  Jan. 

Kansas 

Kentucky 

Thomas  A.  Osborn 

Tu.aft.  1 M.Nov. 

2Tu.Jan. 

Frankfort 

J.  B.  McCreary  

1 M.  Aug 

1 M.  Dec. 

Louisiana 

New  Orleans 

William  Pitt  Kellogg 

8,000 

Tu.  aft.  1 M.  Nov. 

1 M.  Jan. 

Maine  

Augusta 

Nelson  Dingly,  Jr 

2,500 

2 M.  Sept  

1 W.  Jan. 

Maryland  

Annapolis 

James  B.  Groome 

4,500 

Tu.aft.  1 M.  Nov. 

1 W.  Jan. 

Massachusetts .. 

Boston ' 

Alexander  II.  Rice 

5,000 

Tu.  aft.  1 M.  Nov. 

1W  . Jan. 

\I  i f.li  i o-  l n 

Lansing  , 

John  J.  Bagley 

1,500 

3,000 

Tu.  aft.  1 INI.  Nov. 

1 W.  Jan.  / 

lillCIl  11 | 

Minnesota 

St.  Paul 

J.  W.  Pillsbury 

Tu.aft.  1 M.Nov. 

Tu.a.  1 M.  Jan.  , 

\r  j i cci  nni 

J nek, son 

Adelbert  Ames 

3.000 

5.000 

Tu.  aft.  1M.  Nov. 

Tu.  a.  1 M.  Jan.  | 

InoloOljJJJI 

Missouri 

Jefferson  City 

Charles  H.  Hardin 

Tu.aft.  1 M.Nov. 

Last  M.  Dec.  ! 

"\T  o h »*g  olr  o 

Lincoln 

Silas  Garbar 

1,000 

6,000 

2 Tu.  Oct 

Th.a.IM.  Jan.  ! 

IT  t/IJl  ClolVtl 

Nevada  

Carson  City 

L.  R.  Bradley 

Tu.  aft.  1 M.  Nov. 

1 M.  Jan. 

New  Hampshire 

Concord 

Person  C.  Cheny 

1,000 

2 Tu.  March 

1 M.  June. 

New  Jersey 

Trenton 

Joseph  D.  Beadle 

3,000 

Tu.  aft.  1 M.Nov. 

2 Tu.  Jan. 

New  \ ovk 

Albany  .. 

Samuel  J.  Tilden 

4.000 

5.000 

Tu.  aft.  1 M.  Nov. 

1 Tu.  Jan. 

North  Carolina 

Raleigh 

Curtis  H.  Brogden 

1 Th.  Aug 

3 M.  Nov. 

Ohio 

Columbus 

Rutherford  B^  Hays 

4,000 

2 Tu.Oct 

1 INI.  Jan. 

Oregon 

Salem 

Lafayette  F.  Grover 

1,500 

1 M.  June 

2 M . Sept. 

Pennsylvania... 

Harrisburgh 

John  F.  Hartranft 

5,000 

2 Tu.Oct 

1 Tu.  Jan. 

Rhode  Island  ... 

Newport  & Prov- 
idence 

Henry  Lippitt 

1,000 

4.000 

3.000 

5.000 

1.000 
5,000 

1 W.  April 

May  and  Jan. 
4 M.  Nov. 

South  Carolina 
Tennessee 

Cn  | n m hi  o, 

Daniel  H Chamberlain 

3 W.  Oct 

' uiuiiioicv  

Nashville 

Austin  

Montpelier  

Richmond  

James  D.  Porter,  Jr 

1 M.  Aug 

1 M.  Oct. 

Tovui 

Richard  Coke 

1 M.  Aug 

1 M . N o v. 

JL  CAdo 

V or  m out 

Aswel  Peck 

1 Tu.  Sept 

2 Th.  Oct. 

V Cl  111  UIl  i 

V iro’inia 

James  L.  Kemper 

John  J Jacob 

Tu.  aft.  1 M.  Nov. 

1 M.  Dee. 

West  Virginia.. 
Wisconsin 

Wh  ppl  i n cr 

2,000 

1,250 

4Th.  Oct 

2 Tu.  Jan. 

yy  iiccu  

Madison 

Luddington 

Tu.  aft.  1 M.Nov. 

1 W. Jan. 

THE  TERRITORIAL  GOVERNMENTS— 1876. 


Territories. 


Alaska 

Arizona 

Colorado 

Dakota 

Idaho 

Indian 

Montana 

New  Mexico. 

Utah 

Washington 
Wyoming  .... 


Capitals. 

Governors. 

United  States  Judges. 

United  Stales  Marshals. 

Sitkci 

Not  organized 

* 

Tucson  

Denver 

Yankton 

Boise  City 

rP'i  1 pfi  nob 

A.  P.  K.  Safford 

Edwin  M.  McCook 

John  A.  Burbank 

T.  W.  Bennett 

Native  Chiefs 

John  Titus  

Moses  Hallett 

George  W.  French 

David  Nagle 

Isaac  Q.  Dickinson 

M.  A.  Sliaffenburg 

J.  H.  Burdick 

Joseph  Pinkham 

J.  cllv.y£ Urtll  

Deer  Lodge 

Santa  Fe 

Salt  Lake  City 

Olympia 

Cheyenne  

Benjamin  F.  Potts 

Marsh  Giddings 

S.  B.  Axtell 

Elisha  P.  Ferry 

John  M.  Thayer 

D.  L.  Wade 

Joseph  C.  Palin 

J.  B.  McKean 

Orange  Jacobs 

John  H.  Howe 

William  F.  Wheeler.. 

John  Pratt 

M.  T.  Patrick 

Edward  S.  Kearney 

Frank  Wolcott 

88 


IIE  WHO  THINKS  HE  KNOWS  THE  MOST  KNOWS  THE  LEAST 


GENERAL  ASSEMBLY  OF  OHIO 

IFOZR,  187o-”77. 

[Republicans  In  Roman,  Democrats  in  Italic,  and  Independents  in  smai,i<  caps.] 


SENATE. 


District . 


1 


Names. 

ffHenry  Kessler, 
j E.  P.  Ransom. 

•|  Joshua  H.  Rates. 
(fE.  P.  Kleinschmidt. 

2  P.  M.  Dechant. 

3  Abner  Hains,  Sr. 

4 *'H.  V.  Kerr. 

5  A.  Spangler. 

(; A.  L.  Brown. 

7  J.  T.  Monahan. 

8  T.  It.  Philson. 

1) *'li.  E.  Reese. 

10  * Win.  Miller. 

11  W.  C.  Warnock. 

12  M.  R.  Burress. 

13  *W.  W.  Beatty. 

H fR.  Stanton. 

15 *BHas  Ellis. 

1(5 J.  W.  Owens. 

2g  1 -J  John  Ault. 

18.... *77.  C.  Lewis. 

If) T.  B.  Williams. 


20 

2! 

22 .' 

2}.' i.-’r.’. 


•^Samuel  Knox. 

A.  R.  Hains. 

#J.  K.  Rulcenbrod. 
J.  It.  Johnston. 

S.  S.  Burrows. 

*JT.  P.  Curtiss. 

J.  C.  Sehenck. 
Marvin  Kent. 

*A.  M.  Burns. 


27) 

29  I 

30  *«7.  II.  Hudson. 

31  E.  T.  Stickney. 

o9  f *6r.  IP.  Andrews. 

** | 1 Vm . Sheridan , Jr. 

Brown, 
les  J.  Swan. 

Occupation. 


33 


( T.  P. 
t Chari 


Post  Office. 
Cincinnati. 
Cincinnati. 
Cincinnati. 
Cincinnati. 
Franklin. 
Eaton. 

Batavia. 

Osborn. 
Chillicothe. 
Jackson  C.  H. 
Itacine. 

Logan. 

Columbus. 

Urbana. 

Sidney. 
Huntsville. 
McCon  nelsville. 
High  Bridge. 
Newark. 

Marshallville. 

Canal  Dover. 
Summerfield. 
Cadiz. 

Oneida. 

Salem . 

Canfield. 
Geneva. 
Chagrin  Falls. 
Cleveland. 

Kent. 

Mansfield. 

Sandusky. 

Republic. 

Wapakoneta. 

Stryker. 

Toledo. 

Ottawa. 


Lawyers 12 

Farmers 7 

Farmer  and  Physician 1 

Physicians 6 

Editors  and  Publishers 3 

Manufacturer 1 

Merch’t  & Manufacturer  ..  1 


Retired  Merchant 1 

Commission  Merchant 1 

Insurance  Agent  ct  Real 

Estate  Dealer 1 

Merchant , 1 

Banker 1 

Occupation  not  given  1 


Republicans,  21 ; Democrats,  16. 

REPRESENTATIVES. 


Counties.  Names. 

Adams J IF.  Eylar. 

Allen M.  L.  Bakei\ 

Ashland  *Benj.  Meyei's. 

Ashtabula *W.  P.  Howland. 

Athens *C.  H.  Grosvenor. 

Auglaize *J.  H.  Mesloh. 

Rplrvirmt  -f  Win.  Bundy. 

Belmont j Eli  w Cleaver. 

Brown E.  P.  Flaugher. 

Butler { J.  E^Neal. 

Carroll *J  os.  Carn  ah  an . 

Champaign...  T.  A.  Cowgill. 

Clark John  F.  Ogle vee. 

Clermont *S.  A.  West. 

Clinton I.  W.  Quinby. 

Columbiana...  { ' cKvicfBoycef3''' 

Coshocton E.  L.  Lybarger. 

Crawford J.  G.  Meuser. 

O.  J.  Hodge. 

J.  Fell ren bach. 

Cuyahoga -[  M.  L.  Dempsey. 

| fT.  Breck. 

[ Harry  Sorter. 
Darke... S.  A.  Hostetler. 


Post  Office. 
West  Union. 
South  Warsaw. 
Ashland. 
JeffVirson. 
Athens. 

New  Bremen. 
Pugh. 

Mt.  Pleasant. 

Ripley. 

Middletown. 

Hamilton. 

Carrollton. 

Ivennard. 

Springfield. 

Milford. 

Wilmington. 

Columbiana. 

East  Liverpool. 

Spring  Mountai 

Galion. 

Cleveland. 

Cleveland. 

Cleveland. 

Brecksville. 

Mayfield. 

Ansonia. 


PaulTing’’””"  } Asa  Toberen‘  Defiance. 


Delaware  J.  A.  Carutliers. 

'Erie  James  Douglas. 

Fairfield Abraham  Seifert. 

Fayette Wm.Millikin. 

Frn  nkl  in  I L'  Converse. 
r lanklm \ John  C.  Groom. 

Fulton  John  Fenton. 

Gallia *E.  A.  Stone. 

Geauga fPeter  Hitchcock. 

Green *1.  M.  Barrett. 


Kilbourne. 

Ceylon. 

North  Bern. 
Washington  C.  H. 
Columbus. 
Columbus. 

Ai. 

Gallipolis. 

Burton. 

Spring  Valley. 


Hamilton 


Guernsey Thos.  S.  Luccock. 

L.  Burelthardt. 
Peter  F.  Stryker. 
Geo.  W.  Skaats. 
Gabriel  Dirr. 

R.  M.  White. 

W.  P.  Wiltsee. 

S.  W.  Bard. 

John  E.  Naylor. 
John  Zumstein. 
II.  P.  Goebel. 

Hancock Alex.  Phillips. 

John  Haley. 

A.  C.  Nixon. 


Hardin 

Harrison. 


Henry A.R.Shuble. 

Highland H.  C.  Dawson. 

Hocking * Wm.  M.  Bowen. 

Holmes *M.  A.  Hoaglund. 

Huron fE.  Bogardus. 

Jackson  fA.  B.  Monahan. 

Jefferson *R.  G.  Richards. 

Knox Abel  Heart. 

Lake *TL  G Tryon. 

Lawrence E.  Nye. 

Licking * IF.  D.  Smith. 

Logan Duncan  Dow. 

Lorain *.J.  H.  Fuxron. 

r nnna  f *R.  C.  Thompson. 

LjUcas X C.  Huberich. 

Madison J.  N.  Beach. 

Mahoning Joseph  Barclay. 

Marion J.  I).  Gather ey. 

Medina E.  S.  Perkins. 

Meigs Alban  Davies. 

Mercer G.  W.  Raudabaugh 

Miami f.J.  C.  Ullery. 

Monroe Jus.  Watson. 

C E.  Schultz. 

Montgomery..  T.  h\  Thresher. 

(.  Geo.  A.  Grove. 

Morgan Clias.  S.  Corey. 

Morrow *T.  E.  Duncan. 

Muskingum ...  [ 

Noble J.  M.  Dalzell. 

Ottowa *Lebbeus  Cole. 

Perry E.  R.  P.  Baker 

Pickaway C.  F.  Krimmel. 

Pike J.  W.  Washburn 

Portage ^Orville  Blake. 

Preble A.  J.  Hawley. 

Putnam ''Geo.  IF.  Light. 

Richland * Robt . Barnett. 

Ross John  C.  Entreken 

Sandusky' *Benj.  Inman. 

Scioto John  T.  Sellards. 

Seneca #J.  A.  Norton. 

Shelby Jas.  M.  Carson. 

f R.  G.  Williams. 

\ -'J.  Sherrick. 

Summit ,;:0.  P.  Nichols. 

Trumbull  -f  *T-  J-  McLain,  Jr. 

Iiumbull | D.  J.  Edwards. 

Tuscarawas Wm.  Johnson. 

Union F.  Garwood. 

Van  Wert Jos.  C.  Stump. 

Vinton A.  J.  Swain. 

Warren - T.  M.  Wales. 

Gilbert  Smith. 

Henry  Bold. 

Wayne ' Thos.  A.  McCoy. 

Williams Geo.  W.  Money. 

Wood E.  R.  Sage. 

Wyandot -'L.  A.  Brunner. 

Occupation. 


Stark 


Washington... 


Klmbolton. 

Cincinnati. 

Cincinnati. 

Cincinnati. 

Cincinnati. 

Cincinnati. 

Cincinnati. 

Cincinnati. 

Madeira. 

Grand  Valley. 

Cincinnati. 

Findlay. 

Kenton. 

Archer. 

Napoleon. 

Lynchburg. 

Logan. 

Mi  llers  port. 

Four  Corners. 
Jackson  C.  H. 
Jrondale. 

Mt.  Vernon. 
Willoughby. 
Ironton. 

Hebron. 
Bellefontaine. 
Elyi  1 1. 

Syl  vania. 

Toledo. 

West  Jefferson. 
Youngstown. 

La  Rue. 

Weymouth. 

Pomeroy. 

.Celinn . 

Covington;, 

Greysville. 

Miamisburg. 

Dayton. 

Miamisburg. 

McConnelsville. 

Cardington. 

Adamsville. 

Dresden. 

Caldwell. 

Genoa. 

Thornville. 

Circleville. 

Waverlyr. 

Mantua. 

New  Paris. 
Columbus  Grove. 
Lexington. 
Chillicothe. 

Mi  llers  vi  lie. 
Powellsville. 
Bettsville. 

Anna. 

Alliance. 

Canton. 

Twinsburg. 

Warren. 

Hubbard. 

Urichsville. 

Milford  Center. 

Van  Wert. 

McArthur. 

Harveysburg. 

Barlow. 

Marietta. 
Wooster.  \ 
West  Unity'. 
Prairie  Depot. 
Upper  Sandusky. 


Lawyers 2L 

Law'yer  and  Journalist 1 

Farmers  35 

Farmer  and  Lawyer 1* 

Farmer  and  Druggist 1 

Farmer  and  Mechanic 1 

Farmer  and  Grain  M’cht,  1 

Physicians  10 

Editors 2 

Editors  and  Publishers 2 

Merchants 9 

M’cht  and  Manufacturer...  1 

Bankers  2 

Bankers  & Manufacturers,  2 


Druggists 2 

Manufacturers 4 

Real  Estate  Agt.  & Auct.,  1 

Lumber  Merchant 1 

Accountant  1 

Coal  Merchant 1 

Civil  Engineer 1 

Civil  Eng.  and  Lawy'er 1 

Woolen  Manufacturer......  1 

Minister  and  Farmer 1 

Teacher  and  Farmer 1 

Dealer  in  Live  Stock 1 

Insurance  Agent 1 - 

Mechanic. 1 

Occupation  not  given 3 


Machinist 1 

^Member  of  the  Legislature  of  1874-75. 

-(-Members  of  some  former  Legislature. 
Republicans,  66  ; Democrats,  44  : Independent,!. 


IF  WISHES  WERE  BUTTER-CAKES,  BEGGARS  MIGHT  BITE 


89 


Election  Returns  for  1875. 


OHIO. 

Official  vote  for  Governor  at  the 
election  held.  October  J2th,  1875: 


, 1873 


-1875— 


Counties. 


Ashland 

Ashtabula. 

Athens 

Auglaize .. 
Belmont 

Brown 

Butler 

Carroll 

Champ’gn 

Clarke 

Clermont.. . 

Clinton 

Columb’na 
Coshocton.. 
Crawford.... 
Cuya  hoga .. 

Darke 

Defiance.... 
Delaware  .. 

Erie  

Fairfield  ... 

Fayette 

Franklin... 

Fulton 

Gallia 

Geauga 

Greene 

Guernsey  .. 
Hamilton.. 
Hancock.... 

Hardin 

Harrison ... 

Henry  

Highland .. 
Hocking  ... 


J acltson 

Jefferson  ... 

Knox 

Bake  

Lawrence.. 


Lucas  

Madison  . 
Malionim 


Moutg'ery. 

Morgan 

Morrow 

Musk ’gum 


Paulding.... 

Perry 

Pickaway.. 


Richland  .. 

Ross 

Sandusky.. 
Scioto 


Summit 

Trumbull .. 
Tuscar’was 

Union 

Van  Wert.. 


Wash’gton 


hi 

rOP 

If 

yi 

i 2 

1961 

1558 

2239 

1853 

2286 

1755 

2920 

2151 

2253 

1670 

2800 

2250 

943 

2944 

1962 

6092 

1455 

2576 

2410 

3192 

1906 

553 

2851 

UOi 

3394 

3614 

4588 

4514 

2756 

1780 

3677 

2358 

4178 

2377 

5200 

2945 

1185 

1547 

1453 

1870 

167  L 

2441 

2620 

3102 

1700 

2805 

3392 

4389 

3475 

3003 

4036 

3480 

1342 

2283 

1938 

3154 

2188 

3091 

3974 

4040 

2502 

1847 

2913 

2321 

2897 

1292 

3834 

2064 

5644 

8245 

10974 

17388 

3128 

2108 

4233 

2929 

1711 

74.9 

2483 

1218 

1937 

2095 

2708 

2935 

1588 

1998 

2657 

2391 

3551 

2031 

4183 

2630 

1415 

1889 

1871 

2250 

6453 

4156 

7952 

6842 

790 

1417 

1312 

2303 

1465 

2229 

2388 

2908 

436 

1662 

736 

2666 

1496 

2925 

22u8 

4141 

1799 

2156 

2431 

2834 

16784 

16021 

23621 

24916 

2259 

1794 

2333 

2559 

1850 

• i939 

2608 

2527 

1617 

1998 

2039 

2324 

1432 

900 

2005 

1323 

2791 

2868 

3215 

3160 

1565 

867 

2082 

1394 

2416 

910 

2838 

1059 

1829 

2633 

2687 

3873 

1638 

19.5 

2207 

2497 

1924 

3013 

28i6 

3721 

2762 

2108 

3182 

2885 

639 

1956  • 

1.20 

2678 

1912 

2735 

3099 

3736 

4155 

2749 

5142 

3617 

1426 

1842 

21o2 

2396 

1360 

3505 

2097 

4767 

3351 

4201 

4481 

5865 

1627 

1631 

2028 

2138 

3003 

3460 

3948 

3788 

1901 

1240 

4300 

1534 

1501 

2027 

4990 

2859 

1169 

2514 

2843 

3433 

1854 

727 

2560 

1000 

2256 

2910 

3239 

4006. 

2340 

734 

3129 

1016 

6309 

5947 

8014 

7202 

1470 

1668 

2004 

2204 

1579 

1667 

2006 

2136 

4274 

4048 

5218 

4888 

1637 

1641 

2037 

2104 

1451 

772 

1781 

1062 

890 

997 

1109 

1144  : 

2089 

1600 

2798 

1853  : 

2578 

1783 

3144 

2397  : 

1563 

1161 

1940 

1330  : 

2056 

2285 

2859 

3402  ; 

1818 

2154 

2388 

2611. 

2167 

975 

1746 

1304- 

3192 

2580 

4060 

3285 

3601 

3144 

4216 

3Q00 

2740 

2025 

3353 

2609 

2183 

2389 

3020 

8279 

3 182 

2290 

4015 

3321 

2022 

1373 

2701 

1757 

4888 

4868 

9340 

6085  . 

2014 

2457 

3523 

4623  . 

1927 

3698 

3301 

5653  . 

3548 

2600 

4048 

8259  ( 

1364 

1856 

1952 

2596  < 

1750 

1730 

2233 

2108  ( 

1460 

1215 

19u6 

1497  ( 

1605 

3205 

3301 

5653  ( 

3004 

3124 

4230 

4144  ( 

3653 

3434 

4301 

3847  ] 

Williams....  1697 

Wood 1894 

Wyandot....  2039 


1856 

2078 

1364 


2262 

2808 

2305 


2399 

3531 

1737 


Totals 214643  213837  293264  298813 

Majorities:  Allen’s, 806;  Hayes, 5549. 
In  1874,  Bell,  Secretary  of  State, 
Democrat,  was  elected  by  a majority 
of  17202. 


Cincinnati  and  Hamilton  Co,,  0. 

Official  figures  of  the  election  for 
Governor  in  October,  1875,  compared 
with  the  municipal  election  in  Anril. 


1875. 


municipal  election  in  April, 
MAYOK.  GOVERN’R. 


Wards  and 
Precincts. 


1-first  precinct... 
1-sec’d  precinct.. 
1-third  precinct.. 

1- fourth  precinct 

2- rtrst  precinct... 

2- sec ’d  precinct.. 

3- first  precinct... 

3- see.  \i  precinct.. 

4- tirst  precinct... 

4- sec’d  precinct.. 

5- first  precinct... 

5- sec’d  precinct.. 

6- first  precjnct ... 

6- sec’d  precinct.. 

7- first  precinct .. 

7- sec ’d  precinct.. 

8- first  precinct... 

8- sec ’d  precinct.. 

9- first  precinct... 
9-sec’d  precinct.. 

10- first  precinct... 

10- sec ’d  precinct.. 

11- first  precinct... 

1 1- sec’d  precinct.. 

12- first  precinct... 

12- sec’d  precinct.. 

13- first  precinct... 

13- sec’d  precinct.. 

14- first  precinct... 

1 4- sec ’d  precinct.. 

15- first  precinct... 

15- sec ’d  precinct.. 

16- first  precinct .. 

16- sec’d  precinct.. 

17- first  precinct... 

17- sec ’d  precinct . 

18- first  precinct... 

18- sec’d  precinct.. 

19- first  precinct... 

19- sec’d  precinct.. 

20- first  precinct... 

20- sec ;d  precinct.. 

21- first  precinct... 

21- sec ’d  precinct.. 

22- first  precinct... 

22- sec ’d  precinct.. 

23- first  precinct... 
23-sec ’d  precinct.. 


g 

~ ' 

§ » 

• o 
B 

obinson, 

Rep. 

Allen, 

Dem. 

Hi 

S 0) 

jO 

200 

190 

184 

243 

470 

381 

420 

465 

144 

208 

141 

237 

177 

72 

153 

121 

402 

562 

422 

697  1 

140 

174 

120 

276 

482 

467 

426 

706 

435 

62 

716 

112 

887 

200 

954 

227 

401 

310 

371 

378  j 

284 

216 

213 

229  ! 

629 

201 

585 

278 

644 

420 

654 

452 

343 

197 

316 

289 

397 

176 

295 

289 

518 

421 

345 

606 

643 

132 

639 

193 

483 

237 

478 

330 

202 

269 

222 

305 

537 

492 

471 

683 

515 

506 

286 

796 

321 

291 

227 

406 

589 

431 

380 

693 

208 

238 

131 

374 

317 

178 

199 

344 

445 

243 

269 

424 

4., 9 

138 

382 

248 

559 

359 

370 

612 

279 

234 

218 

291 

486 

371 

390 

525 

407 

369 

325 

495 

289  ’ 

331 

263 

375 

436 

330 

402 

434 

479 

205 

431 

323  ! 

167 

203 

190 

298 

Delhi,  W 

64 

77 

68 

Green,  N.  E 

82 

51 

216 

Green,  S.  W 

224 

226 

74 

Harrison  

224 

180 

244 

Miami  

175 

163 

207 

Millcreek,  Avon.. 

105 

125 

133 

Millcreek,  Clif 

59 

50 

24 

Millcreek,  W.  P... 

17 

23 

49 

Millcreek,  Col.  H. 

47 

93 

25 

Millcreek,  St.  B... 

147 

32 

128 

Millcreek.  N.  E... 

122 

68 

168 

Millcreek,  W.  PI. 

16 

82 

66 

Riverside 

76 

69 

90 

Springfield,  N.  E 

178 

175 

141 

Springfield,  S.  E.. 

123 

258 

185 

Springfield,  W 

232 

111 

207 

Sycamore,  E 

82 

178 

178 

Sycamore,  Read. 

327 

88 

150 

Sycamore,  Shar.... 

96 

85 

388 

Symm.es,  N 

66 

88 

100 

Symmes,  C.  D 

45 

44 

53 

Spencer  

51 

48 

79 

Whitewater  

115 

97 

159 

106 

279 

76 

188 

179 

152 

111 

75 

27 

219 

60 

117 
111 
349 
213 
155 

118 
115 
201 
107 

67 

84 

115 


Totals  3855  3177  4615  4279 


Democratic  majority,  678. 
Democratic  majority, 


336 


CALIFORNIA. 

Official  vote  cast  for  Governor  at 
the  election  in  September,  1875 : 


Counties. 


Alpine .. 
Amador. 


Calaveras 


Contra  Costa. 


Fresno 

Humboldt 

Inyo 


Lassen 

Los  Angeles 

Marin 


498 

384 

4,55 

358 

686 

463 

326 

406 

626 

290 

556 

408 

343 

352 

298 

466 


668 

393 

520 

185 

353 

461 

179 

89 

332 

310 

365 

266 

529 

224 

185 

340 


462 

424 

410 

375 

694 

4>9 

361 

399 

561 

282 

450 

352 

332 

260 

252 

375 


806 

456 


216 

361 

589 

173 

126 

466 


r:  i Nevada. 


San  Benito 

San  Bernardino 


San  Francisco. 


4T 

; sail  Joaquin 

712  | San  Luis  Obispo.... 


321 

511 


Santa  Clara.. 
Santa  Cruz.. 


Colerain,  S.  W. 
Columbia,  C ... 


Columbia,  W. 


. 159 

41 

215 

57 

. 119 

42 

142 

103 

. 97 

64 

150 

53 

. 224 

113 

235 

148 

. 101 

90 

115 

118 

. 202 

157 

87 

128 

41 

299 

203 

. 86 

102 

46 

70 

. 102 

79 

113 

79 

. 51 

79 

81 

96 

Sierra . 


Totals 21595  15198  19006  20637  j Shasta 

Johnston’s  majority,  6397. 

Hayes’  majority,  1631. 

Vote  on  County  Infirmary. 

Townships. 

Anderson,  N.. 

Anderson,  S... 

Anderson.C... 


Sonoma 

Stanislaus.. 


Tehama 

Trinity 


Yolo . 


W 

dwell, 

Jnd. 

rwin, 

Dem. 

|| 

u 

. 895 

2483 

1956 

87 

80 

51 

. 393 

1150 

638 

. 1146 

1375 

318 

. 402 

903 

522 

. 518 

1275 

68 

. 396 

699 

765 

..  136 

236 

48 

. 556 

1238 

740 

. 197 

&51 

49 

. 272 

714 

951 

. 248 

359 

179 

376 

694 

138 

. 211 

663 

82 

. 200 

199 

134 

. 1543 

2898 

667 

. 298 

471 

310 

412 

484 

58 

481 

1071 

204 

. 397 

585 

172 

284 

366 

7 

133 

80 

37 

441 

886 

736 

248 

989 

629 

990 

1664 

1067 

606 

881 

1065 

425 

550 

230 

16l9 

2361 

1483 

99 

643 

285 

427 

729 

204 

252 

755 

593 

6080 

14199 

5179 

449 

1440 

1805 

596 

756 

199 

141 

623 

828 

541 

798 

409 

733 

2634 

1695 

578 

645 

m 

296 

614  • 

288 

519 

470 

348 

154 

886 

490 

532 

1480 

1391 

737 

2106 

736 

137 

788 

382 

490 

555 

184 

136 

599 

404 

75 

400 

334 

434 

846 

285 

322 

931 

501 

413 

414 

120 

889 

1169 

136 

652 

865 

577 

29333 

61009 

31849 

Irwin’s  majority,  29160. 


90 


SEEK  TILL  YOU  FIND  AND  YOU’LL  NOT  LOSE  YOUR  LABOR 


IOWA. 

Official  vote  for  Governor  at  the 
election  held  October  12th,  1875: 

SKC’Y  STA' 

, 1874— 


GOVERNOR. 

, 1875- 


Hd 

§ 

Counties. 

bg 

•§  IS 

’c  P 

era 

III 

Adair 

917 

433 

Adams 

528 

398 

Alamakee . 

1229 

1400 

Appanoose 

1289 

1139 

Audubon.... 

180 

218 

Benton 

2012 

1298 

Black  H’k- 

1778 

1257 

Boone  

1341 

877 

Bremer 

1078 

331 

Buchanan. 

1380 

1101 

B’na  Vista- 

503 

72 

Butler 

1082 

339 

Calhoun 

267 

81 

Carroll  

485 

422 

Cass 

1027 

556 

Cedar 

1720 

1031 

Cero  Gordo 

960 

154 

Cherokee... 

545 

237 

Chickasaw 

925 

580 

Clarke 

703 

541 

Clay 

449 

33 

Clayton 

1371 

1953 

Clinton 

2191 

2023 

Crawford... 

579 

422 

Dallas 

1420 

970 

Davis 

1207 

1178 

Decatur 

964 

829 

Delaware— 

1428 

973 

Des  Moines 

1915 

1077 

Dickinson. . 

193 

81 

Dubuque  ... 

1920 

3258 

Emmet 

194 

32 

Fayette 

2221 

1252 

Floyd 

1331 

. 283 

Franklin  ... 

749 

233 

Fremont  ... 

862 

1204 

Greene 

087 

298 

Grundy  

507 

229 

Guthrie  

882 

567 

Hamilton .. 

094 

457 

Hancock  ... 

231 

48 

Hardin 

1413 

899 

Harrison  ... 

940 

863 

Henry 

1532 

1424 

Howard 

078 

350 

Humboldt. 

322 

106 

Ida 

93 

33 

Iowa 

1105 

1022 

Jackson 

lo07 

1840 

Jasper 

2143 

1221 

Jefferson  .... 

1301 

1062 

Johnson 

1708 

1917 

J ones 

2093 

1610 

Keokuk 

1418 

1337 

Kossuth 

429 

111 

Lee  

2027 

2637 

Linn 

2744 

1598 

Louisa 

1251 

503 

Lucas 

832 

657 

Lyon  

259 

13 

Madison 

1522 

1252 

Maliasna  — 

1974 

1394 

Marion 

1761 

1063 

Marshall .... 

1963 

227 

Mills 

851 

600 

Mitchell 

887 

357 

Monona 

469 

517 

Monroe 

885 

570 

Montg’ery- 

1029 

487 

Muscatine- 

1597 

1301 

O’Brien 

273 

83 

Osceola 

218 

3 

Page 

1139 

764 

Palo  Alto  .. 

229 

255 

Plymouth - 

578 

158 

Pocah  ’litas 

300 

84 

Polk 

3059 

1933 

Pottawat’e. 

1634 

1435 

Poweshiek 

1299 

848 

Ringgold... 

Sac  

Scott 

Shelby 

Sioux 

Story 

Tama 

Taylor 

Union  

Van  Buren 
W apello 


510 

396 

1591 

496 

265 

1408 

1637 

742 

718 

1370 

1608 


391 

135 

2548 

306 

57 

709 

940 

582 

569 

1126 

1370 


877 

1129 

1833 

1429 

317 

903 

2103 
1726 
1493 
1521 

071 

1375 

372 

032 

1212 

1625 

820 

336 

105;! 

1073 

704 

1839 

2300 

753 

1899 

1485 

1219 
1088 

2104 
281 

2124 

246 

2213 

1342 

923 

1220 
810 
602 

1096 

805 

204 

1088 

13oO 

1993 

882 

388 

177 

1602 

1597 
2078 

1598 
2287 
2000 
1532 

582 

2309 

3019 

1997 

1058 

300 

1779 

2368 

2020 

1736 

1093 

1251 

560 

1064 

1445 

1843 

478 

338 

1290 

324 

866 

332 

3122 

1767 

1489 

773 

515 

1499 

549 

472 

1346 

1460 

1082 

900 

1534 

2024 


Warren 

Wash’gton 

Wayne 

Webster.... 

Winn’bago 


. 1609 

1101 

1848 

1297 

1704 

1358 

1044 

1197 

. 1190 

1203 

1102 

1085 

. 883 

919 

950 

904 

) 281 

51 

383 

62 

i 1522 

1076 

1883 

1354 

. 750 

586 

1099 

719 

314 

12 

523 

93 

. 471 

77 

493 

140 

.105370 

79038 

125058 

93359 

355 

35S 

2157 

1370 

275 

978 

1294 
1101 

087 

1359 

115 

024 

150 

590 

705 

1238 

220 

201 

822 

703 

18 

2171 

2479 

552 

847 

1584 

1001 

1034 

2180 

22 

4047 

31 

1344 

525 

214 

1000 

434 

160 

049 

309 

783 

1295 
1309 

477 

122 

30 

1327 

2200 

1160 

1331 

2141 

1400 

1466 

71 

3127 

2157 

1151 

940 

1412 

1742 

2048 

542 

933 

399 

363 

847 

596 

1757 

22 

9 

609 

300 

215 

130 

2174 

1757 

780 

402 

185 

2519 

406 

90 

603 

978 

609 

760 

1390 

2002 


Kirkwood’s  majority,  31725. 


KENTUCKY. 

Official  vote  for  Governor  at  the 
August  election,  1875: 
cl’k  ct.  ap. 

. 1874 , 


Counties. 


bg 

«i  p 

S <T> 
r m 


688 

801 

718 

1503 


Adair 

Allen 

Anderson .. 

Ballard 

Barren 1579 

Bath 1127 

Boone 1429 

Bourbon  ...  1810 

Boyd 1014 

Boyle 1131 

Bracken 1752 

Breathitt...  528 

Brecken’ge  1127 

Bullitt 

Butler 

Caldwell  ... 
Calloway... 
Campbell .. 

Carroll 

Carter 

Casey. 


398 
375 
928 
1205 
045 
900 
095 
387 

Christian...  2038 


Clark 

Glay 

Clinton 

Crittenden. 
Cumbered . 

Daviess 

Edmonson 


1327 

345 

117 

029 

273 

2807 

288 


Elliott 273 


Estill 

Fayette 

Fleming  ... 

Floyd 

Franklin... 

Fulton  

Gallatin 

Garrard 

Grant 

Graves 

Grayson 

Green 

Greenup  ... 
Hancock... 

Hardin 

Harlan 194 

Harrison ...  1452 

Hart 971 

Henderson  1764 
Henry 


930 

3121 

1380 

715 

1358 

895 

302 

1019 

935 

1933 

645 

901 

807 

774 

1578 


1505 


Hickman  ..  1113 


1556 

129 

8921 

1114 

317 


Hopkins  ... 

Jackson 

Jefferson ... 
Jessamine. 
Johnson  ... 

Kenton 3123 

Knox 520 

Larue 325 

Laurel 268 

Lawrence- 

Lee  

j Letcher 

Lewis 

! Lincoln 1278 

I Livingston  033 

j Logan 1860 

! Lyon 485 

j Madison 2140 

j Magoffin  ...  351 

I Marion U43 

Marshall  ...  916 

Martin 99 


828 

247 

175 

1019 


tel 

^2 


402 

300 

235 

96 

408 
773 

89 

797 

500 

379 

57 

107 

942 

100 

281 

127 

73 
559 
127 
320 
170 

2243 

1037 

201 

109 

302 

74 
398 
238 
105 
819 

1J197 

1208 

162 

511 

28 

120 

1088 

78 

442 

194 

710 

754 

155 

486 

203 

518 

606 

244 

632 

232 

323 

148 

6822 

30 

351 

548 

173 

300 

409 
159 

85 

1098 

878 

146 

455 

364 

1939 

357 

721 

112 

134 


bo 


956 

077 

988 

1431 

1710 

1193 

1128 

1073 

1040 

1209 

1327 

514 

1127 

055 

541 

1018 

1247 

1452 

1173 

737 

018 

2153 

1087 

544 

307 

825 

475 

2338 

352 

553 

925 

2173 


Mason 

McCrack’n 
McLean 


Menifee..... 


Metcalfe..  .. 

Monroe 

Montg’m’y 


Mulilenb’g 

Nelson 

Nicholas  ... 

Ohio 

Oldham 


•aS* 


919 
014 
500 
205 
1038 
861 
141 
1524 
899 
1135 
328 
286 
915 
260 
057 
040 
140 
985 
233 
835 
554 
2360  | 
9z6 
882 
08l 
714 
010 
909 
322 
101 
866  | 
30l6 


Pendleton. 

Perry 

Pike 

Powell 

Pulaski 

Robertson. 
Rockcastle 
Rowan 


Simpson. 

Spencer.. 

Taylor 

Todd 


1801 

1352 

2108 

1343 

1174 

116 

1312 

818 

528 

92 

803 

398 

094 

149 

989 

205 

243 

55 

324 

87 

1322 

569 

1414 

1075 

470 

217 

072 

071 

415 

265 

529 

727 

900 

714 

948 

784 

674 

243 

788 

355 

790 

348 

999 

941 

1113 

730 

1402 

945 

1083 

083 

1305 

822 

900 

593 

1131 

1013 

989 

239 

894 

389 

1843 

179 

1771 

455 

233 

105 

191 

518 

1297 

319 

1208 

583 

117 

200 

151 

490 

607 

221 

439 

315 

294 

223 

290 

228 

903 

1224 

1222 

1055 

003 

61 

075 

205 

s 301 

497 

714 

092 

221 

270 

204 

354 

549 

318 

432 

437 

. 1251 

114 

1204 

1153 

. 1512 

1087 

1739 

1236 

098 

172 

S51 

530 

587 

301 

001 

277 

424 

105 

093 

415 

777 

337 

1225 

1003 

. 1251 

052 

1208 

739 

. 1075 

5 

581 

47 

1006 

557 

1901 

403 

2222 

1003 

l 879 

601 

1021 

931 

707 

612 

! 573 

00 

1122 

444 

143- 

477 

290 

942 

280 

130 

371 

220 

1138 

30 

1120 

1010 

114348 

53504 

120976 

90795 

Trimble 

Union 

Warren  ..  . 
Washing’n 

Wayne 

Webster  ... 
Whitley..  . 

Wolfe 

Woodford. 


Totals. . 

Majority  for  McCreary,  30181. 


WISCONSIN. 

Official  vote  cast  for  Governor  at 
the  election  held  November  2d,  1875: 


Counties. 


tog. 

r o 


b§ 
*§  * 


1421 

1074  ! 

Adams 

705 

362 

642 

125 

875 

308  j 

Ashland  ... 

77 

98 

61 

205 

1705 

1194 

Barron 

501 

200 

356 

169 

725 

57 

Bayfield 

75 

35 

102 

12 

569 

278  | 

Brown  

1710 

2385 

1290 

2030 

972 

1091 

Buffalo 

696 

841 

039 

1105 

771 

460 

Burnett  ... 

312 

10 

247 

J2 

2087 

740 

Calumet  ... 

449 

1137 

508 

1357 

938 

070 

Chippewa- 

714 

1030 

585 

870 

916 

718 

Clark 

717 

525 

302 

429 

801 

701  1 

Columbia .. 

2413 

1618 

2001 

1509 

821 

291  | 

Crawford... 

847 

1100 

681 

1112 

1020 

1L0  | 

Dane 

4457 

4823 

3700 

4295 

145 

495 

Dodge 

2503 

4685 

1868 

4562 

1354 

878 

Door 

453 

366 

538 

212 

1389 

1069 

Douglas 

34 

77 

19 

70 

2078 

1318 

Dunn 

1159 

867 

687 

622 

1270 

773 

Eau  Claire 

1641 

1076 

810 

1122 

909 

203 

F’d  du  Lac 

3392 

3973 

2932 

3926 

1706 

1054 

Gi'ant 

3182 

2318 

2405 

2103 

195 

538 

Green 

1960 

1595 

1402 

1300 

11804 

7991 

Green  L’ke 

1127 

795 

896 

602 

1149 

1109 

Iowa 

1593 

1605 

1334 

1549 

397 

501 

Jackson 

992 

491 

489  - 

515 

2468 

1181 

i Jefferson... 

2300 

2938 

1630 

2950 

537 

875 

Juneau 

1306 

968 

1110 

909 

036 

409 

j Kenosha ... 

1086 

1131 

802 

942 

438 

035 

Kewaunee 

226 

991 

181 

807 

900 

045 

La  Cross 

1872 

1739 

2147 

1458 

338 

380 

La  Fayette 

1673 

1642 

1294 

1430 

222 

317 

Lincoln  

48 

68 

New 

»ty. 

908 

1110 

Manitow’e 

1406 

2620 

831 

2715 

1418 

1195 

Marailion- 

365 

977 

327 

779 

881 

174 

Marquette 

463 

710 

345 

739 

1673 

1182 

! Milw’kee... 

6042 

7415 

2837 

10435 

564 

482 

Monroe 

1557 

1235 

1267 

1134 

2348 

2034 

j Oconto  

873 

1092 

710 

790 

429 

427 

i Outagamie 

1198 

2517 

1031 

2092 

li07 

879 

Ozaukee 

460 

1652 

235 

1849 

949 

200 

Pepin  

452 

270 

431 

303 

53 

129 

1 Pierce  

1005 

791 

687 

741 

IT  WILL  BE  FAIR  WEATHER  WHEN  THE  SHREWS  HAVE  DINED. 


91 


Polk 

817 

290 

524 

223 

Portage 

1265 

818 

1044 

549 

Racine 

1955 

2031 

1888 

2138 

Richland... 

1522 

1132 

1148 

1066 

Rock 

3734 

1718 

3347 

1279 

St.  Croix  ... 

1185 

1582 

1023 

1151 

Sauk 

2242 

1310 

1550 

1115 

Shawano... 

27i 

448 

188 

415 

Sheboygan 

1728 

2215 

1449 

2480 

Taylor 

90 

93  New  countv. 

Tre’peale'u 

1077 

520 

923 

339 

Vernon  

1784 

696 

1706 

547 

Walworth 

2825 

1272 

2482 

1075 

Washing’n 

723 

2305 

463 

2334 

Waukesha 

2533 

2461 

2086 

2641 

Waupaca .. 

1869 

1191 

1512 

902 

Waushara 

1379 

313 

1270 

413 

Win  neb ’go 

2634 

2591 

2858 

2591 

Wood 

419 

473 

227 

328 

Totals 

85155 

84314 

66224 

81399 

Ludington’s  majority  841. 


NEW  YORK. 

Official  vote  for  Secretary  of  State 
at  the  election  held  November  2nd, 
1875: 

1875- 

Ui 


Counties. 


-1874- 


Legislature. 


Senate.  Assem- 

Joint 

bly. 

Ballot 

Republicans 

. 20  71 

91 

Democrats 

. 12  57 

69 

Rep.  majority. 

. 8 14 

22 

MINNESOTA. 

Official  vote  for  Governor  at  the 
election  held  November  2d,  1875  : 

GOVERNOR.  CHIEF  JUS. 

1875 , , 1874 , 


Counties. 


' a 

Albany 

. 14080 

Allegany... 

4807 

Broome 

4799 

Cattar’gus.. 

5138 

Cayuga 

6454 

Chaut’qua. 

6138 

Chemung .. 

3187 

Chenango.. 

4474 

Clinton 

4172 

Columbia.. 

4625 

Cortland  ... 

3000 

Delaware  .. 

4573 

Dutchess ... 

7295 

Erie  

17748 

Essex  

3386 

Franklin... 

2883 

Fulton  and 

Hamilton.. 

3645 

Genesee 

3166 

Greene 

2596 

Herkimer . 

4659 

Jefferson ... 

6716 

Kings  

31977 

Lewis 

2710 

Livingston 

4122 

Madison  ... 

5130 

Monroe 

11175 

M’tgomery 

3567 

New-VTork. 

49614 

Niagara 

4296 

Oneida 

10697 

Onaudaga.. 

11216 

Ontario 

4574 

Orange 

6829 

Orleans  

2874 

Oswego 

7095 

Otsego 

5578 

Putnam 

1748 

Queens 

4717 

Rensselaer 

9842 

Richmond 

2514 

Rockland.. 

1625 

6033 

2581 

2730 

2090 


Saratoga  ... 
Sc’nectady 
Schoharie. 

Schuyler ...  

Seneca 2379 

Steuben 6024 

St.  Lavvr’ce  8940 

Suffolk 3743 

Sullivan  ...  2292 

Tioga 3649 

Tompkins.  3704 

Ulster 5550 

Warren 2399 

W ash’gton  5559 

Wayne 5214 

Wes’hester  7154 
Wyoming..  3136 
Yates 2313 


Totals 375381  390193  366074  416391 

Seward’s  majority,  14812. 
Temperance  vote  in  1875 


to 

bf 

fey 

b — 

Ho 

■pH 

rs  2 

* ? 

14652 

13234 

15466 

2668 

5187 

3268 

4321 

4881 

4296 

4342 

5255 

4517 

5132 

5977 

5018 

4426 

7827 

5355 

4009 

3453 

4226 

3851 

4896 

4242 

3782 

5065 

3094 

4781 

4434 

5780 

2356 

2927 

2268 

4244 

4609 

4592 

6909 

5354 

8767 

14705 

15146 

15686 

2584 

3395 

3191 

2233 

2786 

2029 

3171 

3769 

3346 

2683 

3088 

2672 

3434 

3043 

3998 

4187 

4728 

4377 

6004 

6838 

5666 

39756 

26811 

39808 

3052 

2764 

3218 

3458 

4347 

3753 

3928 

5450 

3938 

8885 

9701 

10094 

3802 

3773 

4139 

79274 

44908 

87436 

4590 

4625 

4579 

10691 

11488 

11137 

8331 

11610 

9380 

4599 

4536 

4449 

7389 

7319 

7878 

2060 

3147 

2567 

5930 

7580 

6440 

6005 

5330 

6083 

1225 

1478 

1706 

6314 

4961 

6257 

9856 

9881 

10702 

3037 

2150 

3021 

2329 

1817 

2632 

4731 

6264 

4593 

2436 

2263 

2648 

4276 

2712 

4545 

1711 

2110 

2260 

2883 

2569 

3202 

6920 

7072 

7688 

3902 

9106 

3866 

4313 

3601 

3529 

3526 

2294 

3681 

3267 

3502 

3237 

3531 

3370 

3340 

7970 

5884 

8303 

2002 

2334 

2400 

3561 

5410 

4346 

4137 

5103 

4017 

8173 

7145 

9166 

2017 

3434 

2416 

1852 

2334 

1721 

Aitken 18 

Anoka 475 

Becker 490 

Benton 159 

Big  Stone ..  29 

Blue  Earth  1562 

Brown  795 

Carlton 155 

Carver 696 

Cass 36 

Chippewa..  349 
Chisago  .... 

Clay 

Cotton  w’d, 

Crow  W ’ng 

Dakota 

Dodge 

Douglas .... 
Faribault.. 
Freeborn... 
Fillmore  .., 

Goodhue  ...  

Grant  199 

Hennepin . 4737 

Houston 864 

Isanti 

Jackson 

Kanabec ... 
Kandiyohi 

Lake 

Lac  q.  Parle 
Le  Sueur ... 

Lincoln 

Lyon 

Ale  Leod  ... 

Martin 

Meeker 

Milie  Lacs.. 
Morrison ... 

Mower 

Murray  

Nicollet .... 


898 

179 

255 

148 

904 

7o6 

478 

1178 

1750 

1522 

1727 


429 

563 

68 

819 

21 

105 

766 

3i 

188 

694 

386 

770 

177 

154 

1063 

126 

1020 


9882 


> V/IO  in  

Temperance  vote  in  1874 11768 


1455 

917 

50 

126 

155 

293 

2666 

415 

589 

1640 

167 

637 


Nobles 242 

Ol instead  .. 

Otter  Tail .. 
Pembina... 

Pine 

Polk 

Pope 

Ramsey 

Redwood... 
Renville ... 

Rice 

Rock 

St.  Louis ... 

Scott 377 

Sherburne.  355 

Sibley 510 

Stearns 677 

Steele 847 

Stevens 91 

Swift 253 

Todd 375 

Wabasha...  1349 

Wadena 44 

Waseca 547 

Washing’n  1109 
Watonwan  4Si 

Wilkin 89 

Winona 1722 

Wright 1130 

Yellow  Med  184 

Totals 47191 


bg 


2 e 


r\*  ~ 

ct 


3 

3 

39 

271 

376 

533 

47 

212 

148 

226 

574 

29 

1389 

1886 

1623 

578 

674 

835 

57 

31 

126 

1092 

1306 

582 

16 

35 

54 

36 

69 

203 

173 

118 

709 

87 

4 

441 

59 

120 

403 

115 

91 

155 

1917 

1922 

1262 

283 

507 

856 

46 

63 

1096 

465 

1363 

1436 

324 

348 

1724 

819 

1047 

2123 

723 

867 

2Z46 

21 

186 

1605 

3346 

4070 

1257 

1415 

1572 

48 

96 

441 

52 

78 

474 

40 

18 

77 

185 

63 

587 

24 

2 

276 

1580 

1816 

671 

4 

10 

61 

50 

9 

405 

607 

803 

639 

130 

191 

368 

665 

878 

729 

73 

111 

183 

293 

24i 

194 

440 

948 

12.5 

10 

35 

103 

623 

795 

964 

77 

93 

355 

1381 

1637 

1634 

328 

495 

1020 

56 

16 

284 

1 

211 

12 

38 

622 

3464 

3398 

2187 

94 

164 

259 

314 

307 

757 

1543 

1368 

1436 

3 

29 

355 

134 

136 

813 

1276 

3387 

409 

182 

242 

318 

788 

1000 

514 

1885 

915 

1993 

627 

632 

1062 

70 

12 

103 

60 

2 

280 

216 

148 

171 

1402 

1572 

1291 

27 

546 

772 

893 

1000 

1196 

1426 

173 

198 

617 

24 

41 

123 

1953 

2213 

1859 

1140 

1068 

932 

15 

577 

35173 

41033 

53074 

PENNSYLVANIA. 

Official  vote  for  Governor  at  the 
election  held  November  2d,  1875 : 

LIEUT.-GOV.  GOVERNOR. 

187-: 


b£ 


Counties. 


Adams 3014 

Alleghany.  15704 
Armstr’ng.  3523 

Beaver 2486 

Bedford 2959 

Beijks  10610 

Blair 3226 

Bradford  ...  4264 

Bucks 6514 

Butler 3698 

Cambria  ...  3379 
Cameron...  449 

Carbon 2420 

Centre 3083 

Chester 4554 

Clarion 3254 

Clearfield ..  3065 

Clinton  2436 

Columbia..  2956 
Crawford... 

Cum  bel  l’d. 
Dauphin  ... 

Dela  ware .. 

Elk 

Erie 

Fayette 

Forest 

Franklin. 


4724 

4378 

4197 

2207 

1127 

4612 

3714 

328 

3913 


Fulton 1019 

Greene  

Hunt’gdon 

Indiana 

Jefferson  ... 

Juniata 

Lancaster.. 
Lawrence  . 
Lebanon  ... 

Lehigh 

Luzerne  ... 
Lycoming. 
McKean  ... 

Mercer 

Mifflin 

Monroe 

M’tgomery 
Montour  ... 
North ’t  on.- 
North  ’and. 

Perry 

Philadel’ia  46887 

Pike 1039 

Potter  940 

Schuylkill  9184 

Snyder 1087 

Somerset...  1627 
Sullivan  ...  829 


2663 
2588 
1694 
2161 
1536 
6171 
1322 
2293 
5813 
10  >12 
4495 
918 
3845 
1540 
2067 
7863 
1455 
6891 
3547 
2424 


4 , 

O 

187 

o 

~ 

CD 

s? 

r a> 

y p 

S 

p. 

p 

<p 

2569 

2477 

3009 

13089 

18707 

13246 

3858 

■ 3605 

3121 

2877 

3086 

2702 

2524 

2906 

3099 

5299 

6864 

13433 

3390 

3711 

3166 

5519 

6526 

4265 

6153 

6713 

7100 

4123 

3796 

3891 

2238 

2325 

3399 

479 

552 

476 

2060 

2347 

2728 

2118 

2097 

3504 

6152 

7015 

5005 

i954 

2196 

3221 

1582 

1819 

3273 

1481 

1771 

2598 

1223 

1643 

3757 

4821 

6146 

5526 

3683 

3603 

43o9 

5393 

6574 

4704 

3599 

4075 

2079 

464 

503 

1055 

508? 

6699 

4744 

3111 

3472 

4299 

367 

376 

319 

3639 

4074 

3954 

700 

684 

981 

1469 

1517 

2699 

2839 

2546 

2605 

3590 

3640 

1795 

2048 

1923 

2248 

1029 

1198 

1771 

10538 

12725 

9581 

3431 

4087 

8631 

3533 

915 

4275 

1383 

508 

7390 

875 

3921 

3263 

2>79 

59850 

238 

1526 

7517 

1452 

2835 

422 


2335 
3859 
4630 
9899 
3488 
940 
• 4911 
1446 
652 
8364 
1002 
4364 
3691 
2429 
65262 
434 
1223 
7699 
1701 
2989 


1427 

1603 

6758 

11135 

4641 

976 

4267 

1586 

2530 

8339 

1332 

7248 

4567 

2448 

47980 

1056 

10i9 

9037 

1369 

1680 


Susqueh’a . 

2766 

3425 

3517 

l-i'l 

2951 

Tioga 

1698 

3614 

3933 

1909 

Union 

1176 

1837 

1784 

1177 

Venango... 

3255 

3281 

2953 

2940  j 

Warren 

I960 

2306 

2057 

1740 

Washin’on 

4306 

4252 

4917 

4763  j 

Wayne 

2433 

2236 

1854 

2135 

Westmor’d 

5799 

3916 

4957 

6242 

Wyoming. 

1687 

1489 

1365 

1610 

York 

7111 

4083 

5273 

8285 

Totals 277195  272516  304175  292145 

Havtranft’s  majority,  12030. 

Prohi  bition  vote,  13244. 


-O- 


RHODE  ISLAND. 


Official  vote  for  Governor 
election  held  April,  1875 : 

Reg. 

Rep. 

H.  Lippitl. 

8368 


at  the 


Rroh. 
Ind.  Rep. 
R.  Hazard. 
8724 


Dem. 

C.  Cutler. 
5166 

There  was  no  election  by  the  people. 

Henry  Lippitt,  of  Providence,  was 
elected  Governor  by  the  General  As- 
sembly, at  its  Mav  Session.  1K7.V  re- 
ceiving 70  votes, 

Hazard. 


against  36  for  R. 


92 


HAPPY  IS  HE  WHO  HATH  SOWED  HIS  WILD  OATS  BY  TIME. 


Important  Events  of  the  Year. 

— 

Below  we  give  a synopsis  of  the  principal  events  occurring  in  all  parts  of  the  world  for  the  last  eleven 
months  commencing  January  1st  and  ending  November  30th,  1875: 


JANUARY. 

1.  Alfonzo  proclaimed  King  of  Spain  by  the  Army  and 

Ministry King  Kalakaua,  of  Hawaii,  visiting  in  the 

United  States.  4.  Tilton  vs.  Beecher  trial  began  in  New 
York Violent  and  lawless  organization  of  the  Louisi- 
ana Legislature  in  New  Orleans General  Sheridan  of 

the  U.  S.  Army  interferes,  and  sustains  the  Republicans. 
6.  Governor  Allen,  of  Ohio,  sends  a message  to  the  Legis- 
lature, calling  for  a protest  against  Federal  interference 
in  Louisiana.  The  Tennessee  Senate  denounces  said 
interference.  Governor  Hendricks,  of  Indiana,  asks  the 
Legislature  to  protest.  Governor  Tilden,  of  New  York, 
ditto.  O.  The  transit  of  Venus  occurred.  10.  Western 
Hotel,  at  Sacramento,  California,  burned,  in  which  sev- 
eral persons  were  roasted  to  death.  18.  Federal  troops 
entered  sheriff’s  office  at  Vicksburg,  under  orders  of 
General  Emory,  and  ejected  acting  sheriff  A.  J.  Flanagan, 
about  whose  election  there  was  a dispute.  22.  The  Ohio 
river  frozen  over  at  Cincinnati The  Governor  of  Dako- 

ta appealed  for  aid  for  the  sufferers  from  the  grasshopper 
plague.  25.  The  Navy  Department  building  in  Wash- 
ington caught  fire,  and  was  considerably  damaged.  20. 
Andrew  Johnson  elected  Senator  of  Tennessee.  29.  Bish- 
op Whittingliam,  of  Maryland,  refused  to  consecrate  Rev- 
erend Dr.  Dudley,  for  the  reason  that  Timothy  says : 
“ Bishops  shall  be  husbands  of  one  wife,”  and  Dr.  Dud- 
ley has  had  his  second  wife A memorial  building,  to 

the  honor  of  Thomas  Paine,  was  dedicated  in  Boston. 


delivered  the  opinion  that  the  Constitution  of  the  United 
States  does  not  confer  the  right  of  suffrage  upon  any  one. 

29.  Wilbur  F.  Storey,  editor  of  the  Chicago  Times,  sen- 
tenced to  ten  days’  imprisonment  for  contempt  of  court. 

30.  The  Geghan  bill,  allowing  Catholic  priests  to  hold 
religious  services  in  the  public  institutions  of  the  State, 
passed  to  a law  in  the  Ohio  Legislature. 

APRIL. 

2.  George  Q,.  Cannon,  Congressional  Delegate  from 
Utah,  was  placed  on  trial  in  Salt  Lake  City  for  polygamy, 
but  discharged  under  the  statute  of  limitations.  7.  The 
British  House  of  Commons  voted  on  a bill  to  enable  un- 
married women  to  vote,  which  was  defeated  by  152  to  187 

Two  regiments  of  U.  S.  Infantry  ordered  to  Hazleton, 

Pa.,  to  suppress  a disturbance  of  the  miners Count 

MarefoscliJ,  from  Italy,  announced  to  Archbishop  Mc- 
Closkey  in  New  York  that  the  Pope  had  elevated  him  to 
the  rank  of  Cardinal  of  the  Holy  Roman  Church.  13. 
lion.  Wm  S.  Groesbeck  donates  $50,000  to  pay  lor  music 
in  Burnett  Woods  Park,  Cincinnati.  23.  The  steamers 
Bodmann,  Kyle  and  Exporter  burned  at  New  Orleans, 
destroying  many  lives.  28.  Great  fire  at  Oshkosh,  W is., 
destroying  a square  mile  of  the  city,  and  property  to  the 

amount  of  $2,000,000 Installation  of  the  Prince  of  Wales 

as  Grand  Master  of  English  Free-Masons.  30.  The  Em- 
peror William  signed  a bill  for  the  suppression  of  con- 
vents and  monasteries  in  Prussia. 

MAY. 


FEBRUARY. 

1.  Tilton  allowed  to  testify  in  his  own  case.  4.  Gener- 
al Burnside  (Union)  and  General  Buckner  (Rebel)  invit- 
ed to  seats  in  the  Indiana  Senate.  1 1.  Two-thirds  of  the 
City  of  Pdrt  Au  Prince  consumed  by  fire.  12.  George 
Rufer  found  guilty  of  murder  in  the  first  degree,  in  kill- 
ing Schilling.  15.  Moody  and  Sankey,  the  American 
revivalists,  begin  preaching  in  England,  and  attract  , 
immense  congregations.  17.  The  bill  in  the  English  Par- 
liament to  legalize  marriage  with  a deceased  wife’s  sister 
was  rejected  by  171  to  142.  18.  A resolution  passed  in  the 
House  of  Commons,  declaring  Mr.  John  Mitchel,  the 
expatriated  Irishman, incapacitated  from  sitting  in  that 
assembly.  25.  Explosion  ot  gas  in  St.  Andrews  Church, 
New  York,  destroying  the  building  and  causing  the  death 
of  half  a dozen  persons.  26.  Gordon  Claude,  a pupil  in 
the  Naval  Academy,  was  ordered  by  the  drill-master  to 
fence  with  a colored  midshipman,  refusing  to  do  which 
he  was  expelled.  27.  The  Civil  Rights  bill  was  passed 
by  Congress. 

MARCH. 

3.  Geghan,  (J.  J.),  wrote  the  letter  that  made  him 
famous  as  the  exponent  of  the  Catholic  claim  on  the 
Democratic  party  to  pass  a bill  in  the  Ohio  Legislature 
securing  Catholic  priests  the  right  to  hold  religious  ser- 
vices in  any  and  all  the  public  institutions  of  the  state. 
10.  Great  Salt  Lake,  Utah,  frozen  over;  first  time  on 
record.  11.  John  Mitchel  was  elected  for  the  second 
time  to  a seat  in  Parliament  for  Tipperary,  in  defiance  of 
the  resolution  refusing  him  the  right  to  sit.  17.  At  Port 
Jarvis,  Port  Deposit  and  Pittston,  Pa.,  the  breaking  up 
of  ice-gorges  caused  great  floods  and  destruction  of  prop- 
erty. 18.  Uncle  John  Robinson,  showman,  nominated  by 
the  Republicans  of  Cincinnati  for  Mayor,  (afterwards  de- 
feated). 20.  A destructive  tornado  passed  over  Augusta, 
Ga.,  causing  the  loss  of  many  lives.  28.  The  Supreme 
Court  of  the  United  States,  the  case  of  Mrs.  Minor,  claim- 
ing the  right  of  suffrage,  through  Chief  Justice  Waite, 


7.  The  steamship  Schiller  wrecked,  and  311  persons 
drowned.  14.  Testimony  in  the  Beecher  case  closed  and 
argument  began.  18.  Earthquake  in  New  Grenada,  de- 
stroying six  cities  and  sixteen  thousand  lives.  19.  Mrs. 
Lincoln,  wife  of  the  deceased  President,  was  adjudged 
insane  by  Probate  Court,  and  sent  to  a private  asylum. 
24.  Attorney  Genei'al  Williams  resignt  d,  and  J udge 
Edwards  Pierrepont  appointed  his  successor.  27.  French 
Catholic  Church  at  Holyoke,  Mass.,  burned  during  cele- 
bration of  the  feast  of  Corpus  Christi.and  75  lives  lost. 
30.  Steamer  Vicksburg,  from  Montreal  for  Liverpool, 
sunk  in  a field  of  ice,  drowning  eighty-three  persons. 

JUNE. 

3.  Extensive  fires  in  the  forests  of  Pennsylvania,  de- 
stroying lives  and  propertj'.  1 4.  Thomas  McGehan,  a no- 
torious ruffian,  of  Hamilton,  Ohio,  assassinated  in  his  own 
saloon.  17.  Centennial  anniversary  of  the  Battle  of 
Bunker  Hill  celebrated  in  Boston.  18.  Severe  shocks  of 
an  earthquake  felt  between  9 and  10  o’clock  A.M.,  in  south- 
western Ohio  and  eastern  Indiana.  23.  John  C.  New,  of 
Indianapolis,  appointed  Treasurer  of  the  United  States, 
24.  Judge  Neilson  charged  the  jury  in  the  Beecher  case. 

JULY. 

2.  The  jury  in  the  trial  of  Beecher  reported  that  they 
could  not  agree,  and  were  discharged.  It  was  reported 
that  nine  were  for  acquittal,  one  undecided,  and  two 
for  conviction  12.  A Lodge  of  Orangemen,  of  Law- 
rence, Mass.,  while  returning  from  a picnic  celebra- 
tion of  the  Battle  of  Boyne,  were  attacked  by  a mob  of 
seven  hundred  Irishmen,  who  threw  stones  and  bricks 
with  serious  effect,  which  resulted  in  the  firing  of  pistols 
by  both  parties  and  the  wounding  of  many.  14.  The 
College  Regatta  on  the  lake  at  Saratoga,  resulted  in  the 
Cornell  Club  winning  the  race;  Columbia,  second  ; Har- 
vard, third.  15.  George  N.  Jackson,  Deputy  Collector  of 
Internal  Revenue  at  Louisville,  Ky.,  found  to  be  defaul- 
ter in  $90,000,  and  when  an  officer  went  to  make  his  arrest 


LOOK  NOT  TOO  HIGH,  LEST  A CHIP  FALL  IN  THINE  EYE. 


93 


he  -was  found  to  be  dying,  it  was  supposed,  from  the 

effects  of  poision Prof.  Donaldson  and  N.  S.  Grimwood 

went  up  in  a balloon  from  Chicago,  sailed  over  the  lake 
and  were  lost,  the  body  of  Grimwood  being  found  in 
Michigan  a month  afterwards.  22.  Hon.  Mr.  Plimpsoll, 
in  the  House  of  Commons,  England,  charged  the  govern- 
ment with  opposing  a bill  for  the  protection  of  seamen 
against  loss  of  life  in  unsea  worthy  vessels,  because  of  the 
interest  of  members  in  such  pi'operty,  who  desired  to  re- 
cover insurance  on  them  by  their  loss  at  sea,  regardless  of 
the  loss  of  life.  Disraeli  moved  the  expulsion  of  Plimp- 
soll, during  which  he  left  the  house,  shaking  his  fist  at 
the  government  benches.  Next  day  he  apologized  for 
his  unparliamentary  conduct.  27.  Duncan,  Sherman  & 
Co.,  bankers,  New  York,  failed  for  $6,000,000.  31.  The  de- 
cree of  the  Bishop’s  Court,  in  England,  against  the  use  of 
the  word  “ Reverend  ” in  reference  to  a Wesleyan  minis- 
ter in  a churchyard  inscription,  was  sustained  by  a judg- 
ment delivered  in  one  of  the  Civil  Courts  of  that  liberal 
government. 

AUGUST. 

3.  Unprecedented  floods  in  Ohio  and  Indiana,  destroy- 
ing the  crops  and  much  other  property.  5.  Great  floods 
in  France,  destroying  hundreds  of  lives  and  $20,000,000  ol 
property.  6.  The  centennial  anniversary  of  the  birth  of 
Daniel  O’Connell  was  celebrated  in  Ireland  and  the 

United  States A bill  for  the  protection  of  seamen 

against  loss  of  life  in  unsafe  vessels,  similar  to  Plimpsoll ;s 
bill,  was  passed.  15.  Jefferson  Davis,  ex-President  of  the 
Rebel  Confederacy,  forced  by  public  opinion  to  with- 
draw an  engagement  to  speak  at  a county  fair  at  Rock- 
ford, Ills.  17.  Edwin  Booth  seriously  injured  by  the 
runaway  of  his  horse  and  phaeton.  18.  A big  scare  put 
in  circulation  that  the  negroes  of  Georgia  were  to  rise  in 
arms  on  the  20tli, and  kill  off  all  the  whites.  After  several 
hundred  innocent  colored  men  had  been  arrested  and 
badly  treated,  it  was  found  to  be  a hoax.  25.  Captain 
Webb,  a merchant  seaman,  swims  the  English  Channel, 
from  Dover  to  Calais,  in  21  hours  and  4 minutes. 

SEPTEMBER. 

1.  The  Herzegovina  insurrection  against  the  Turkish 
government  broke  out.  3.  Seven  men  executed,  for  dif- 
ferent crimes,  all  upon  the  same  scaffold,  and  within  the 
same  hour.  5.  Charles  Francis  Adams  writes  a letter 
declining  in  advance  to  be  a candidate  for  Presidency  in 
1876.  6.  Riot  near  Clinton,  Miss.,  in  which  many  negroes 
were  left  dead  on  the  field.  7.  Gov.  Ames,  of  Mississippi, 
telegraphed  the  President  that  domestic  violence  in  that 
state  demanded  Federal  assistance  to  suppress  the  same, 
but  the  troubles  passed  over.  10.  Mrs.  Scott  Uda’s  fire- 
ladder,  while  being  experimented  with  by  the  firemen  in 
New  York,  broke  eighty  feetfrora  the  ground,  precipitat- 
ing ten  men  to  the  pavement,  and  killing  six  of  them. 
11.  Water-spouts  destroyed  63  houses  in  Las  Cruces.  New 
Mexico.  1)6.  A cyclone  passed  over  Galveston  and  India- 
nola,  Texas,  causing  great  destruction  of  property  and 
life.  26.  William  Westervelt  found  guilty  of  the  abduc- 
tion of  Charlie  Ross.  27.  Celebration  of  the  fiftieth  anni- 
versary of  the  establishment  of  railroads  took  place  at 
Darliugton,  England. 

OCTOBER. 

1.  Columbus  Delano,  Secretary  of  the  Interior,  resigned. 
3.  A Catholic  procession,  of  two  thousand  people,  in  To- 
ronto, Ontario,  was  attacked  by  a mob  with  stones  and 
pistols,  and  many  persons  wounded.  19.  Zachariah 
Chandler,  of  Michigan,  appointed  Secretary  of  the  Inte- 
rior. 24.  The  Moody  and  Sankey  revival  began  in 
Brooklyn.  26.  Virginia  City  nearly  destroyed  by  fire. 

NOVEMBER. 

9.  The  steamer  Pacific  foundered  at  sea,  between  Port- 
land, Oregon,  and  San  Francisco,  carrying  to  their  graves 

75  passengers The  steamer  City  of  Waco,  from  New 

York  to  New  Orleans,  burned  to  the  water’s  edge,  at  the 
latter  place,  and  many  lives  lost.  10.  Vice-President 
Wilson  was  attacked  with  apoplexy  in  his  room  in  the  : 


Capitol,  from  which  he  rallied,  until  the  22d,  when  he 
suddenly  and  unexpectedly  expired.  17.  Correspondence 
between  Spain  and  the  United  States  that  seemed  to 
threaten  hostilities  between  the  two  countries,  followed 
I by  a pacific  understanding  of  affairs.  22.  Gen’l  McDon- 
ald, of  the  whisky  ring,  found  guilty  of  conspiracy  to 
defraud  the  general  government.  29.  Hon  ’ W.  H.  Upson, 
of  Ohio,  appointed  Commissioner  of  Indian  Affairs* 
vice  Smith,  resigned. 


DEATH  OF  DISTINGUISHED  PERSONS  DURING 
THE  YEAR. 

January  12.— Ex-Governor  Thomas  E.  Bramlette,  of 

Kentucky Also,  the  Emperor  of  China.  18.  Wm.  H. 

Aspinwall,  distinguished  merchant  of  New  York.  23. 
Rev.  Charles  Kingsley,  in  England,  Canon  of  Westmins- 
ter, and  one  of  the  Chaplains  in  Ordinary  to  the  Queen, 
and  distinguished  as  a novelist  and  poet.  25.  Hon.  Jno. 
H.  Walker,  of  Pennsylvania. 

February  2.— Rev.  Thomas  E.  Thomas,  D.  D.,  of  Lane 
Seminary.  7.  Joseph  O.  Eaton,  distinguished  portrait 

painter,  at  Yonkers,  N.  Y Brigadier-General  Wm. 

Ilays,  at  Fort  Independence,  Boston  Harbor.  19.  Rear 
Admiral,  Charles  II.  Bell,  U.  S.  A.,  in  New  Brunswick. 
22.  Sir  Charles  Lyell,  in  England,  distinguished  for  his 
scientific  researches,  and  the  authorship  of  several  works 
on  geology,  and  one  on  the  “Antiquity  of  Man.” 

March  7.— Sir  Arthur  Helps,  in  England,  Clerk  of  the 
Privy  Council,  and  author  of  “ Friends  in  Council,”  and 
other  works. 

April  l.—Wm.  Selkirk  Young,  editor  of  the  Evangeli- 
cal Repositor.  10.  A.  J.  Hamilton,  ex-Governor  of  Texas. 
13.  S.  R.  Wells,  Phrenologist.  17.  lion.  John  C.  Brecken- 
ridge,  ex-Vice-President  of  the  United  States.  22.  John 
Harper,  senior  member  of  the  publishing  firm  of  Harper 
Brothers.  27.  Herr  Ilenry  Ilobart,  Governor  of  Madi’as, 
and  eldest  son  of  the  Earl  of  Buckinghamshire. 

May  20.— Hon.  Jessee  D.  Bright,  ex-United  States  Sen- 
ator from  Indiana. 

J une  14.— Sam T S.  Drake,  historian  and  antiquarian  of 
Boston.  29.  Ferdinand  I.,  ex-Emperor  oi  Austria,  aged  82. 

J uly  1.— Rev.  Dr.  Benjamin,  Professor  of  Oriental  and 
Classical  Languages,  and  one  of  the  revisers  of  the  Old 
Testament,  in  England.  7.  J.  E.  Cairnes,of  London  Uni- 
versity. 8.  Gen’l  Frank  P.  Blair,  Jr.,  at  St.  Louis,  aged 
54  years.  IS.  Lady  Jane  Franklin,  aged  70  years.  23. 
Isaac  Merritt  Singer,  in  England,  inventor  of  the  Sewing 

Machine  bearing  his  name Sir  Charles  Locock,  in 

England,  many  years  first  Physician-accoucheur  to  the 
Queen,  attending  at  the  birth  of  every  one  of  her  Majes- 
ty’s children,  for  which  service  he  was  created  a Baronet. 
31.  Andrew  Johnson,  ex-Prcsident  of  the  U.  S.,  aged  67. 

August  2.— Gen.  Alexander  Hamilton,  of  New  York, 
son  of  the  famous  early  politician  of  that  name,  aged 
90  years.  4.  Ilans  Christian  Andersen,  the  German  au- 
thor, aged  70  years.  16.  Rev.  Charles  G.  Finney,  Pi’esi- 
dent  of  Oberlin  College.  IS.  Senor  Gabriel  Garcia  Mo- 
reno, President  of  Ecuador,  was  assassinated.  23.  Rev. 
Cyrus  Nutt,  D.  D.,  L.  L.  D.,  for  fifteen  years  President  of 
the  Indiana  State  University.  27.  W.  C.  Ralston,  Pres- 
ident of  the  Bank  of  California,  the  day  after  the  failure 
of  his  bank,  committed  suicide  by  drowning. 

September  1.— Rev.  F.  II.  Gillett,  D.  D.,  author,  etc., 
aged  52  years.  1 1.  Hon.  Henry  T.  Blow,  in  New  York* 
ex-Congressman  of  Missouri. 

Oetober  21.  — Frederick  Hudson,  for  many  years 
managing  editor  of  the  New  York  Herald,  aged  56  years. 

November  22.— Hon.  Ilenry  Wilson, Vice-President  of 
the  United  States,  of  apoplexy,  in  his  room  in  the  cap- 
itol.  24.  Wm.  B.  Astor,  of  New  York,  aged  31  years ; the 
wealthiest  man  in  America,  owning  at  the  time  of  his 
death  2500  houses*  and  his  aggregate  wealth  being  $150,- 
000,000.  29.  Hon.  Isaac  Welsh,  for  several  years  an  hon- 
ored memberof  the  Ohio  Legislature*  and  serving  a second 
term  as  Treasurer  of  State. 


INDEX  TO  ARTICLES. 


Annual  Address,  . . . 

Archery,  .... 
Ancient  Wonders,  . 
American  Nicknames, 

April,  The  First  of,  . 

Ague,  Cure  for, 

Animals,  Treatment  of  Sick, 
Ages,  Ripe  Old, 


1 

18 

21 

25 


04 

70 

76 


Better  than  Gold, 

Blue  (The)  and  the  Gray,  . 

Billings,  Josh,  Wants  to  Know,  . . 

Boy  (The),  Who  Loyes  His  Mother, 
Boys,  To  Remember,  .... 
Boys,  Encourage  the,  .... 
Boy,  The  Sailor,  . . . . . 

Baby  Mysteries, 

Bath,  The  Daily, 

Bees  in  the  United  States, 

Butter  as  a Farm  Product,  . 


20 

29 

33 

44 

58 

58 

59 
00 
02 
71 
75 


Curious  Facts, 

Chinese  at  Home,  .... 
Cold,  Years  of,  in  Europe,  . 
Centennial  Exhibition,  . 

Company,  Having,  .... 
Charles  IV.  of  France,  . 
Companions  for  Life,  .... 
Color,  Harmonious  Contrasts, 

Cherry  Bob, 

Cure,  Novel, 

Cough,  How  to  Alleviate,  . 

Corn  Crop, 

Census,  Facts  of  the  U.  S., 

Crop,  The  Greatest  in  the  World, 
Currency  Circulation, 

Carbon  from  the  Earth,  . 

Census  of  the  States  and  Territories, 
Congress,  Forty-Fourth, 


. 24 

. 27 

. 33 

. 36 

43 
. 49 

58 

. 60 
61 
. 04 

64 

. 00 
72  to  73 
. 75 

78 
. 79 

80 

85  to  80 


Don’t  Do  It, 

Divorce,  The  Road  to,  ... 

Dyspeptics, 

Drink,  The  Only, 

Drink,  What  the  People, 

Debt,  The  Public, 

Dumb  Creatures,  Mental  Powers  of: 
siderate  Cat  — A Sensible  Horse  — 
of  a Duck  and  Drake — A Discern 
Wisdom  of  the  Wasp  — Observing 
A Talking  Parrot  — Ingenuity  of  a 
Cat  — Birds  Acting  in  Concert,  aftei 
eration— The  Morality  of  a Doi 


Th 


mgC 

Do 


e Con- 
'idelity 
Dog- 
Dogs  — 
ind 
Delib- 
15  to 


Export  Trade  of  the  United  States, 
Expenses  of  Living, 

Election  Returns,  .... 


76 

83 

89 


Families  and  Dwellings  in  Cities, 
Farm,  A Mammoth,  . . . . 

Flashes  of  Fun,  .... 

Friends, 

Family,  Peace  in  the, 

Florida,  A Good  Word  for, 

Female  Society,  .... 
Father,  What  Do  You  Call  Him,  . 
Feet,  Care  of  the,  .... 
Farming  in  the  Past,  .... 
Farmers  Should  Look  Ahead, 
Farmers  and  Their  Farms, 
Farmers’  Maxims,  .... 
Farm  Products,  Value  of,  . 


78 

22 

40 

45 

46' 

50 

60 

60 

65 

64 

08 

69 

71 

71 


Good  Precept,  Well  Told, 
Gentleman,  A True,  .... 
Girl  (The)  Who  Wins,  . 
Gentlemen,  Conduct  Becoming, 

Gipsy  Girl, 

Goose,  How  to  Know  a,  . 

Gun  Factories, 

Government  Statistics, 

General  Assembly  of  Ohio,  . 


27 

29 

42 

43 

57 

58 

75 

76 
88 


How  Are  You  ? 

Hawaiians,  Sports  of  the,  . 

Happy  H usbands,  . . 

Home,  Making  Beautiful, 

Health  Without  Medicine,  . 

Heat  of  a Room, 

Hentown, 

Hydrophobia, 

Idlers,  Three  Millions, 


32 

34 

41 

48 

62 

65 

71 

65 


Intelligence  of  Nations, 81 

Inventions,  Secrecy  of, 35 

Impolite  Things, 58 

Injurious  Practice, 65 

Iron  in  Stones  and  Furnaces,  ....  74 

Immigration,  Influence  on  National  Wealth,  77 

Indebtedness  of  Cities, 78 

Indebtedness  of  Nations, 79 

Iron,  Antiquity  of, 79 

Interest,  Legal  Rates  of, 80 

Journalism,  Independent, 32 

Kindergarten,  The 44 

Language,  A Universal, 21 

London,  Its  Bridges,  Fires,  &c.,  ....  28 

Liquor  Law,  Indiana, 33 

Law,  Business, 35 

Lord  Mayor  of  London, 51 

Like  a Little  Man, 54 

Lamps,  Why  They  Explode,  ....  77 

Libraries,  Public,  in  the  United  States,  . . 77 

Mistletoe  Bough,  The, 30 

Massacre  of  St.  Bartholomew,  ....  39 

Marry,  When  to, 41 

Mothers  Need  Culture, 42 

Marriage,  Sure  Signs  of, 46 

Marriage,  Chances  of, 46 

Milk  Cure, 64 

Money,  Where  it  Goes, 75 

Metals,  The  Precious, 79 

Newspaper  Correspondent, 31 

Nations,  What  They  Owe,  ....  79 

Nutrition  in  Food, 79 

Obesity,  Relief  for, 65 

Ornament,  Beautiful  Floral,  ....  71 

Our  Country’s  Development,  ....  74 

Ocean  Cables  Now  in  User  . . . . . 77 

Oxford  University,  Wealth  of,.  ...  79 

Portrait  of  the  Outcast,  20 

Presidents  of  the  United  States,  ...  22 

Palmistry,  Points  of, 35 

Parlor  Fern-Cases, 47 

Pets,  Household, 55 

Pear  Blight,  Cure  for, 06 

Poultry  for  Pleasure  and  Profit,  ....  67 

Plants,  Raising  New  Kinds 08 

Pork  Packing  in  the  West, 75 

Population  of  the  World, 76 

Postal  Statistics, 80 

Patrons  of  Husbandry, 84 

Queen  Victoria’s  Jewel  Room,  ...  23 

Railroad  Traveling,  Safety  of,  . . .21 

Royalty,  Cost  of, 27 

Rich  Men,  How  They  Begin  Life,  ...  31 

Recipes,  Household, 52 

Recipes,  Miscellaneous, 53 

Representatives  in  Congress,  ....  80 

Smile,  A, . . 49 

Spelling  Puzzle, 56 

Secret  of  Success, 60 

Sowing, 60 

Snob,  The, 60 

Sleep  Enough, 64 

Shade  Trees, 71 

Steam  Power, 77 

State  Governments,  . . . . . .87 

Typhoid  Fever  Diet, 65 

Timber,  Preservation  of, 70 

Universe,  End  of  the, 19 

United  States  Government,  ....  85 

Virtue  in  Whistling, 32 

Wonders  of  Our  Globe, 38 

Wit  and  Wisdom,  ......  40 

Women,  French  and  American,  ...  44 

Winter  Pot  Plants, 47 

Women,  What  They  Shall  Be,  ....  48 

Whistle  Better  than  Whine,  ....  58 

Women,  Work  and  Health, 63 

Water,  Hard  and  Soft, 64 

Wages  of  Farm  Labor, 81 

Wages  of  Mechanical  Labor,  ....  82 

Year,  The  Old  and  New, 2 


! 


Peri]  Davis'  Pain  Killer! 

• ^ > 

It  has  been  tested  in  every  variety  of  climate,  and  by 
almost  every  nation  known  to  Americans.  It  is  the  al- 
most constant  companion  and  inestimable  friend  of  the 
missionary  and  traveler,  on  sea  and  land,  and  no  one 
should  travel  on  our  lakes  and  rivers  without  it. 

ITS  MERITS  ARE  UNSURPASSED, 

If  you  are  suffering  from  INTERNAL  PAIN,  twenty 
to  thirty  drops,  in  a little  water,  will  almost  instantly 
cure  you.  There  is  nothing  equal  to  it ; in  a few  moments 
it  cures 

Colic,  Cramps,  Spasms,  Heart-burn,  Diarrhea, 
Dysentery,  Flux,  Wind  in  Bowels, 

Sour  Stomach,  Dyspepsia,  and  Sick  Headache 


SCIATIC  £hOLEF(A. 

STRONGEST  PROOF  OF  INTRINSIC  MERIT. 

Dear  Sirs— I ought  to  have  acknowledged  long  ago 
the  box  of  Pain-KilTer  you  had  the  goodness  to  send  me 
last  year.  Its  coming  was  most  providential.  I believe 
hundreds  of  lives  were  saved,  under  God,  by  it.  The 
cholera  appeared  here  soon  after  we  received  it.  We  re- 
sorted at  once  to  the  Pain-Killer,  using  as  directed  for 
cholera.  A list  was  kept  of  all  to  whom  the  Pain-Killer 
was  given,  and  our  native  assistants  assured  us  that  eight 
out  of  every  ten  to  whom  it  was  prescribed  recovered.  It 
has,  too,  been  very  useful  in  various  other  diseases.  It 
has  proved  an  incalculable  blessing  to  multitudes  of  poor 
people  throughout  all  this  region.  Our  native  preachers 
are  never  willing  to  go  out  on  their  excursions  without  a 
supply  of  the  Pain-Killer.  It  gives  them  favor  in  the 
eyes  of  the  people,  and  access  to  families  and  localities 
ceived°m  otliei'wise  they  would  be  very  indifferently  re- 

BeUeve  me,  dear  sirs,  gratefully  and  faithfully  yours, 

J.  M.  JOHNSON,  Missionary  at  Swatow,  China. 

A FAMILY  FRIEND. 

No  family  should  be  without  Perry  Davis’  Veeeta- 
Me  Pain-killer,  it  can  be  given  to  the  infant  for  colic 
and  to  the  adult  for  rheumatism. 

FEVER  & AGUE! 

In  sections  of  the  country  where  this  dread  disease  is 
prevailing  there  can  be  found  no  better  remedy  Direc- 
tions for  using  accompany  each  bottle. 

ffliat  Eminent  Ministers  and  Religious  Papers  have  to  say. 

In  my  mountain  travels  no  medicine  is  of  as  univer- 
sal^apphcation  as  Pain-Killer. V—Bev.  M.  H.  Bixby , Bur- 

. al,wa:£s  keaP  *t  where  we  can  put  our  hands  on  it 

in  the  dark,  if  need  be.”— Rev.  C.  Hibbard , Burmah. 

One  of  the  most  useful  medicines;  have  used  and 
dispensed  it  for  the  past  twenty  years.’'— Rev.  Wm.  Ward, 

u4.SSCl?7l, 

« For  both  internal  and  external  application  have 
found  it  of  great  value.  — Christian  Era. 

“ We  can  confidently  recommend  the  Pain-Killer.”— 
Toronto  Baptist. 

“Should  be  kept  in  every  house,  in  readiness  for  sud- 
den attacks  of  sickness.”—  Christian  Press. 

It  is  eminently  a Family  Medicine , and  bv  being  kept 
really  for  immediate  resort  will  save  many  an  hour  of 
suffering,  and  many  a dollar  in  time  and  doctor’s  bills. 

Directions  for  Using  Accompany  each  Bottle, 
PRICE— 25  Cents,  50  Cents,  and  $1.00  per  Bottle. 

J.  N.  HARRIS  & CO., 

CIUOmiTATI,  o. 

Proprietors  for  the  .Southern  A Western  States. 

FOR  SALE  BY  ALL  MEDICINE  DEALERS. 


£afe!  jSuREi  Reliable! 

Allen's  Lung  Balsam 

THE  REMEDY  FOR  CURING 

CONSUMPTION,  COUGHS,  BRONCHITIS 

Asthma,  Colds,  Croup, 

AND 

all  xATnsra-  diseases 

As  an  Expectorant  it  has  Many  Rivals, 

BUT  NO  EQUAL! 


TEE  BEST  IS  THE  CHEAPEST 


ALLEN’S  LUNG  BAL- 
SAM,  the  great  Luni 
Remedy. 

LOUD  is  the  praise  in  favor 
of  it. 

LONG  will  those  enjoy  life 
who  use  it. 

EVERY  ONE  suffering 
with  Coughs  should  not 
delay. 

NO  PERSON  fails  to  speak 
well  of  it. 

SHOULD  you  have  occa- 
sion, get  it  at  once. 


LUNG  BALSAM  (Allen’s) 
contains  no  Opium. 
TTSE  FOR  COUGH  that 
U which  others  recom- 
mend. 

Never  despair  of  a 

cure  till  you  have  used 
this  Balsam. 

GO  TO  THE  DRUG  STORE 
for  Allen’s  Lung  Bal- 
sam. Use  no  ether. 


BEWARE  of  Consump- 
tion ; use  the  remedy 
in  time. 

ALL  who  use  it  recom- 
mend it  to  their  friends. 

LET  no  time  be  lost  when 
a cough  first  appears. 

STOP  it  at  once  by  using 
Allen's  Lung  Balsam. 

ALL  PHYSICIANS  re- 
commend it  as  a good 
and  safe  remedy. 

Mothers  should  keep  it 
on  hand  in  Case  ofi 
Croup. 


TESTIMONIALS. 

What  the  Press  has  to  Say. 
The  following  is  an  ex- 
tract .from  the  Columbus 
(Miss.)  Democrat,  W.  H. 
Worthington,  Proprietor : 
“ Our  experience  with  Al- 
len Lung  Balsam,  for 
Colds  and  Coughs,  has  been 
of  the  most  satisfactory  char- 
acter. So  efficient,  indeed, 
have  we  found  it,  after  re- 
peated trials  in  our  family, 
that  we  have  discarded  all 
other  similar  remedies.  We 
are  satisfied  that  it  is  the 
best  remedy  for  all  affections 
of  the  Throat  and  Lungs 
before  the  public,  and  most 
cordially  recommend  it  to 
those  who  may  be  afflicted. 
The  Balsa  mis  recommended 
by  physicians  who  have  be- 
come acquainted  with  its 
great  success.” 

“IT  SAVED  MY  LIFE.” 
Columbia,  Ala.,  Mar.  8. 

J.  N.  Harris  & Co : Dear 
Sirs.— I am  taking  Allen’s 
Lung  Balsam  for  a disease 
©f  the  Lungs  of  thirteen 
years’ standing.  I have  used 
every  remedy  offered,  and 
this  is  the  only  remedy  that 
has  given  me  any  relief.  I 
know  it  saved  my  -life  last 
Spring.  At  that  time  I com- 
menced using  it,  and  I re- 
ceived immediate  relief.  It 
stopped  on  my  lungs  in  ten 
hours.  You  are  at  perfect 
liberty  to  publish  this  letter 
tor  the  benefit  of  suffering 
humanity ; and  with  respect, 
I remain,  yours  truly, 

D.  D.  POOL. 


MINISTERS  AND  PUBLIO  SPEAKERS, 

Who  are  so  often  afflicted  with  Throat  Diseases,  wil 
find  a sure  remedy  in  this  Balsam.  Lozenges  anc 
wafers  sometimes  give  relief,  but  this  Balsam,  taken  £ 
few  times,  will  insure  a permanent  cure. 

J.  N.  HARRIS  & CO.,  Proprietors, 

CINCINNATI,  O. 


SOLD  BY  ALL  MEDICINE  DEALERS. 


Proprietor, 


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mills 


ESTABLISHED  IN 


1839. 


nvm^^IRJD  HARDEP; 


MANUFACTURER  OF  TUB 


Gold  Medal  Threshing  Machine, 

CHEAPEST  FOR  THE  FARMER.” 

“THE  BEST  EVER  MADE.” 


llardor’s  Premium  Railway  Horse  Power  and  Thresher  and  Cleaner  awarded 

THE  TWO  GRAND  GOLD  MEDALS 

At  the  Great  National  Trial,  at  Auburn,  N.  Y. 


For  tk  Slow  and  easy  movement  of  horses , 15  rods  less  than  1 yt  miles  per  hour;  Mechanical  Construcfion 
of  the  very  best  kind;  thorough  and  conscientious  workmanship  and  materials  in  every  place;  nothing 
slighted:  excellent  work , Ac.,”  as  shown  bv  official  Report  of  Judges.  Threshers,  Separators,  Fanning 
Mills,  Wood  Saws,  Seed  Sowers  and  Planters,  all  of  the  best  in  Market.  Catalogue  with  price,  full 
information,  and  Judges  Report  of  Auburn  Trial  sent  free. 

Address,  MLNAKl)  HARDER,  Cobleskill,  Schoharie  Co.,  N.  \. 


Without  the  leant  Flattery.— Rev.  John  C.  Baylcss.  Grayson.  Ky.,  writes  about  this  Two-horse  Power,  and  Thresher  and  CPancr: 
“ I have  found  your  Machines  all  they  were  represented  to  be.  They  are  made  of  good  material,  and  well  put  together.  All  our  ui resil- 
ing was  done  In  the  open  held.  With  anything  like  fair  grain  and  fair  we  .tlier,  I can  thresh  and  clean  at  Last  2aO  bus.iels  ot  wheat,  or 
500  bushels  of  oats,  with  my  two  horses.  I »to  not  think  the  horses  tound  treading  as  hard  as  pulling  an  ordinary  burn  ; nor  orl  we  ha\  e 
any  special  trouble  in  breaking  them  in.  They  came  out  of  the  entire  season  looking  fully  as  well  as  before.  All  the  fanners  for  whoiw 
we  threshed  have  spoken  in  high  terms  of  the  machine.  The  people  lind  they  can  get  out  t icir  wheat  .with  s > little  cost,  and  so 
expeditiously  and  clean,  that  they  are  encouraged  to  sow  a greater  breadth  of  land.  This  is  without  the  least  flattery. 


CINCINNATI 

Daily  and  Weekly  limes, 

CIRCULATION  DAILY,  CIRCULATION  WEEKLY, 

13,964.  100,458. 


Why  Advertisers  Prefer  the  Cincinnati  Times. 

Because  it  has  Ten  Thou«aml  Two  Hundred 
and  Forty  (10.240)  Focal  Agents,  and  a circula- 
tion of  182,217  copies  weekly,  or  9,711,493  copies 
yearly.  _ 


Rates  of  Advertising  in  the  Weekly  Times 

Ordinary  Advertisements, 

(Agate  Space) $0  73  per  line. 

Special  Notices 1 00  44 

Reading-  Matter 1 50  44 


Rates  of  Advertising  in  the  Daily  Times. 

Reading'  Matter . 50  cents  per  line. 

Business  Notices 20  44 

displayed  Advertisements 

81.00  per  Square  of  9 lines  Agate. 
Wants,  For  Sale,  For  Rent,  Personals, 

Lost.  Found,  Notices,  Heaths,  Mar- 
riages, etc 8 cents  per  line. 

Advertisements  may  be  sent  direct,  or  through  any 
responsible  agency  in  the  United  States. 

Address, 

CINCINNATI  TIMES  CO., 

62  W.  Third  Street, 

CINCINNATI,  O. 


New  Map  of  Our  Country 

AND  THE 

CIHCIHITATI  WEEKLY  TIMES 

The  Centennial  year  of  our  nation  will  lie  one  of  more 
than  ordinary  interest.  Reports  from  the  Great  National 
Exposition  will  be  very  interesting,  and  the  Presidential 
Campaign  will  be  important  to  till  intelligent,  leading 
citizens  of  this  great  country.  The  Cincinn  ati  Weekly 
Times  will, as  heretofore,  take  an  active  and  leading  part 
in  the  Presidential  canvass,  as  well  as  give  all  the  news  of 
the  day,  including  the  fullest  reports  of  the  markets. 

At  great  expense  l lie  publishers  of  the  Times  have  con- 
tracted for  the  publication  of  a 

NEW  MAP  OF  THE  NORTH-WEST. 

It  gives  the  very  latest  railroad  lines,  and  the  location  of 
all  cities  and  towns  of  proini  nenoe  in  the  following  states : 

OHIO,  NEBRASKA,  MICHIGAN.  MINNESOTA, 

INDIANA,  KENTUCKY,  DAKOTA,  KANSAS, 

ILLINOIS,  MISSOURI,  WISCONSIN,  IOWA. 

It  is  handsomely  colored,  and  hung  on  rollers,  and  will  be 
furnished  to  all  subscribers  for  ihe  Weekly  Times,  mid 
to  none  others , at  the  following  very  low  rates : 

Single — Times  and  Hand-Book,  postpaid 52  00 

Times,  Hand-Book  and  Map,  postpaid 2 40 

Clubs  of  Ten — Times  and  Hand-Book,  postpaid Si  60 

Times,  Hand-Book  & Map,  postpaid,  2 00 
An  extra  copy  of  each  to  the  person  sending  a club,  or 
some  premium  selected  from  our  Premium  List. 

Household  Map  of  the  United  States. 

Containing  the  latest  geographical  information  of  our 
whole  countrv— of  great  vplue  to  persons  looking  out  for 
new  homes.  The  Publisher’s  Prick  of  this  M.a  p is  1 3 00. 
Any  one  who  will  send  us  this  amount  and  50  cents  addi- 
tions 1 (S3  50)  to  prepay  postage  on  the  Times,  Hand-Book 
and  Map,  will  receive  them  all. 

This  gives  the  Times  and  Hand-Book  Free  to  All  who  Buy  the^  Map. 

AGENTS  WANTED  in  every  town  and  neighborhood 
in  the  United  States,  who  will  be  liberally  compensated 
for  their  services.  Address, 

TIMES  COMPANY. 


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MEMORANDA 


MEMORANDA. 

1 

< 

• 

/ 


memoranda. 


— 


— — — - 


' 


PERFECTION  ACQUIRED 


MONITOR 


QUICKEST  BAKER, 

MOST  ECONOMICAL, 

MOST  CONVENIENT, 

THE  MOST  CLEANLY. 
LARGEST  VARIETY  OF  SIZES,  . 

FINEST  APPEARANCE, 

EASIEST  MANAGED, 

And  THE  BEST  MADE. 

The  HEW  IMPROVED  MOHITOR  is  the  only  Stove  ever  placed  upon  the 
j market  against  which  no  objection  is  raised.  It  is  the  MAHUEACTURER’S 
PRIDE  and  the  HOUSEKEEPER’S  DELIGDT. 


ALSO,  THE 

Fashion  Cooking  Stove  for  Wood 

IN  THIRTY  DIFFERENT  SIZES. 


Manufactured  by  Wm.  Resor  <fe  Co.,  Cincinnati,  Ohio. 

For  Sale  by  the  Principal  Stove  Dealers  in  the  Country. 


I 


J 


